Sterna
| Sterna | |
|---|---|
| |
| Sterna hirundo in Northumberland | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Charadriiformes |
| Family: | Laridae |
| Tribe: | Sternini |
| Genus: | Sterna Linnaeus, 1758 |
| Type species | |
| Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758
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| Species | |
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13, see text | |
Sterna is a genus of terns in the bird family Laridae. The genus used to encompass most "white" terns indiscriminately, but mtDNA sequence comparisons have determined that this arrangement was paraphyletic. It is now restricted to the typical medium-sized white terns with deeply forked tails, which occur near-globally, mostly in coastal regions but several also using freshwater habitats inland.[1]
Taxonomy
[edit]The genus Sterna was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.[2] The type species is the common tern (Sterna hirundo).[3] Sterna is derived from Old English "stearn" which appears in the poem The Seafarer; a similar word was used to refer to terns by the Frisians.[4]
Species
[edit]The genus contains 13 species.[5]
| Image | Common Name | Scientific name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
River tern | Sterna aurantia | Inland rivers from Pakistan east through the Indian Subcontinent to Myanmar, Thailand, and Cambodia. |
_RWD1.jpg) |
Forster's tern | Sterna forsteri | North America. |
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Snowy-crowned tern or Trudeau's tern | Sterna trudeaui | Argentina, south-east Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. |
.jpg) |
Arctic tern | Sterna paradisaea | Arctic and Subarctic regions of Europe, Asia, and North America (as far south as Brittany and Massachusetts). |
.jpg) |
South American tern | Sterna hirundinacea | Southern South America, including the Falkland Islands, ranging north to Peru (Pacific coast) and Brazil (Atlantic coast). |
.jpg) |
Antarctic tern | Sterna vittata | Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, the Falkland Islands, the Heard Island, the McDonald Islands, Australia, and New Zealand. |
 |
Kerguelen tern | Sterna virgata | Kerguelen Islands, the Prince Edward Islands (i.e. Prince Edward and Marion) and Crozet Islands. |
 |
Common tern | Sterna hirundo | Eastern North America, Europe, North Africa, Asia east to Siberia and Kazakhstan. |
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White-cheeked tern | Sterna repressa | Coasts on the Red Sea, around the Horn of Africa to Kenya, in the Persian Gulf and along the Iranian coast to Pakistan and western India. |
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Black-naped tern | Sterna sumatrana | Tropical and subtropical areas of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. |
 |
Roseate tern | Sterna dougallii | Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America, and winters south to the Caribbean and west Africa; and subspecies from east Africa across the Indian Ocean to Japan, and in Australia and New Caledonia. |
 |
White-fronted tern | Sterna striata | New Zealand and Australia. |
.jpg) |
Black-bellied tern | Sterna acuticauda | Pakistan, Nepal, India and Bangladesh, with a separate range in Myanmar. |
The following genera were formerly often included in Sterna:[1]
- Onychoprion (larger terns with white foreheads and dark backs)
- Sternula (small terns mostly with white foreheads)
- Thalasseus (large terns with crests)
References
[edit]- ^ a b Bridge, E. S.; Jones, A. W. & Baker, A. J. (2005). A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution Archived 2006-07-20 at the Wayback Machine. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35: 459–469.
- ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 137.
- ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 331.
- ^ "Sterna". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Noddies, gulls, terns, skimmers, skuas, auks". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
External links
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Genera of shorebirds and their extinct allies | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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