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User:MtBotany/sandbord

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MtBotany/sandbord
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Genus: Penstemon
Species:
P. glaber
Binomial name
Penstemon glaber
Varieties[1]
  • P. glaber var. alpinus
  • P. glaber var. brandegeei
  • P. glaber var. glaber
Synonyms[2][3][4]
List
    • Chelone alpina
    • Penstemon alpinus
    • Penstemon brandegeei
    • Penstemon gordonianus
    • Penstemon gordonii
    • Penstemon magnus
    • Penstemon oreophilus
    • Penstemon riparius

Description

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Penstemon glaber is a herbaceous plant with stems that may be 10 to 80 centimeters (4 to 31 in) tall, but that are more usually 50–65 cm (20–26 in). Its stems and leaves are hairless to puberulent or pubescent, having fine, short, usually erect, hairs or being fully covered with hairs. They are not glaucous.[5] Its roots are woody and fibrous.[6]

The leaves of Penstemon glaber are attached to both the base of the plant and its stems, though at times plants can be missing or have many fewer or smaller basal leaves. All of its leaves have smooth edges.[5] The lower cauline and basal leaves have lower ends that taper to a petiole, a leaf stem.[6] They measure 2 to 15.5 centimeters long by 0.5 to 4.5 cm wide, but they are usually less than 8 cm long and 2 cm wide. They are obovate, oblanceolate, or lanceolate in shape; like a reversed teardrop, a reversed spear head with the wider portion past the midpoint, or like a spearhead with the widest part nearer the base. The point may be blunt or pointed, occasionally with a mucronate end where the central leaf vein extends beyond the leaf blade.[5]

The leaves further up the stems are sessile, attached directly to the main stem without a petiole, with two to eight pairs of leaves attached on opposite sides of each stem. The upper leaves have a length of 2.7 to 15 cm and are lanceolate in shape with a wide obtuse point or a narrow acute one. Their bases may be cordate, having heart lobes or ears that wrap around the stem, or they can simply be squared off.[5]

The upper part of each stem is an inflorescence 3 to 30 centimeters long that is secund, with all the flowers facing one direction. The flowers are in three to twelve groups growing from nodes with egg shaped to lanceolate bracts immediately under them. In each node there are two cymes, branched flower stems, each with two to four flowers.[5] The flowers have sepals that are fused with five lobes surrounding the base of the floral tube that have edges that are erose, having an uneven edge as if it were nibbled away.[6] Flower colors vary from plant to plant, purple, blue-purple, or even rich turquoise blue, though on some plants flower buds blush pink.[7] Inside of the flower's tube the color is paler, but with dark red-purple nectar guides.[6] Each flower is moderately bilabate, two lipped, with two lobes on the upper lip and three on the lower.[8] The length of the flower is 24–48 millimeters with a diameter of 8–18 mm. The longer pair of stamens can just reach the opening of the flower, but usually all the stamens are contained inside the floral tube. The staminode, the sterile modified stamen, is sparsely covered in woolly hairs that are pale-yellow and as long as 1.5 mm. Its length of 15 to 22 mm means that it can extend slightly beyond the flower's mouth or be entirely contained like the stamens.[5]

Taxonomy

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Penstemon glaber was scientifically described and named by Frederick Traugott Pursh in 1813.[1] DNA analysis indicates that it is closely related to Penstemon comarrhenus.[9]

Varieties

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The species has three recognized varieties according to Plants of the World Online.[1]

Penstemon glaber var. alpinus

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This variety was scientifically described by John Torrey in 1824 as a species named Penstemon alpinus. In 1862 the botanist Asa Gray described it as a variety of P. glaber.[2] However, as recently as 2003 sources continued to recognize it as a species.[10]

Penstemon glaber var. brandegeei

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In 1874 Thomas Conrad Porter described this as a variety of Penstemon cyananthus. After this it was described as a species by Per Axel Rydberg in 1900 and then as a variety of Penstemon alpinus by Charles William Theodore Penland in 1954, before finally being being recognized as a variety of P. glaber by Craig Carl Freeman in 1986.[3][11] However, as with var. alpinus it continued to be treated as a separate species in sources into the 2000s.[12]

Penstemon glaber var. glaber

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Synonyms

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Penstemon glaber has 14 synonyms of its three varieties.[2][3][4]

Table of Synonyms
Name Year Rank Synonym of: Notes
Chelone alpina Spreng. 1827 species var. alpinus = het.
Penstemon alpinus Torr. 1824 species var. alpinus ≡ hom.
Penstemon alpinus subsp. brandegeei (Porter) Penland 1954 subspecies var. brandegeei ≡ hom.
Penstemon alpinus subsp. magnus (Pennell) Penland 1954 subspecies var. alpinus = het.
Penstemon alpinus f. riparius (A.Nelson) Pennell 1920 form var. glaber = het.
Penstemon brandegeei (Porter) Rydb. 1900 species var. brandegeei ≡ hom.
Penstemon cyananthus var. brandegeei Porter 1874 variety var. brandegeei ≡ hom.
Penstemon glaber var. occidentalis A.Gray 1862 variety var. glaber = het.
Penstemon glaber var. stenosepalus Regel 1875 variety var. glaber = het.
Penstemon gordonianus A.Gray 1860 species var. glaber = het., orth. var.
Penstemon gordonii Hook. 1847 species var. glaber = het.
Penstemon magnus Pennell 1920 species var. alpinus = het.
Penstemon oreophilus Rydb. 1905 species var. alpinus = het.
Penstemon riparius A.Nelson 1898 species var. glaber = het.
Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym ; = heterotypic synonym

Names

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The species name, glaber, means smooth, a reference to the hairless stems of the autonymic variety, with the same root as the botanical term glabrous. The common name sawsepal penstemon comes from the saw-toothed sepal lobes found that the base of the flowers.[13] It is also known as smooth penstemon or smooth beardtounge,[14][6] but it shares these names with other penstemon species like Penstemon digitalis.[15] Similarly is it also called the blue penstemon.[6] Rarely, it is called Pikes Peak penstemon because the species was first collected on Pikes Peak.[8]

Range and habitat

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Sawsepal penstemon grows across many North American states from northern Mexico to the northern United States along the Rocky Mountains. In Mexico it only grows in the state of Chihuahua.[16] In New Mexico it grows in northern parts of the state from Union County to McKinley County.[17] In Colorado it primarily grows east of the Continental Divide in the mountains and the counties at the foot of the mountains.[18] In Wyoming it grows throughout all but the southwestern corner of the state, but is only found in the western panhandle of Nebraska. It is primarily found in western South Dakota and only in a few scattered counties in North Dakota and Montana.[17]

Ecology

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The pollen wasp Pseudomasaris vespoides which is presumed to specialize in the collection of pollen from Penstemon species has been collected from sawsepal penstemons.[19]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c POWO 2025a.
  2. ^ a b c POWO 2025b.
  3. ^ a b c POWO 2025c.
  4. ^ a b POWO 2025d.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Freeman 2020a.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Stubbendieck, Hatch & Butterfield, p. 427.
  7. ^ Heflin 1997, p. 20.
  8. ^ a b Robertson 1999, p. 42.
  9. ^ Wolfe et al. 2006, p. 1703.
  10. ^ Lindgren & Wilde 2003, p. 17.
  11. ^ Freeman 1986, p. 105.
  12. ^ Lindgren & Wilde 2003, p. 24.
  13. ^ Van Bruggen 2013, p. 100.
  14. ^ Lindgren & Wilde 2003, p. 44.
  15. ^ Holm 2014, pp. 246, 290.
  16. ^ Hassler 2025.
  17. ^ a b NRCS 2025.
  18. ^ Ackerfield 2015, p. 592.
  19. ^ Krombein 1979, p. 1472.

Sources

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Books
  • Ackerfield, Jennifer (2015). Flora of Colorado (First ed.). Fort Worth, Texas: Botanical Research Institute of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-889878-45-4. OCLC 910162216.
  • Heflin, Jean (1997). Penstemons : The Beautiful Beardtongues of New Mexico. Albuquerque, New Mexico: Jackrabbit Press. ISBN 978-0-9659693-0-7. OCLC 39050925. Retrieved 21 February 2025.
  • Holm, Heather (2014). Pollinators of Native plants : Attract, Observe and Identify Pollinators and Beneficial Insects with Native Plants (First ed.). Minnetonka, Minnesota: Pollination Press LLC. ISBN 978-0-9913563-0-0. OCLC 872266752. Retrieved 18 February 2025.
  • Krombein, Karl V. (1979). Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. OCLC 3728758. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
  • Lindgren, Dale Tennis; Wilde, Ellen; American Penstemon Society (2003). Growing Penstemons : Species, Cultivars, and Hybrids (First ed.). Haverford, Pennsylvania: Infinity Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7414-1529-5. LCCN 2004272722. OCLC 54110971. Retrieved 18 February 2025.
  • Robertson, Leigh (1999). Southern Rocky Mountain Wildflowers : A Field Guide to Common Wildflowers, Shrubs, and Trees. Helena, Montana ; [Estes Park, Colorado]: Falcon ; Rocky Mountain Nature Association. ISBN 978-1-56044-624-8. OCLC 47010542. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
  • Stubbendieck, James L.; Hatch, Stephan L.; Butterfield, Charles H. (1992). North American Range Plants (Fourth ed.). Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-4218-0. OCLC 23356788. Retrieved 18 February 2025.
  • Van Bruggen, Theodore (2013). Wildflowers & Grasses & Other Plants of the Northern Plains and Black Hills (Fourth Revised ed.). Interior, South Dakota: Badlands Natural History Association. ISBN 978-4-216-38970-8. OCLC 902879238. Retrieved 18 February 2025.
Journals
Web sources
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