幽

See also: 豳 and 凼

幽	U+5E7D, 幽 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5E7D

← 幼
[U+5E7C]

CJK Unified Ideographs

幾 →
[U+5E7E]

Translingual

Han character

幽 (Kangxi radical 52, 幺+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 山女戈戈 (UVII), four-corner 2277₀, composition ⿻山𢆶)

Derived characters

㗀, 𢰠, 𭱒, 𪴉, 𦂣, 𧍘, 䫜, 𢇑, 𢇕, 𦇵, 𠋔, 𢉾

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 342, character 12
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9205
Dae Jaweon: page 651, character 10
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1094, character 8
Unihan data for U+5E7D

Chinese

trad.		幽
simp. ^#		幽
2nd round simp.		⿶凵又

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 幽
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯw) : phonetic 𢆶 () + semantic 山 (originally 火 in oracle bone).

Etymology

Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Mru [script needed] (iu ~ ʔiu, “dark”) (Löffler, 1966); possibly also related to Tibetan གཡོག (g.yog, “to cover”) and གཡོགས (g.yogs, “lid”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Related to 黝 (yǒu), 窅 (yǎo), 杳 (yǎo), 穾 (yào), 窔 (yào).

Allofam is probably 窈窕 (OC *qiːwʔ l'eːwʔ) (ibid.).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yōu (you¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄡ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jau¹
Northern Min (KCR): iú
Eastern Min (BUC): hiŭ
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): iu¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): iu

(Teochew, Peng'im): hiun¹ / hiu¹
Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ¹ieu / ⁵ieu

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yōu
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄡ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: you
  - Wade–Giles: yu¹
  - Yale: yōu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iou
  - Palladius: ю (ju)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /joʊ̯⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: jau¹
  - Yale: yāu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jau¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: yeo¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐu̯⁵⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: iú
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iu⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hiŭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hieu⁵⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: iu¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iu⁵³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iu
  - Tâi-lô: iu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iw
  - IPA (Xiamen): /iu⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /iu³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /iu⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /iu⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /iu⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hiun¹ / hiu¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiuⁿ / hiu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hĩũ³³/, /hiu³³/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Shaoxing, Ningbo)
  - Wugniu: ¹ieu
  - MiniDict: ieu^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹ieu
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /iɤ⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /iɤ⁵²/
  - Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /iʏ⁵²/
- (Northern: Ningbo)
  - Wugniu: ⁵ieu
  - MiniDict: ieu^去
  - Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /iʏ⁵⁵/

Note: ⁵ieu - (Ningbonese) verb, to hide (oneself).

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 幽
Mandarin	Beijing	/iou⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/iou⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/iou²¹/
	Jinan	/iou²¹³/
	Qingdao	/iou²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/iou²⁴/
	Xi'an	/iou²¹/
	Xining	/iɯ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/iəu⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/iou³¹/
	Ürümqi	/iɤu⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/iəu⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/iəu⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/iəu⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/iəu⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/iəɯ³¹/
	Hefei	/iɯ²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/iəu¹¹/
	Pingyao	/iəu¹³/
	Hohhot	/iəu³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/iɤ⁵³/
	Suzhou	/iɤ⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/ʔiø³³/
	Wenzhou	/j̠au³³/
Hui	Shexian	/iu³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/iu¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/iəu³³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/iəɯ³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/iu⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/iu¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jɐu⁵³/
	Nanning	/jɐu⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/jɐu⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/iu⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/hieu⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/iu⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/hĩu³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/iu²³/

Middle Chinese: 'jiw

Rime
Character	幽
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	幽 (138)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	於虯切
Baxter	'jiw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔiɪu/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔɨu/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔieu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔjiw/
Li Rong	/ʔiĕu/
Wang Li	/iəu/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʔieu/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yōu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jau¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ʔ](r)iw/

(Zhengzhang): /*qɯw/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	幽
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yōu
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔjiw ›
Old Chinese	/*[ʔ](r)iw/
English	dark; secluded
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	幽
Reading #	1/1
No.	14620
Phonetic component	幽
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	幽
Old Chinese	/*qɯw/
Notes	甲金文從火從二幺會意火微

Definitions

幽

dim; dark
deep and remote
hidden; concealed
bottled up
quiet; tranquil
to confine; to imprison
netherworld; nether; nether-
a surname
(Yongjiang Wu, Linshao Wu) to hide oneself; to conceal oneself
偌豪稍出來，𫸻幽得自個房間裏頭亂想啦！ [Shaoxing Wu, trad.]
偌豪稍出来，𫸻幽得自个房间里头乱想啦！ [Shaoxing Wu, simp.]
From: 2022: 假如《阿Q正传》里都说绍兴话... [If Shaoxingnese was spoken during the entirety of "The True Story of Ah Q"], video time 4:28, from Bilibili
Just come outside for a while now; you mustn't hide anymore in your room with all these dreadful thoughts in your mind!

Synonyms

(to hide):

Dialectal synonyms of 躲 (“to hide”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		躲藏, 藏躲, 躲
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	藏, 貓
	Taiwan	躲, 藏
	Singapore	躲
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	藏
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	藏, 卻
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	藏, 躲
Southwestern Mandarin	Wuhan	躲
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	躲
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	藏
Cantonese	Guangzhou	匿, 匿埋
	Hong Kong	匿, 匿埋
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	摒
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	摒埋
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	摒
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	摒
	Macau	匿埋
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	匿埋
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	摒埋
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	匿埋
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	揞埋
	Foshan	匿埋
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	匿埋
	Foshan (Shunde)	匿埋
	Foshan (Sanshui)	匿埋
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	匿埋
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	匿埋
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	揞埋
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	匿埋
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	匿埋
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	摒埋
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	匿埋, 摒埋
	Taishan	匿
	Kaiping (Chikan)	匿
	Enping (Niujiang)	匿
	Heshan (Yayao)	匿埋
	Dongguan	求埋
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	匿埋
	Yangjiang	餌, 伏
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	匿埋
Gan	Nanchang	躲
Hakka	Meixian	摒
	Hong Kong	摒
	Senai (Huiyang)	摒
Jin	Taiyuan	躲
Northern Min	Jian'ou	儲
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	屈, 覭
Southern Min	Xiamen	覕, 囥
	Quanzhou	覕, 囥
	Zhangzhou	覕, 踮
	Taipei	覕
	Kaohsiung	覕
	Yilan	覕
	Changhua (Lukang)	覕
	Taichung	覕
	Tainan	覕
	Kinmen	覕
	Penghu (Magong)	覕
	Singapore (Hokkien)	覕
	Manila (Hokkien)	覕
	Datian	逃
	Chaozhou	踮, 覕
	Shantou	踮, 覕
	Jieyang	踮, 覕
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	踮
	Wenchang	逃
	Haikou	逃
Wu	Shanghai	囥, 𨒃, 迓
	Suzhou	𨒃, 匽, 迓
	Wuxi	迓
	Ningbo	幽
	Wenzhou	埋, 縮, 躲
	Jinhua	幽
	Jinhua (Tangxi)	幽
Xiang	Changsha	躲
Xiang	Shuangfeng	躲

Compounds

References

“幽”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “幽”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 288.

Japanese

Kanji

幽

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

Go-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)^{←いう (iu, historical)}
Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)^{←いう (iu, historical)}
Kun: くらい (kurai, 幽い)、かすか (kasuka, 幽か)、かそけ (kasoke, 幽)

Compounds

幽(ゆう)顕(けん) (yūken): dark and bright; the world of dead and living
幽(ゆう)閉(へい) (yūhei): to confine
幽(ゆう)霊(れい) (yūrei): a ghost
幽(ゆう)体(たい)離(り)脱(だつ) (yūtai ridatsu): out-of-body experience

Korean

Hanja

幽 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

幽: Hán Nôm readings: u, ù

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.