īsts

See also: ists and -ists

Latvian

Alternative forms

• īstens
• īksts (dialectal)

Etymology

This word has the same origin as Latin demonstrative pronoun iste (“this”): a combination of Proto-Baltic *jis (cf. Lithuanian jis (“he”)), from Proto-Indo-European *éy (“third-person pronoun”), and *te, from *tód (“that”) (also the source of tas (“that”), q.v.). The original meaning was therefore demonstrative — “that very one” — from which came the sense of “same, real, legitimate, exact” and changed morphologically into an adjective. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic истъ (istŭ, “real, true”), Russian и́стый (ístyj), Bulgarian ист (ist, “the same”), исто (isto, “also like that”), Slovene îsti (“the same”), Czech jistý (“certain, sure, definite”). It has also been suggested, on the basis of the dialectal variant īksts, that this word should be compared with Lithuanian áiškus (“clear, understandable; beautiful, pleasant”) (dialectal variants ýškus, ìščias), which has the same origin as Proto-Slavic *ěsknъ (cf. Russian я́сный (jásnyj, “clear, bright”)). It is, however, more likely that the k in the dialectal term īksts has simply been inserted by epenthesis.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [īːsts]

Adjective

īsts (definite īstais, comparative īstāks, superlative visīstākais, adverb īsti)

1. real, true, genuine, not false or artificial

   īsts zelts ― real, genuine gold

   īsta nauda ― genuine, real money (not falsified)

   īstas ādas soma ― genuine leather bag

   atrast savu īsto vietu ― to find one's true place (in life)

2. (usually definite forms) the real, the true (that which corresponds to reality but is hidden behind external appearances)

   noskaidrot kāda īsto nolūku ― to find out someone's real, true intent

   slēpt īsto raksturu ― to hide the true character, nature

   atsegt, atklāt savu īsto seju ― to reveal, to expose one's true face

3. (usually definite forms) the real, the true (official, registered, corresponding to documents)

   uzņēmuma īstais nosaukums ― the company's real name

   mans īstais vārds ir Jānis Nesaule, bet parasti mani sauc par dzīvo mironi ― my real name is Jānis Nesaule, but usually I'm called the living corpse

4. true, real (which corresponds to certain ideals or requirements)

   īsts draugs ― a real friend

   īsts zinātnieks ― a real scientist

   īsta zinātne ― real, true science

   māksla tikai tad ir īsta un paliekama, ja to veidojis savdabīgs, īpats, neatdarināms talants ― art is true and self-supporting if it is created by original, special, inimitable talent

5. true, real (deeply felt, experienced; intense, significant)

   īsts miers ― real peace

   īsta laime ― real, true happiness

   īsta draudzība ― true friendship

   īsts darbs ― real work

   īstas kaujas ― real battle, fighting

6. true, real (not imaginary, not just apparent, not a model or image)

   Marija taču īstu mežu nebija redzējusi ― but Marija had not (yet) seen a real forest

7. (usually definite forms) true (the best part, a prototypical example, one felt to be more typical of the true nature of something)

   īstā āda ― true skin (between the epidermis and the dermis)

   īsts daļskaitlis ― proper fraction (lit. true fraction) (one in which the numerator is less than the denominator)

8. (usually definite forms) true, right (the most appropriate, the most suitable, the best, the correct)

   atrast īsto atbildi ― to find the real, the right answer

   dot īsto padomu ― to give real, true, right advice

   esmu īstā laika atnācis ― I have come at the right (= appropriate) time

9. (definite forms used alone) the one, the true one, the one and only (a person's true love, soulmate)

   vai tikai Mirdza būs Ērikam tā īstā? ― is only Mirdza Ēriks' true one (= true love)?

10. (definite forms; of family relations) true, genuine (which has real blood relations)

    īsta māsa ― true, genuine sister

    pabaros Irma bērnus ar pankūkām, varbūt tie šovakar nejautās pēc īstās mātes ― Irma will feed the children with pancakes, maybe tonight they won't ask about (their) real mother

Declension

indefinite declension (nenoteiktā galotne) of īsts

	masculine (vīriešu dzimte)			feminine (sieviešu dzimte)
	singular (vienskaitlis)	plural (daudzskaitlis)		singular (vienskaitlis)	plural (daudzskaitlis)
nominative (nominatīvs)	īsts	īsti		īsta	īstas
accusative (akuzatīvs)	īstu	īstus		īstu	īstas
genitive (ģenitīvs)	īsta	īstu		īstas	īstu
dative (datīvs)	īstam	īstiem		īstai	īstām
instrumental (instrumentālis)	īstu	īstiem		īstu	īstām
locative (lokatīvs)	īstā	īstos		īstā	īstās
vocative (vokatīvs)	—	—		—	—

Synonyms

• īstens
• (of "corresponding to certain ideals"): patiess, skaidrs, tīrs
• (of "not imaginary"): reāls

Derived terms

• īstums

Related terms

• īstens, īstenība, īstenot