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九

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 玖, 丸, and 力
九 U+4E5D, 九
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E5D
← 乜
[U+4E5C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 乞 →
[U+4E5E]
㈨ U+3228, ㈨
PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH NINE
← ㈧
[U+3227] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㈩ →
[U+3229]
㊈ U+3288, ㊈
CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH NINE
← ㊇
[U+3287] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㊉ →
[U+3289]

Translingual

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Stroke order
2 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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See images of 九
(radical 5 + 1)

九 (Kangxi radical 5, 乙+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 大弓 (KN), four-corner 40017, composition ⿻㇓㇈)

Derived characters

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Descendants

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 83, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 167
  • Dae Jaweon: page 168, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 48, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4E5D

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 九
alternative forms 玖 financial
𠔀
𢌬
𣲄
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 九 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 九 (Cantonese)
  • 九 (Classical)
  • 9 (Eastern Min)
  • 9 (Southern Min)
The number nine in Chinese number gestures

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 九
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
j29822
j29823
j29824
j29825
j29826
j29827
j29828
j29829
j29830
j29831
j29832
j29833
j29834
j29835
j29836
j29837
j29838
j29839
j29840
j29841
j29842
j29843
j29844
j29845
j29846
j29847
j29848
j29849
j29850
j29851
b19923
b19924
b19925
b19926
b19927
b19928
b19929
b19930
b19931
b19932
b19933
b19934
b19935
b19936
b19937
b19938
b19939
b19940
b19941
b19942
b19943
b19944
b19945
b19946
b19947
b19948
b19949
b19950
b19951
b19952
b19953
b19954
b19955
b19956
b19957
s10923
Transcribed ancient scripts
L35389
L35390
L35391
L35392
L35393
L18222
L18223
L18224
L18225
L18226
L18227
L18228
L18229
L18230
L18231
L18232
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (九) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
尻 *kʰuː
訄 *kʰuː, *kʰu, *ɡu
艽 *krɯːw, *qʰrɯːw, *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
虓 *qʰruː
鳩 *ku
勼 *ku
九 *kuʔ
究 *kus
仇 *ɡu
鼽 *ɡu
犰 *ɡu
叴 *ɡu
厹 *ɡu
頄 *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
朹 *ɡu, *kʷrɯwʔ
馗 *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
扏 *ɡu
訅 *ɡu
釚 *ɡu
肍 *ɡu
軌 *kʷrɯwʔ
宄 *kʷrɯwʔ
氿 *kʷrɯwʔ
匭 *kʷrɯwʔ
泦 *kuɡ
旭 *qʰʷoɡ

Pictogram (象形) – a stylized hand, with bent wrist/forearm (hence the hook stroke at lower right). Earlier forms resemble 手 (shǒu), 寸 (cùn). The original meaning of the glyph was “elbow”, which is now written 肘 (OC *tkuʔ).

After the meaning “elbow” was forgotten, 九 was taken to symbolize a fist tightening to bump up against something; thus, there is a metaphorical bumping up of nine against ten, which is the last number when counting on one's fingers.

Etymology 1

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d/s-kəw. Compare Tibetan དགུ (dgu).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • gāu - vernacular;
  • giū - literary.
Note:
  • gao3 - vernacular;
  • giu3 - literary.
Note:
  • káu - vernacular;
  • kiú - literary.
Note:
  • gao2 - vernacular;
  • giu2 - literary.
Rime
Character 九
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 舉有切
Baxter kjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɨuX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kiuX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kiəuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kuwX/
Li
Rong 		/kiuX/
Wang
Li 		/kĭəuX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ki̯ə̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jiǔ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gau2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 九
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jiǔ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kjuwX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k]uʔ/
English nine

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 九
Reading # 1/1
No. 6941
Phonetic
component 		九
Rime
group 		幽
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		久
Old
Chinese 		/*kuʔ/

Definitions

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九

  1. nine
  2. (figurative) many
  3. (weather) each of the nine nine-day periods from the winter solstice
    • 一九二九不出手，三九四九冰上走。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
      From: “The Nine Nine-Day Periods Song”, a folk song
      Yī jiǔ èr jiǔ bù chū shǒu, sān jiǔ sì jiǔ bīng shàng zǒu. [Pinyin]
      In the first and the second nine-day period, one should not take out one's hand; / In the third and the fourth nine-day period, the ice is thick enough to stand.
  4. (Cantonese, minced oath, euphemistic) Synonym of 㞗 (gau1, “penis”)
See also
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  • 勾 (gōu) (in radio communications)
Chinese numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 102 103 104 106 108 1012
Normal
(小寫／小写) 		〇, 零, 空 一, 蜀 二, 兩／两 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 百 千 萬／万,
十千 (Malaysia, Singapore) 		百萬／百万,
桶(Philippines),
面桶 (Philippines) 		億／亿 兆 (Taiwan)
萬億／万亿 (Mainland China)
Financial
(大寫／大写) 		零 壹 貳／贰 參／叁 肆 伍 陸／陆 柒 捌 玖 拾 佰 仟

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (九):
  • → Japanese: 九(く) (ku); 九(きゅう) (kyū)
  • → Korean: 구(九) (gu)
  • → Vietnamese: cửu (九)

Others:

Etymology 2

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For pronunciation and definitions of 九 – see 鳩 (“to gather; to assemble”).
(This character is an obsolete form of 鳩).

Japanese

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Japanese cardinal numbers
 <  8 9 10  > 
    Cardinal : 九

Kanji

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九

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. nine

Readings

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Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
九
きゅう
Grade: 1
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 九 (MC kjuwX). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Borrowed after palatalization occurred in Middle Chinese. Compare modern Hakka 九 (giu3).

Pronunciation

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  • (Tokyo) きゅう [kyúꜜù] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
  • IPA(key): [kʲɨː]
  • Audio:(file)

Numeral

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九(きゅう) • (kyū) ←きう (kiu)?

  1. nine

Noun

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九(きゅう) • (kyū) ←きう (kiu)?

  1. nine
  2. 究: an indeterminate large number, a myriad, a great many
  3. (divination) the number of yang, in opposition to 六 (roku, “six”) as the number of yin

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
九
く
Grade: 1
goon
Alternative spelling
玖

From Early Middle Chinese 九 (MC kjuwX). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.

Pronunciation

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Numeral

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九(く) • (ku) 

  1. nine
  2. ninth
Usage notes
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  • Sometimes considered unlucky due to being homophonous with 苦 (ku, “suffering”).

Noun

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九(く) • (ku) 

  1. nine
  2. the ninth

Coordinate terms

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Japanese numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Regular 零(れい) (rei)
零(ゼロ) (zero) 		一(いち) (ichi) 二(に) (ni) 三(さん) (san) 四(よん) (yon)
四(し) (shi) 		五(ご) (go) 六(ろく) (roku) 七(なな) (nana)
七(しち) (shichi) 		八(はち) (hachi) 九(きゅう) (kyū)
九(く) (ku) 		十(じゅう) (jū)
Formal 壱(いち) (ichi) 弐(に) (ni) 参(さん) (san) 拾(じゅう) (jū)
90 100 300 600 800 1,000 3,000 8,000 10,000 100,000,000
Regular 九(きゅう)十(じゅう) (kyūjū) 百(ひゃく) (hyaku)
一(いっ)百(ぴゃく) (ippyaku) 		三(さん)百(びゃく) (sanbyaku) 六(ろっ)百(ぴゃく) (roppyaku) 八(はっ)百(ぴゃく) (happyaku) 千(せん) (sen)
一(いっ)千(せん) (issen) 		三(さん)千(ぜん) (sanzen) 八(はっ)千(せん) (hassen) 一(いち)万(まん) (ichiman) 一(いち)億(おく) (ichioku)
Formal 一(いち)萬(まん) (ichiman)
1012 8×1012 1013 1016 6×1016 8×1016 1017 1018
一(いっ)兆(ちょう) (itchō) 八(はっ)兆(ちょう) (hatchō) 十(じゅっ)兆(ちょう) (jutchō) 一(いっ)京(けい) (ikkei) 六(ろっ)京(けい) (rokkei) 八(はっ)京(けい) (hakkei) 十(じゅっ)京(けい) (jukkei) 百(ひゃっ)京(けい) (hyakkei)

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
九
ここの
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese from Proto-Japonic *kəkənə.

First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[2]

Pronunciation

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Numeral

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九(ここの) • (kokono) 

  1. nine

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
九
この
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

/kokono/ → /kono/

Abbreviation of Old Japanese 九 (kokono, “nine”).

Pronunciation

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Numeral

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九(この) • (kono) 

  1. nine
    ひい、ふう、みい、…なな、やあ、この、とお
    hī, fū, mī,…nana, yā, kono, tō
    one, two, three, ... seven, eight, nine, ten
Usage notes
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  • Generally only used when counting out loud, as in the example above. In writing, usually found spelled out in hiragana as この to make the reading unambiguous.

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ “九”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

Further reading

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Korean

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Etymology 1

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Korean numbers (edit)
90
 ←  8 9 10  → 
    Native isol.: 아홉 (ahop)
    Native attr.: 아홉 (ahop)
    Sino-Korean: 구 (gu)
    Hanja: 九
    Ordinal: 아홉째 (ahopjjae)

From Middle Chinese 九 (MC kjuwX).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

九 (eumhun 아홉 구 (ahop gu))

  1. hanja form? of 구 (“nine”)

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 2

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Related to Middle Chinese 糾 (MC kjiwX).

Hanja

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九 (eumhun 모을 규 (mo'eul gyu))

  1. (archaic) hanja form? of 규 (“to gather; to collect”)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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九: Hán Việt readings: cửu[1][2]
九: Nôm readings: cửu[1][3][4]

  1. Chữ Hán form of cửu (“nine”).

Derived terms

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Derived terms

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  2. ^ Trần (2004).
  3. ^ Bonet (1899).
  4. ^ Génibrel (1898).

Zhuang

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Noun

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九

  1. Sawndip form of gyaeuj (“head; headhair”)
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