ár

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "ar"

Faroese

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Old Norse ár (“year”), from Proto-Germanic *jērą, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r-. Cognates include: Dutch jaar and Afrikaans jaar, English year, German Jahr, Danish år, Norwegian Bokmål år and Swedish år.

Noun

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ár n (genitive singular árs, plural ár)

  1. year
Declension
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Declension of ár
n3 singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ár árið ár árini
accusative ár árið ár árini
dative ári árinum árum árunum
genitive árs ársins ára áranna

Etymology 2

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From Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airō. Cognates include: Old English ār (“oar”) (English oar).

Noun

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ár f (genitive singular árar, plural árar)

  1. oar
Declension
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f6 Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative ár árin árar árarnar
Accusative ár árina árar árarnar
Dative ár árini árum árunum
Genitive árar árarinnar ára áranna

Hungarian

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [ˈaːr]
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -aːr
  • Hyphenation: ár

Etymology 1

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Borrowed from a (likely Iranian) descendant of Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hargʰás (compare Sanskrit अर्घ (arghá, “worth, value”)), such as Alanic *arγa-.[1] In the past assumed to have been inherited from Proto-Finno-Ugric *arwa which in turn would have been borrowed from Indo-Iranian, and thus cognate with Proto-Finnic *arvo (“worth, value”), but the Finnic word is more likely a parallel borrowing. Possibly also related to Erzya [script needed] (arśems).

Noun

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ár (plural árak)

  2. price
    borsos ár ― an exorbitant price
    borsos ára van ― cost a pretty penny, cost an arm and a leg
  3. (figuratively) cost (a negative consequence or loss that occurs or is required to occur)
Declension
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Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony)
singular plural
nominative ár árak
accusative árat árakat
dative árnak áraknak
instrumental árral árakkal
causal-final árért árakért
translative árrá árakká
terminative árig árakig
essive-formal árként árakként
essive-modal — —
inessive árban árakban
superessive áron árakon
adessive árnál áraknál
illative árba árakba
sublative árra árakra
allative árhoz árakhoz
elative árból árakból
delative árról árakról
ablative ártól áraktól
non-attributive
possessive - singular 		áré áraké
non-attributive
possessive - plural 		áréi árakéi
Possessive forms of ár
possessor single possession multiple possessions
1st person sing. áram áraim
2nd person sing. árad áraid
3rd person sing. ára árai
1st person plural árunk áraink
2nd person plural áratok áraitok
3rd person plural áruk áraik
Derived terms
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Compound words with this term at the beginning
Compound words with this term at the end
Expressions

Etymology 2

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From Proto-Ugric *ϑarɜ (“temporary lake coming into being during flood”).[2]

Noun

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ár (usually uncountable, plural árak)

  2. flood
    Synonyms: árvíz, áradás
  3. high tide, flow (as opposed to the ebb)
    Synonym: dagály
Declension
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Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony)
singular plural
nominative ár árak
accusative árt árakat
dative árnak áraknak
instrumental árral árakkal
causal-final árért árakért
translative árrá árakká
terminative árig árakig
essive-formal árként árakként
essive-modal — —
inessive árban árakban
superessive áron árakon
adessive árnál áraknál
illative árba árakba
sublative árra árakra
allative árhoz árakhoz
elative árból árakból
delative árról árakról
ablative ártól áraktól
non-attributive
possessive - singular 		áré áraké
non-attributive
possessive - plural 		áréi árakéi
Possessive forms of ár
possessor single possession multiple possessions
1st person sing. áram árjaim
2nd person sing. árad árjaid
3rd person sing. árja árjai
1st person plural árunk árjaink
2nd person plural áratok árjaitok
3rd person plural árjuk árjaik
Derived terms
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Compound words with this term at the beginning
Compound words with this term at the end

Etymology 3

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From the Proto-Finno-Ugric *ora (“awl”).[3]

Noun

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ár (plural árak)

  2. awl (pointed instrument for piercing small holes, as in leather or wood)
Declension
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Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony)
singular plural
nominative ár árak
accusative árt árakat
dative árnak áraknak
instrumental árral árakkal
causal-final árért árakért
translative árrá árakká
terminative árig árakig
essive-formal árként árakként
essive-modal — —
inessive árban árakban
superessive áron árakon
adessive árnál áraknál
illative árba árakba
sublative árra árakra
allative árhoz árakhoz
elative árból árakból
delative árról árakról
ablative ártól áraktól
non-attributive
possessive - singular 		áré áraké
non-attributive
possessive - plural 		áréi árakéi
Possessive forms of ár
possessor single possession multiple possessions
1st person sing. áram árjaim
2nd person sing. árad árjaid
3rd person sing. árja árjai
1st person plural árunk árjaink
2nd person plural áratok árjaitok
3rd person plural árjuk árjaik
Derived terms
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Compound words

Etymology 4

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From German Ar (“are”) and French are (“are”), from Latin ārea (“threshing floor”).[4]

Noun

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ár (plural árak)

  2. are (accepted SI unit of area equal to 100 square metres)
Declension
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Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony)
singular plural
nominative ár árak
accusative árt árakat
dative árnak áraknak
instrumental árral árakkal
causal-final árért árakért
translative árrá árakká
terminative árig árakig
essive-formal árként árakként
essive-modal — —
inessive árban árakban
superessive áron árakon
adessive árnál áraknál
illative árba árakba
sublative árra árakra
allative árhoz árakhoz
elative árból árakból
delative árról árakról
ablative ártól áraktól
non-attributive
possessive - singular 		áré áraké
non-attributive
possessive - plural 		áréi árakéi
Possessive forms of ár
possessor single possession multiple possessions
1st person sing. áram árjaim
2nd person sing. árad árjaid
3rd person sing. árja árjai
1st person plural árunk árjaink
2nd person plural áratok árjaitok
3rd person plural árjuk árjaik
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References

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  1. ^ Junttila, Santeri, Kallio, Petri, Holopainen, Sampsa, Kuokkala, Juha, Pystynen, Juho, editors (2020–), “arvo”, in Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja‎[1] (in Finnish), retrieved 2024-01-01
  2. ^ Entry #1747 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.
  3. ^ Entry #676 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.
  4. ^ ár in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN.  (See also its 2nd edition.)

Further reading

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  • ár in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).
  • (price): ár in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
  • (flood/flow): ár in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
  • (awl): ár in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
  • (are [unit of area]): ár in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

Anagrams

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Icelandic

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airi. Cognates include: Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂 (air, “early”), Old English ār and ærlice (English early).[1]

Adverb

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ár

  1. early
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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From Old Norse ár (“year”), from Proto-Germanic *jērą, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r-. Cognates include: Dutch jaar and Afrikaans jaar, English year, German Jahr, Danish år, Norwegian Bokmål år and Swedish år.

Noun

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ár n (genitive singular árs, nominative plural ár)

  1. year
  2. indefinite accusative singular of ár
  3. indefinite nominative plural of ár
  4. indefinite accusative plural of ár
Declension
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Declension of ár (neuter)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ár árið ár árin
accusative ár árið ár árin
dative ári árinu árum árunum
genitive árs ársins ára áranna
Derived terms
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Etymology 3

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From Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airō. Cognates include: Old English ār (“oar”) (English oar).[1]

Noun

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ár f (genitive singular árar, nominative plural árar)

  1. oar
Declension
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Declension of ár (feminine)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ár árin árar árarnar
accusative ár árina árar árarnar
dative ár árinni árum árunum
genitive árar árarinnar ára áranna
Derived terms
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Etymology 4

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See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

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ár f

  1. inflection of á (“river”):
    1. indefinite genitive singular
    2. indefinite nominative plural
    3. indefinite accusative plural

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Alf Torp, "Nynorsk Etymologisk Ordbok", Oslo 1992 (reprint), →ISBN; aarlege, aar

Irish

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Etymology 1

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From Old Irish ar, from Proto-Celtic *anserom, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥serōm, from *nos (“we, us”); compare German unser.[1]

Pronunciation

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Determiner

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ár (triggers eclipsis)

  1. our
    ár dteach ― our house
    Ár nAthair ― Our Father
See also
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Irish personal pronouns
Number Person (and gender) Conjunctive
(emphatic) 		Disjunctive
(emphatic) 		Possessive
determiner
Singular First mé
(mise) 		mo L
m' before vowel sounds
Second tú
(tusa)1 		thú
(thusa) 		do L
d' before vowel sounds
Third masculine sé
(seisean) 		é
(eisean) 		a L
Third feminine sí
(sise) 		í
(ise) 		a H
Third neuter — ea —
Plural First muid, sinn
(muidne, muide), (sinne) 		ár E
Second sibh
(sibhse)1 		bhur E
Third siad
(siadsan) 		iad
(iadsan) 		a E

L Triggers lenition E Triggers eclipsis H Triggers h-prothesis

1 Also used as the vocative

The reflexive is formed by adding féin to the relevant pronoun: e.g. "myself" = mé féin, "yourselves" = sibh féin.

Etymology 2

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From Old Irish ár (“slaughter”), from Proto-Celtic *agros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵro- (“hunt”); compare Ancient Greek ἄγρα (ágra, “hunt”).[4]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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ár m (genitive singular áir)

  1. slaughter, carnage
  2. havoc, destruction
Declension
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Declension of ár (first declension, no plural)
bare forms
case singular
nominative ár
vocative a áir
genitive áir
dative ár
forms with the definite article
case singular
nominative an t-ár
genitive an áir
dative leis an ár
don ár
Derived terms
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Etymology 3

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Borrowed from French are, from Latin area.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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ár m (genitive singular áir, nominative plural áir)

  1. are (unit of area equal to 100 square metres)
Declension
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Declension of ár (first declension)
bare forms
case singular plural
nominative ár áir
vocative a áir a ára
genitive áir ár
dative ár áir
forms with the definite article
case singular plural
nominative an t-ár na háir
genitive an áir na n-ár
dative leis an ár
don ár 		leis na háir

Mutation

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Mutated forms of ár
radical eclipsis with h-prothesis with t-prothesis
ár n-ár hár t-ár

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

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  1. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “5 ar (‘our’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
  2. ^ Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 16
  3. ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 86
  4. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “ár (‘slaughter’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Further reading

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Mizo

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Etymology

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From Proto-Kuki-Chin *ʔaar. Cognates include Khumi Chin ae and Zou ah.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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ár

  1. chicken

Old Irish

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Etymology

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From Proto-Celtic *agrom (“slaughter”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵro- (“hunt”); compare Ancient Greek ἄγρᾱ (ágrā, “hunt”), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬋𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬍 (azrōdaiδī, “hunt”).

Noun

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ár n (nominative plural ár or ára)

  1. slaughter, carnage
    • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 34a19
      donaib araib
      glosses ad strages
  2. defeat, destruction
    • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 33d4
      du ár
      glosses ad cedem
    • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 113b4
      etarcnae áir mo namat
      glosses de cede hostium

Inflection

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Neuter o-stem
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative árN árN árL, ára
Vocative árN árN árL, ára
Accusative árN árN árL, ára
Genitive áirL ár árN
Dative árL áraib, áirib áraib, áirib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • Irish: ár
  • Manx: haar
  • Scottish Gaelic: àr

Mutation

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Mutation of ár
radical lenition nasalization
ár
(pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments) 		unchanged n-ár

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

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Old Norse

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Pronunciation

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  • (9th century West Norse) IPA(key): /ˈɑːr/
  • (13th century Icelandic) IPA(key): /ˈɒːr/

Etymology 1

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From Proto-Norse *ᛃᚨᚱᚨ (*jara, “year; plenty”), from Proto-Germanic *jērą (“year; plenty”). Cognate with Old English ġēar (English year), Old Frisian jār, Old Saxon jār, Old Dutch jār, Old High German jār, Gothic 𐌾𐌴𐍂 (jēr).
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r- (“year”).

Noun

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ár n (genitive árs, plural ár)

  1. a year
    • Vǫluspá, verse 6, lines 9-10, in 1860, T. Möbius, Edda Sæmundar hins fróða: mit einem Anhang zum Theil bisher ungedruckter Gedichte. Leipzig, page 2:
      […] undorn ok aptan, / árum at telja.
      […] undern and evening, / years to count.
  2. plenty, abundance (especially of crops)
    • Saga Sigurðar Jórsalafara 53, in 1832, R. Rask, Fornmanna sögur, Volume VII. Copenhagen, page 174:
      […] þvíat þá var bæði ár og friðr.
      […] since then there were both plenty and peace.
    1. (Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᛅ (a)
Declension
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  Declension of ár (strong a-stem)
neuter singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ár árit ár árin
accusative ár árit ár árin
dative ári árinu árum árunum
genitive árs ársins ára áranna
Derived terms
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Terms derived from ár
Descendants
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  • Icelandic: ár
  • Faroese: ár
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: år
  • Norwegian Bokmål: år
  • Elfdalian: år
  • Old Swedish: ār
  • Old Danish: aar

Etymology 2

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From Proto-Germanic *airi (“early”). Cognate with Old English ār, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂 (air).

Adverb

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ár (not comparable)

  1. early, anciently
  2. in early morning, at dawn
Derived terms
[edit]
Descendants
[edit]

References

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  1. ^ arla in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

Etymology 3

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From Proto-Germanic *airō (“oar”). Cognate with Old English ār.

Noun

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ár f (genitive árar, plural árar)

  1. oar
Declension
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  Declension of ár (strong ō-stem)
feminine singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ár árin árar árarnar
accusative ár árina árar árarnar
dative ár árinni árum árunum
genitive árar árarinnar ára áranna
Descendants
[edit]

Etymology 4

[edit]

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

[edit]

ár

  1. genitive singular of of á
  2. nominative plural of of á
  3. accusative plural of á

References

[edit]
  • ár in An Icelandic-English Dictionary, R. Cleasby and G. Vigfússon, Clarendon Press, 1874, at Internet Archive.
  • ár in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, G. T. Zoëga, Clarendon Press, 1910, at Internet Archive.
  1. ^ Kildin Sami vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
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