User:Medavox/sandbox

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Grey background indicates obsolete characters.

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Theoretical combinations yi, ye and wu are unused .
^ ^a ^b ^c The characters in positions wi and we are obsolete in modern Japanese, and have been replaced by イ (i) and エ (e). The character wo, in practice normally pronounced o, is preserved in only one use: as a particle. This is normally written in hiragana (を), so katakana ヲ sees only limited use. See Gojūon and the articles on each character for details.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e The ヂ (di) and ヅ (du) kana (often romanised as ji and zu) are primarily used for etymologic spelling , when the unvoiced equivalents チ (ti) and ツ (tu) (often romanised as chi and tsu) undergo a sound change (rendaku) and become voiced when they occur in the middle of a compound word. In other cases, the identically-pronounced ジ (ji) and ズ (zu) are used instead. ヂ (di) and ヅ (du) can never begin a word, and they are not common in katakana, since the concept of rendaku does not apply to transcribed foreign words, one of the major uses of katakana.

This is the sandbox page for User:Medavox (diff).

Table of hiragana

The following table shows the complete hiragana together with the Hepburn romanization and IPA transcription in the gojūon order.^[1] Hiragana with dakuten or handakuten follow the gojūon kana without them, with the yōon kana following. Obsolete and normally unused kana are shown in brackets and gray . Those in bold do not use the initial sound for that row. For all syllables besides ん, the pronunciation indicated is for word-initial syllables, for mid-word pronunciations see below.

In the middle of words, the g sound (normally [ɡ]) may turn into a velar nasal [ŋ] or velar fricative [ɣ]. An exception to this is numerals; 15 jūgo is considered to be one word, but is pronounced as if it was jū and go stacked end to end: [d͡ʑɯːɡo].

In many accents, the j and z sounds are pronounced as affricates ([d͡ʑ] and [d͡z], respectively) at the beginning of utterances and fricatives [ʑ, z] in the middle of words. For example, すうじ sūji [sɯːʑi] 'number', ざっし zasshi [d͡zaɕɕi] 'magazine'.

In archaic forms of Japanese, there existed the kwa (くゎ [kʷa]) and gwa (ぐゎ [ɡʷa]) digraphs. In modern Japanese, these phonemes have been phased out of usage and only exist in the extended katakana digraphs for approximating foreign language words.

The singular n is pronounced [n] before t, ch, ts, n, r, z, j and d, [m] before m, b and p, [ŋ] before k and g, [ɴ] at the end of utterances, and some kind of high nasal vowel [ɰ̃] before vowels, palatal approximants (y), fricative consonants s, sh, h, f and w.

In kanji readings, the diphthongs ou and ei are today usually pronounced [oː] (long o) and [eː] (long e) respectively. For example, とうきょう (lit. toukyou) is pronounced [toːkʲoː] 'Tokyo', and せんせい sensei is [seɯ̃seː] 'teacher'. However, とう tou is pronounced [toɯ] 'to inquire', because the o and u are considered distinct, u being the verb ending in the dictionary form. Similarly, している shite iru is pronounced [ɕiteiɾɯ] 'is doing'.

For a more thorough discussion on the sounds of Japanese, please refer to Japanese phonology.

^ NHK, WORLD. "The Japanese Syllabaries (Hiragana)" (PDF). www.nhk.or.jp.
^ ^a ^b ^c See obsolete kana
^ "Romanization variants".

[unused-1] Theoretical combinations yi, ye and wu are unused .

[obsolete-2] The characters in positions wi and we are obsolete in modern Japanese, and have been replaced by イ (i) and エ (e). The character wo, in practice normally pronounced o, is preserved in only one use: as a particle. This is normally written in hiragana (を), so katakana ヲ sees only limited use. See Gojūon and the articles on each character for details.

[etymologic-3] The ヂ (di) and ヅ (du) kana (often romanised as ji and zu) are primarily used for etymologic spelling , when the unvoiced equivalents チ (ti) and ツ (tu) (often romanised as chi and tsu) undergo a sound change (rendaku) and become voiced when they occur in the middle of a compound word. In other cases, the identically-pronounced ジ (ji) and ズ (zu) are used instead. ヂ (di) and ヅ (du) can never begin a word, and they are not common in katakana, since the concept of rendaku does not apply to transcribed foreign words, one of the major uses of katakana.

[4] NHK, WORLD. "The Japanese Syllabaries (Hiragana)" (PDF). www.nhk.or.jp.

[:0-5] See obsolete kana

[6] "Romanization variants".

[n 1]

[n 2]

[n 3]

[1]

[2]

[3]

Monographs (gojūon)					Digraphs (yōon)
あ a [a]	い i [i]	う u [ɯ]	え e [e]	お o [o]
か ka [ka]	き ki [ki]	く ku [kɯ]	け ke [ke]	こ ko [ko]	きゃ kya [kʲa]	きゅ kyu [kʲɯ]	きょ kyo [kʲo]
さ sa [sa]	し shi [ɕi]	す su [sɯ]	せ se [se]	そ so [so]	しゃ sha [ɕa]	しゅ shu [ɕɯ]	しょ sho [ɕo]
た ta [ta]	ち chi [tɕi]	つ tsu [tsɯ]	て te [te]	と to [to]	ちゃ cha [tɕa]	ちゅ chu [tɕɯ]	ちょ cho [tɕo]
な na [na]	に ni [ɲi]	ぬ nu [nɯ]	ね ne [ne]	の no [no]	にゃ nya [ɲa]	にゅ nyu [ɲɯ]	にょ nyo [ɲo]
は ha [ha] ([ɰa] as particle)	ひ hi [çi]	ふ fu [ɸɯ]	へ he [he] ([e] as particle)	ほ ho [ho]	ひゃ hya [ça]	ひゅ hyu [çɯ]	ひょ hyo [ço]
ま ma [ma]	み mi [mi]	む mu [mɯ]	め me [me]	も mo [mo]	みゃ mya [mʲa]	みゅ myu [mʲɯ]	みょ myo [mʲo]
や ya [ja]	^[2]	ゆ yu [jɯ]	^[2]	よ yo [jo]
ら ra [ɾa]	り ri [ɾi]	る ru [ɾɯ]	れ re [ɾe]	ろ ro [ɾo]	りゃ rya [ɾʲa]	りゅ ryu [ɾʲɯ]	りょ ryo [ɾʲo]
わ wa [ɰa]	( ゐ ) wi [i]	^[2]	( ゑ ) we [e]	を wo [o]

ん n [ɴ m n ɲ ŋ ɰ̃]					っ (indicates a geminate consonant)	ゝ (reduplicates and unvoices syllable)	ゞ (reduplicates and voices syllable)

Diacritics (gojūon with (han)dakuten)					Digraphs with diacritics (yōon with (han)dakuten)
が ga [ɡa]	ぎ gi [ɡi]	ぐ gu [ɡɯ]	げ ge [ɡe]	ご go [ɡo]	ぎゃ gya [ɡʲa]	ぎゅ gyu [ɡʲɯ]	ぎょ gyo [ɡʲo]
ざ za [(d)za]	じ ji [(d)ʑi]	ず zu [(d)zɯ]	ぜ ze [(d)ze]	ぞ zo [(d)zo]	じゃ ja [(d)ʑa]	じゅ ju [(d)ʑɯ]	じょ jo [(d)ʑo]
だ da [da]	ぢ ji, dji, jyi^[3] [(d)ʑi]	づ dzu, zu [(d)zɯ]	で de [de]	ど do [do]	( ぢゃ ) ja [(d)ʑa]	( ぢゅ ) ju [(d)ʑɯ]	( ぢょ ) jo [(d)ʑo]
ば ba [ba]	び bi [bi]	ぶ bu [bɯ]	べ be [be]	ぼ bo [bo]	びゃ bya [bʲa]	びゅ byu [bʲɯ]	びょ byo [bʲo]
ぱ pa [pa]	ぴ pi [pi]	ぷ pu [pɯ]	ぺ pe [pe]	ぽ po [po]	ぴゃ pya [pʲa]	ぴゅ pyu [pʲɯ]	ぴょ pyo [pʲo]