し

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See also: じ [U+3058 HIRAGANA LETTER ZI], レ [U+30EC KATAKANA LETTER RE], 乚 [U+4E5A CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E5A], and ᘂ [U+1602 CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NU]

し U+3057, し
HIRAGANA LETTER SI
← ざ
[U+3056] 		Hiragana じ →
[U+3058]

Japanese

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Stroke order
1 stroke

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [ɕi]
  • Audio:(file)

Etymology 1

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Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 之 in the cursive sōsho style.

Syllable

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し • (shi) 

  1. The hiragana syllable し (shi). Its equivalent in katakana is シ (shi). It is the twelfth syllable in the gojūon order; its position is さ行い段 (sa-gyō i-dan, “row sa, section i”).
Derived terms
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See also
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Etymology 2

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Particle

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し • (shi) 

  1. conjunctive particle, separates items in a list of reasons
    • 1937, Yumeno Kyūsaku, Osoroshii Tōkyō [Terrifying Tokyo]‎[1]:
      見(み)渡(わた)す限(かぎ)り百(ひゃっ)貨(か)店(てん)みたいで、何処(どこ)で切(きっ)符(ぷ)を売(う)っているのかわからないし、プラットフォームらしいものもないので、間(まち)違(が)ったのかなと思(おも)って又(また)石(いし)段(だん)を上(のぼ)って見(み)ると、丸(まる)キリ知(し)らない繁(はん)華(か)な町(まち)である。
      Miwatasu kagiri hyakkaten mitai de, doko de kippu o utteiru no ka wakaranai shi, purattofōmu rashii mono mo nai no de, machigatta no ka na to omotte mata ishidan o nobottemiruto, marukiri shiranai hanka na machi de aru.
      What I could see looked like a department store, I had no idea where tickets were being sold, and there wasn't anything like a platform. Wondering if I haven't come to the wrong place I once again walked up the stone stairs and a bustling street I wasn't familiar with filled my vision.
    • K-On!
      「でもでも、私(わたし)運(うん)動(どう)音(おん)痴(ち)だし、文(ぶん)化(か)系(けい)のクラブもよくわからないし…」
      “Demo demo, watashi undō onchi da shi, bunkakei no kurabu mo yoku wakaranai shi…”
      "But—but I'm terrible at sports and I don't really know anything about the cultural clubs…"
  2. sentence-ending particle, indicating mild emphasis, and alluding to an inferable but deliberately omitted conclusion
    てかなんでやったし。
    Te ka nande yatta shi.
    But then, why did you do that [when you shouldn't have]?

Etymology 3

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Alternative spellings
此
是
之
維
惟

Cognate with demonstrative pronoun そ (so).

Pronoun

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し • (shi) 

  1. third person personal pronoun; he, she, it
  2. reflexive pronoun; one, oneself
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 18, poem 4094:
      八十伴雄乎 麻都呂倍乃 牟気乃麻尓々々 老人毛 女童児毛 之我願 心太良比尓 撫賜 治賜婆
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    • c. 935: Tosa Nikki (day 24)
      廿四日。講師、むまのはなむけしにいでませり。ありとあるかみしも、わらはまでゑひしれて、一文字をだにしらぬもの、しがあしは十文字にふみてぞあそぶ。
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    • c. late 10th century: Ochikubo Monogatari (Volume 1)
      あなわかわかしの晝寢や。しが身のほど知らぬこそいと心憂けれ」とて、うちあざわらひ給ふ。
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Etymology 4

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Various Chinese loanwords.

For pronunciation and definitions of し – see the following entries.
【四】1
[numeral] four, 4
[noun] the fourth
[affix] four
[affix] fourth
[affix] quadruple
[affix] here and there
【詩】3
[noun] poem
[noun] verse of poetry
[noun] (poetry) Chinese poetry
[noun] Short for 詩経 (“Shijing, the Book of Odes”).
【死】3
[noun] death
[noun] (law, historical) one of the five punishments under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, the methods used are 絞 (kō, “strangling”) and 斬 (zan, “decapitation”)
[affix] death, to die
[affix] dead, unfunctional
[affix] life-or-death situation
[affix] dangerous, life-threatening
[affix] (baseball) out
【師】5
[noun] teacher, Reverend
【仕】3
[noun] official, civil service
[verb] Alternative spelling of し (shi, continuative of する (suru))
【市】2
[suffix] city
【氏】4
[noun] a family, a clan
[noun] a certain person
[suffix] (honorific) Mr.; Ms.
(This term, し (shi), is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.)
For a list of all kanji read as し, see Category:Japanese kanji read as し.)

Etymology 5

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Suffix

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し • (-shi) 

  1. (Classical Japanese or literary) the adnominal form of Classical and Old Japanese き (ki, past tense auxiliary), equivalent to modern た
    選(えら)ばれし者(もの)
    erabareshi mono
    the chosen one (modern language)

Etymology 6

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From Old Japanese. Not productive in modern usage.

Suffix

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し • (-shi) 

  1. (Classical Japanese) The 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal or predicative form”) of the conjugable ending for 形容詞 (keiyōshi, “-i adjectives”).
Usage notes
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  • In Classical and Old Japanese, this is the terminal ending for both しく (shiku) adjectives (those ending in しい (-shii) in modern usage, such as 楽しい (tanoshii, “fun”)) and く (ku) adjectives (those ending in い (-i) in modern usage, such as 高い (takai, “high, tall; expensive”)).
  • Meanwhile, in modern Japanese, the terminal ending and adnominal ending both manifest as い (i).
Examples:
Classical Terminal Classical Adnominal Modern Terminal / Adnominal
楽(たの)し (tanoshi)

高(たか)し (takashi)

楽(たの)しき (tanoshiki)

高(たか)き (takaki)

楽(たの)しい (tanoshii)

高(たか)い (takai)

Conjugation

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Classical conjugation of "し" (ク活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) く[1]
から[2]		 ku
kara
Continuative (連用形) く[1]
かり[2]		 ku
kari
Terminal (終止形) し si
Attributive (連体形) き
かる		 ki
karu
Realis (已然形) けれ kere
Imperative (命令形) かれ kare
Key constructions
Negative からず karazu
Contrasting conjunction けれど keredo
Causal conjunction ければ kereba
Conditional conjunction くば kuba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) かりき kariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) かりけり karikeri
Adverbial く ku
[1]Without auxiliary verb.
[2]With auxiliary verb.
Classical conjugation of "し" (シク活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) しく[1]
しから[2]		 siku
sikara
Continuative (連用形) しく[1]
しかり[2]		 siku
sikari
Terminal (終止形) し si
Attributive (連体形) しき
しかる		 siki
sikaru
Realis (已然形) しけれ sikere
Imperative (命令形) しかれ sikare
Key constructions
Negative しからず sikarazu
Contrasting conjunction しけれど sikeredo
Causal conjunction しければ sikereba
Conditional conjunction しくば sikuba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) しかりき sikariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) しかりけり sikarikeri
Adverbial しく siku
[1]Without auxiliary verb.
[2]With auxiliary verb.

Etymology 7

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Alternative spellings
為 (rare)
仕 (in compounds)

Verb

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し • (shi) 

  1. stem or continuative form of する (suru)

References

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Okinawan

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Etymology

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Cognate with Kikai す (-su, “person”, Onotsu dialect), Yoron し (shi).

Perhaps cognate with *-su, a bird-related element found in nouns such as がらし (garashi, “crow”), Japanese 烏 (karasu). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

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Noun

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し (shi) 

  1. person; someone (general)
    • 1531-1623, Omoro Sōshi
      うぶだまはいのる　すど　よかける
      ubudama ya inoru su do yogakeru
      The present-giving globe is something that prays; it rules the world.
    • Ryūka Zenshū
      づりも呼びゆ　す　がど　親の　孝も　しゆゆる　酒も　飲みゆ　す　がど　元祖　継ぎゆる
      dzurimo YObyu su gado OYA no KO mo shuyuru SAKE mo NOmyu su gado GWANSO TSUgyuru
      dzirin yubyu si gadu uya nu ko n shuyuru saki n numyu si gadu gwansu tujuru
      Even if some prostitute invites me over, even for my parents, even if I drank some kind of sake, I would succeed my ancestry...

Suffix

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し or すぃ (-shi) 

  1. the act of doing

References

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  • Okinawa Kogo Daijiten Henshū I'inkai (沖縄古語大辞典編集委員会) (1995) 沖縄古語大辞典 [Dictionary of Archaic Okinawan], Tokyo (東京都): Kadokawa Shoten (角川書店), →ISBN, page 350

Yoron

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Etymology

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Cognate with Kikai す (-su, “person”, Onotsu dialect), Okinawan し (shi).

Perhaps cognate with *-su, a bird-related element found in nouns such as がらし (garashi, “crow”), Japanese 烏 (karasu). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

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(Mugiya Higashi-ku) IPA(key): [ɕi]

Noun

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し (shi) 

  1. person; someone who does [...]
    1. a person who is involved in the preceding subject
      むーる　が　し
      mūru ga shi
      person involved with everyone
      • あまなん　あいさー　ぴちゅ　ぬ　し
        amanan aisā pichu nu shi
        a person of a stranger over there
    2. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
      たーし、　うれーたーし
      tāshi, urētāshi
      Something belonging to who; something belonging to you
      うりゃー　わーし　でーる
      uryā wāshi dēru
      That belongs to me.
      (literally, “Those are my belongings.”)
      こーりゅーし
      kōryūshi
      something edible
      ちゅらさし　とぅゆん
      churasashi tuyun
      To take something pretty

References

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  • Kiku, Chiyo, Takahashi, Toshizō (2005) 与論方言辞典 [Yoron Dialect Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Musashinoshoin
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