習

See also: 习 and 𮊸

習 U+7FD2, 習 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7FD2 ← 翑 [U+7FD1] CJK Unified Ideographs 翓 → [U+7FD3]

Translingual

Han character

習 (Kangxi radical 124, 羽+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 尸一竹日 (SMHA), four-corner 1760₂, composition ⿱羽白)

Derived characters

• 㗩 嶍 慴 摺 槢 漝 熠 磖 䌌 䐲 䒁 褶 謵 騽 鰼 㦻 飁 㿇 㠄 霫
• 𡏽 𪦞 𢄭 𤗨 𤛊 𦗗 𦧱 𧐔 𨄌 𨫧 𨻸 𦒉 𨻿 𣯥 𩘴 𣤊 𣯮 𦒆 𧢇 𩀦 𪄶 𥱵 𦸚
• 𮊙 𮤡

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 956, character 23
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28672
• Dae Jaweon: page 1402, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3345, character 1
• Unihan data for U+7FD2

Chinese

trad.		習
simp.		习
alternative forms		𮊸

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 習
Shang	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (習) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
摺	*ruːb, *ʔljob
磖	*ruːb
褶	*ʔljob, *l'ɯːb, *ljub, *ɦljub
慴	*ʔljob, *l'ɯːb
霫	*slub, *ljub
習	*ljub
鰼	*ljub
騽	*ljub, *ɢrub
飁	*ljub
槢	*ljub
熠	*ɢrub, *lub

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 羽 (“wings”) + 日 (“sun”) – to learn to fly, to practice flying.

In the current form, 日 (rì, “sun”) has changed to 白 (bái, “white”), so the present form is 羽 (“wings”) + 白 (“white”).

Alternatively, the original form may have been a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljub) : phonetic 彗 (OC *sɢʷeds, *ɢʷeds, *sɢʷids) + semantic 日 (“sun”).

Etymology

Two general semantic fields are found in the senses: "to flap the wings; to flutter" and "to practice". They are generally considered to be the same word, with the link being "to repeatedly flap the wings (in order to learn to fly)", a sense attested in Liji.

Area word:

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-lwap (“to learn”): Tibetan སློབ (slob, “to learn”), སློབས (slobs, “exercise; training”); Mizo tlip (“to repeat; to do again; to perfect”),
• Mon-Khmer: Khmer ធ្លាប់ (thlŏəp, “to become accustomed to; to have the habit of; marker of continuous action in the past”); Proto-Mon *le̤p ("to know how to, be skilled in") > Mon လေပ် (lèp, “to be versed in”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): xí (xi²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧˊ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xi²

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zaap⁶ / zap⁶

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): dip⁵

• Gan (Wiktionary): xit⁶
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): si̍p

  (Meixian, Guangdong): xib⁶

• Jin (Wiktionary): xieh⁵
• Northern Min (KCR): sĭ
• Eastern Min (BUC): sĭk
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sih⁷
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): si̍p

  (Teochew, Peng'im): sib⁸

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁸zhiq
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): si⁶

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xí
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sí
    • Wade–Giles: hsi²
    • Yale: syí
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyi
    • Palladius: си (si)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: xi²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi²¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: zaap⁶ / zap⁶
    • Yale: jaahp / jahp
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzaap⁹ / dzap⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: zab⁶ / zeb⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡saːp̚²/, /t͡sɐp̚²/

Note: zap6 - rare.

• • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: dip⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tip̚³²/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: xit⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕit̚⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: si̍p
    • Hakka Romanization System: xib
    • Hagfa Pinyim: xib⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /sip̚⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: xib⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /sip̚⁵/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: xieh⁵
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕiəʔ⁵⁴/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sĭ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /si²⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: sĭk
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /siʔ⁵/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: sih⁷
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬiʔ⁴/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: sih⁷
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬiʔ²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: si̍p
    • Tâi-lô: si̍p
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sip
    • IPA (Xiamen): /sip̚⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /sip̚²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /sip̚¹²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /sip̚⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /sip̚⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: sib⁸
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: si̍p
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sip̚⁴/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁸zhiq
    • MiniDict: zhih^入
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵xxiq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ʑiɪʔ¹²/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: si⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /si²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /ɕi²⁴/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 習
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɕi³⁵/
	Harbin	/ɕi²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ɕi⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ɕi⁴²/
	Qingdao	/si⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/si⁴²/
	Xi'an	/ɕi²⁴/
	Xining	/ɕji²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ɕi¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ɕi¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ɕi²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ɕi²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ɕi³¹/
	Guiyang	/ɕi²¹/
	Kunming	/ɕi³¹/
	Nanjing	/siʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/ɕiəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɕiəʔ⁵⁴/
	Pingyao	/ɕiʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/ɕiəʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/ʑiɪʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/ziəʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/d͡ʑiəʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/zai²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡sʰi²²/
	Tunxi	/t͡sʰe¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/si²⁴/
	Xiangtan	/si²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/ɕiʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/sip̚⁵/
	Taoyuan	/sip̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sap̚²/
	Nanning	/t͡sɐp̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/t͡sap̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/sip̚⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/siʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/si²⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/sip̚⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/t͡sip̚³/

---

• Middle Chinese: zip

Rime
Character	習
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	邪 (17)
Final (韻)	緝 (141)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	似入切
Baxter	zip
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ziɪp̚/
Pan Wuyun	/zip̚/
Shao Rongfen	/zjep̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/zip̚/
Li Rong	/ziəp̚/
Wang Li	/zĭĕp̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/zi̯əp̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xí
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zap6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-ɢʷəp/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ljub/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	習
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xí
Middle Chinese	‹ zip ›
Old Chinese	/*s-ɢʷəp/ (with root *ɢʷəp ‘wing’?)
English	repeat; practice
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	習
Reading #	1/1
No.	13387
Phonetic component	習
Rime group	緝
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	習
Old Chinese	/*ljub/

Definitions

習

1. (obsolete) to flap (the wings); to flutter; to repeatedly flap the wings
2. to practice; to exercise; to review

   練習／练习  ―  liànxí  ―  to practice

   • 學而時習之，不亦說乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     学而时习之，不亦说乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, Wiktionary translation

     Xué ér shí xí zhī, bùyì yuè hū? [Pinyin]

     Is it not a pleasure to learn and practice frequently what one has learned?

3. to study; to learn

   習武／习武  ―  xíwǔ  ―  to learn martial arts

   自習／自习  ―  zìxí  ―  to study by oneself

4. to become familiar with; to be used to

   習以為常／习以为常  ―  xíyǐwéicháng  ―  to be used to something

   不習水性／不习水性  ―  bùxíshuǐxìng  ―  to not know how to swim

5. habit; custom

   習慣／习惯  ―  xíguàn  ―  habit; custom

   陋習／陋习  ―  lòuxí  ―  bad habit

6. (literary, obsolete) trusted follower
7. often; frequently

   習見／习见  ―  xíjiàn  ―  to frequently see (something)

8. a surname

   習近平／习近平  ―  Xí Jìnpíng  ―  Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China

Compounds

• 修習／修习
• 傳習／传习 (chuánxí)
• 凡習／凡习
• 學習／学习 (xuéxí)
• 實習／实习 (shíxí)
• 惡習／恶习 (èxí)
• 溫習／温习 (wēnxí)
• 演習／演习 (yǎnxí)
• 熟習／熟习 (shúxí)
• 痼習／痼习
• 相沿成習／相沿成习
• 研習／研习 (yánxí)
• 積習／积习 (jīxí)
• 積習難改／积习难改 (jīxínángǎi)
• 練習／练习 (liànxí)
• 習以成俗／习以成俗
• 習以成性／习以成性
• 習以為常／习以为常 (xíyǐwéicháng)
• 習俗／习俗 (xísú)
• 習俗移性／习俗移性
• 習坎／习坎
• 習家店／习家店 (Xíjiādiàn)
• 習得性／习得性
• 習得性無助感／习得性无助感
• 習性／习性 (xíxìng)
• 習慣／习惯 (xíguàn)
• 習慣性／习惯性
• 習慣成自然／习惯成自然 (xíguàn chéng zìrán)
• 習慣法／习惯法 (xíguànfǎ)
• 習慣用法／习惯用法
• 習慣用語／习惯用语 (xíguàn yòngyǔ)
• 習慣自然／习惯自然
• 習慣若自然／习惯若自然
• 習氣／习气 (xíqì)
• 習水／习水 (Xíshuǐ)
• 習用／习用 (xíyòng)
• 習習／习习 (xíxí)
• 習非成是／习非成是 (xífēichéngshì)
• 習題／习题 (xítí)
• 聯想學習／联想学习
• 自習／自习 (zìxí)
• 舊習／旧习 (jiùxí)
• 補習／补习 (bǔxí)
• 複習／复习 (fùxí)
• 見習／见习 (jiànxí)
• 軍事演習／军事演习 (jūnshì yǎnxí)
• 陋習／陋习 (lòuxí)
• 陳規舊習／陈规旧习
• 陳規陋習／陈规陋习 (chénguīlòuxí)
• 預習／预习 (yùxí)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (習):

• → Japanese: 習(しゅう) (shū)
• → Korean: 습(習) (seup)
• → Vietnamese: tập (習)

Others:

• → English: Hsi, Xi

References

• Ding, Fubao (丁福保) (1922), “習” in 佛學大辭典 [A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms].
• “習”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Shinjitai	習
Kyūjitai	習󠄁 習+󠄁? (Adobe-Japan1)
	習󠄃 習+󠄃? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

習

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

1. learn

Readings

• Go-on: じゅう (jū)^{←じふ (zifu, historical)}
• Kan-on: しゅう (shū, Jōyō)^{←しふ (sifu, historical)}
• Kun: ならう (narau, 習う, Jōyō)、ならい (narai, 習い)
• Nanori: しげ (shige)

Compounds

• 練(れん)習(しゅう) (renshū): practice
• 慣(かん)習(しゅう) (kanshū): common practice
• 習(しゅう)慣(かん) (shūkan): custom, habit
• 自(じ)習(しゅう) (jishū): self-study

Korean

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [sʰɯp̚]
• Phonetic hangul: [습]

Hanja

Wikisource

習 (eumhun 익힐 습 (ikhil seup))

1. hanja form^? of 습 (“practice”)

Compounds

• 연습 (練習, yeonseup, “practice”)
• 복습 (復習, bokseup, “revision;review”)

Vietnamese

Han character

習: Hán Nôm readings: tập, chập, dập, giặp, tấp, xập, sập

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.