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Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen, BWV 65

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Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen
BWV 65
Church cantata by J. S. Bach
Michael Angelo Immenraet: Adoration of the Magi at Unionskirche, Idstein, from the 1670s
OccasionEpiphany
Bible text1 John 3:8
Chorale
Performed6 January 1724 (1724-01-06): Leipzig
Movements7
Vocal
  • SATB choir
  • tenor and bass solo
Instrumental
  • 2 horns
  • 2 recorders
  • 2 oboes da caccia
  • 2 violins
  • viola
  • continuo

Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen (They will all come forth out of Sheba),[1] BWV 65, is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach. He composed it in 1724 in Leipzig for Epiphany and first performed it on 6 January 1724 as part of his first cantata cycle.

Bach wrote the cantata to conclude his first Christmas season as Thomaskantor in Leipzig which had been celebrated with five cantatas, four of them new compositions, the Magnificat and a new Sanctus. The text by an anonymous author, who possibly supplied texts of two of the Christmas cantatas as well, combines the prescribed readings for the feast day, the prophecy from the Book of Isaiah and the gospel of Matthew about the Wise Men from the East. The librettist begins with a quotation from the prophecy, comments it by a stanza of the early anonymous Christmas carol "Ein Kind geborn zu Bethlehem", says in a sequence of recitatives and arias that the prophecy was fulfilled in Bethlehem, concluding that the Christian should bring his heart as a gift. The cantata ends with a chorale, stanza 10 of Paul Gerhardt's hymn "Ich hab in Gottes Herz und Sinn".

Bach festively scored the seven-movement cantata, for two vocal soloists (tenor and bass), a four-part choir and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of two horns, two recorders, two oboes da caccia, strings and basso continuo. All recitatives are secco, but the full orchestra plays for the opening chorus, the last aria and the closing chorale.

History and words

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Bach wrote the cantata in 1724, in his first year as Thomaskantor (director of church music) in Leipzig, to conclude his first Christmas season on the Feast of Epiphany. For the celebrations on three days of Christmas, New Year's Day and the following Sunday, he had performed five cantatas, four of them new compositions, the Magnificat and a new Sanctus in D major:[2][3]

Sanctus in D major, BWV 238
Magnificat in E-flat major, BWV 243a

The prescribed readings for the feast day were taken from the Book of Isaiah, the heathen will convert (Isaiah 60:1–6), and from the Gospel of Matthew, the Wise Men from the East bringing gifts of gold, myrrh and frankincense to the newborn Jesus (Matthew 2:1–12). The unknown poet of the cantata text may be the same as for BWV 40 and BWV 64 for the Second and Third Day of Christmas,[2] a person "theologically competent and poetically skilfull (sic)", as the Bach scholar Klaus Hofmann writes.[4] The librettist begins with the final verse of the epistle reading, Isaiah's prophecy "all they from Sheba shall come: they shall bring gold and incense". The poet juxtaposes the prediction by a chorale, stanza 4 of the old anonymous Christmas carol "Ein Kind geborn zu Bethlehem [de]" ("Puer natus in Bethlehem", "A babe is born in Bethlehem", 1543),[5] which describes the arrival of the "Kön'ge aus Saba" (Kings from Sheba), related to the epistle. The first recitative proclaims that the gospel is the fulfillment of the prophecy and concludes that it is the Christian's duty to bring his heart as a gift to Jesus. This idea is the theme of the following aria. The second recitative equates the gifts of the contemporary Christian to those of the kings: Faith to the gold, Prayer to the incense, and Patience to the myrrh. The last aria expresses that the devoted Christian offers his heart as a present. The cantata ends with a chorale. The text is not extant, but it is assumed to be stanza 10 of Paul Gerhardt's hymn "Ich hab in Gottes Herz und Sinn".[2][6]

Bach first performed the cantata for Epiphany on 6 January 1724.[3] In his Christmas Oratorio of 1734, Bach dedicated Part VI, Herr, wenn die stolzen Feinde schnauben, to the topic and the occasion and first performed it on 6 January 1735.[7]

Music

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Structure and scoring

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Bach structured the cantata in seven movements. The opening chorus is followed by a chorale, then the two soloists sing a sequence of recitative and aria each, and work closes with a chorale. Bach scored the cantata for two vocal soloists (tenor (T) and bass (B)), a four-part choir and a festive Baroque instrumental ensemble of two horns (Co), two recorders (Fl), two oboes da caccia (Oc), two violins (Vl), viola (Va), and basso continuo.[4][8] Bach employed a pair of horns before in his Christmas cantata Darzu ist erschienen der Sohn Gottes, BWV 40, and later in his cantata for Christmas 1724, Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ, BWV 91, and later in Part IV of his Christmas Oratorio.[2] He wrote the title as "J. J. Festo Epiphan: Concerto. à 2 Core du Chasse. 2 Hautb: da Caccia. / due Fiauti 2 Violini è Viola con 4 Voci", which means: "Jesus help (Jesu Juva – a pre-fixed prayer to most of Bach's compositions). Feast of the Epiphany: concerto for 2 hunting horns. 2 oboes da caccia / two recorders 2 violins and viola with 4 voices."[9]

The following table of movements gives the scoring according to the Neue Bach-Ausgabe.[8] The keys and time signatures are taken from the book on all the Bach cantatas by the Bach scholar Alfred Dürr, using the symbol for common time (4/4).[2] The continuo, playing throughout, is not shown.

Movements of Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen, BWV 65
No. Title Text Type Vocal Winds Strings Key Time
1 Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen Isaiah Chorus SATB 2Co 2Fl 2Oc 2Vl Va C major 12/8
2 Die Kön'ge aus Saba kamen dar anon. Chorale SATB 2Fl 2Oc A minor 3/4
3 Was dort Jesaias vorhergesehn anon. Recitative B common time
4 Gold aus Ophir ist zu schlecht anon. Aria B 2Oc E minor common time
5 Verschmähe nicht, du, meiner Seele Licht anon. Recitative T common time
6 Nimm mich dir zu eigen hin anon. Aria T 2Co 2Fl 2Oc 2Vl Va C major 3/8
7 Ei nun, mein Gott, so fall ich dir Gerhardt Chorale SATB 2Co 2Fl 2Oc 2Vl Va A minor common time


Movements

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Bach uses scoring and especially instrumentation to illustrate the contrast between poverty and abundance. While all recitatives are secco, and the strings are silent for the first aria which is supported only by the oboes da caccia in low register, a festive orchestra with three kinds of wind instruments and strings accompanies not only, as usual, the opening chorus and the closing chorale, but also the penultimate movement, a tenor aria expressing how the believer gives his heart as a present. Hofmann notes that Bach "combines high art with the folk style".[4]

1

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The opening chorus, "Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen" (They will all come forth out of Sheba),[1] depicts, that "alle" (all), not just the wise men, gather and move to adore. Horn signals call first and prevail throughout the movement. Canonical and imitative developments depict the growing of a crowd.[9][10] The central section is an extended choral fugue, framed by two sections with the voices embedded in a repeat of the instrumental introduction.[11][2] John Eliot Gardiner remarked in connection with his Bach Cantata Pilgrimage that the instrumentation resembles Near Eastern music, the recorders representing "the high pitches often associated with oriental music and the oboes da caccia (in tenor register) to evoke the shawm-like double-reed instruments (salamiya and zurna) of the Near East".[12]

2

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First print of "Puer natus in Bethlehem – Ein Kind geborn zu Bethlehem", published by Lucas Lossius [de] in Nürnberg in 1553

The same idea is rendered in a stanza from the Christmas carol, "Die Kön'ge aus Saba kamen dar" (The kings came out of Sheba),[1] telling of the (unknown number of) Kings from Sheba as mentioned by Isaiah. Its melody,[13] in triple time, is set for four parts.[2]

3

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The first recitative, "Was dort Jesaias vorhergesehn, das ist zu Bethlehem geschehn." (What Isaiah prophesied there has happened in Bethlehem.),[1] applies the situation to the individual Christian, who has nothing to offer as a gift but his heart, explained in an arioso ending.[2] The musicologist Julian Mincham notes unexpected harmonies when the stable of Bethlehem is mentioned, as if to illustrate the "lowliness of that birthplace".[11]

4

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The first aria, "Gold aus Ophir ist zu schlecht" (Gold from Ophir is too meager),[1] is accompanied by the oboes da caccia, whose low register together with the bass voice conveys the humility expressed in the words. The instruments keep repeating the first motif, recalling the initial idea that gold is not good enough.[2]

5

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The tenor recitative, "Verschmähe nicht, du, meiner Seele Licht, mein Herz" (Do not scorn, o You the light of my soul, my heart),[1] begins with a plea, expressed in a line descending through a ninth.[11] It ends on the notion "des größten Reichtums Überfluß mir dermaleinst im Himmel werden" (the abundance of the greatest wealth must some day be mine in Heaven).[1]

6

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To show the abundance, the dance-like aria, "Nimm mich dir zu eigen hin" (Take me to Yourself as Your own),[1] is accompanied by all the wind instruments, playing concertante and together. Instead of a conventional da capo aria, Bach creates a bar form by repeating the text of the second idea on new musical material.[2] A long ritornello of 32 measures "contains an almost unprecedented variety of instrumental colouring", as Mincham writes.[11]

7

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The closing chorale, "Ei nun, mein Gott, so fall ich dir getrost in deine Hände." (Ah! now, then, my God, I fall confidently into Your hands.),[2] is sung on the melody of "Was mein Gott will, das g'scheh allzeit",[14] which Bach used frequently later, as the base for his chorale cantata BWV 111 and movement 25 of his St Matthew Passion.[2][12]

Recordings

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The entries are taken from the selection on the Bach Cantatas Website.[15] Choirs with one voice per part (OVPP) and instrumental groups playing period instruments in historically informed performances are highlighted green.

Recordings of Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen
Title Conductor / Choir / Orchestra Soloists Label Year Choir type Instr.
Bach Made in Germany Vol. 1 – Cantatas I Günther Ramin
Thomanerchor
Gewandhausorchester
Fidelio 1952 (1952)
Les Grandes Cantates de J. S. Bach Vol. 5 Fritz Werner
Heinrich-Schütz-Chor Heilbronn
Pforzheim Chamber Orchestra
Erato 1952 (1952)
J. S. Bach: Cantata BWV 65 Marcel Couraud
Stuttgarter Bach-Chor
Badische Staatskapelle
Philips 1950s?
J. S. Bach: Cantatas BWV 46 & BWV 65 Helmut Kahlhöfer
Kantorei Barmen-Gemarke
Barmen Chamber Orchestra
Cantate 1960 (1960)
Bach Cantatas Vol. 1 – Advent and Christmas Karl Richter
Münchener Bach-Chor
Münchener Bach-Orchester
Archiv Produktion 1967 (1967)
J. S. Bach: Das Kantatenwerk • Complete Cantatas • Les Cantates, Folge / Vol. 4 Nikolaus Harnoncourt
Tölzer Knabenchor
Concentus Musicus Wien
Teldec 1977 (1977) Period
Die Bach Kantate Vol. 21 Helmuth Rilling
Gächinger Kantorei
Bach-Collegium Stuttgart
Hänssler 1979 (1979)
J. S. Bach: Complete Cantatas Vol. 8 Ton Koopman
Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir
Antoine Marchand 1998 (1998) Period
Bach – Epiphany Mass Paul McCreesh
Gabrieli Consort & Players
Archiv Produktion 1998 (1998) Period
Bach Cantatas Vol. 18: Weimar/Leipzig/Hamburg / For Christmas Day & for Epiphany / For the 1st Sunday after Epiphany John Eliot Gardiner
Monteverdi Choir
English Baroque Soloists
Soli Deo Gloria 2000 (2000) Period
Bach Edition Vol. 19 – Cantatas Vol. 10 Pieter Jan Leusink
Holland Boys Choir
Netherlands Bach Collegium
Brilliant Classics 2000 (2000) Period
J. S. Bach: Cantatas Vol. 21 – Cantatas from Leipzig 1724 – BWV 65, 81, 83, 190 Masaaki Suzuki
Bach Collegium Japan
BIS 2002 (2002) Period
J. S. Bach: Cantatas for the Complete Liturgical Year Vol. 4 Sigiswald Kuijken
La Petite Bande
Accent 2006 (2006) OVPP Period


References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Dellal, Pamela (2021). "BWV 65 – Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen". pameladellal.com. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Dürr, Alfred; Jones, Richard D. P. (2006). The Cantatas of J. S. Bach: With Their Librettos in German-English Parallel Text. Oxford University Press. pp. 172–176. ISBN 0-19-929776-2.
  3. ^ a b Wolff, Christoph (2003). "On the first cycle of Bach's cantatas for the Leipzig Liturgy (1723–1724)" (PDF). Bach-Cantatas. pp. 12–13. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  4. ^ a b c Hofmann, Klaus (2002). "Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen, BWV 65 / (All they from Sheba shall come)" (PDF). Bach-Cantatas. p. 6. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  5. ^ "Ein Kind geborn zu Bethlehem / Text and Translation of Chorale". Bach-Cantatas. 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
  6. ^ "Ich hab in Gottes Herz und Sinn / Text and Translation of Chorale". Bach-Cantatas. 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
  7. ^ Bossuyt, Ignace (2004). Johann Sebastian Bach, Christmas Oratorio (BWV 248). Leuven University Press. p. 156. ISBN 9789058674210.
  8. ^ a b Bischof, Walter F. "BWV 165 Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen". University of Alberta. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  9. ^ a b "The Use of Horns in BWV 65 "Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen"" (PDF). NBA. 2010. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
  10. ^ Robins, Brian (2010). "Cantata No. 65, "Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen," BWV 65". Allmusic. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  11. ^ a b c d Mincham, Julian (2010). "Chapter 35 Bwv 65 – The Cantatas of Johann Sebastian Bach". jsbachcantatas.com. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  12. ^ a b Gardiner, John Eliot (2010). Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) / Cantatas Nos 32, 63, 65, 123, 124 & 154 (Media notes). Soli Deo Gloria (at Hyperion Records website). Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  13. ^ "Chorale Melodies used in Bach's Vocal Works / Ein Kind geborn zu Bethlehem (Puer natus in Bethlehem)". Bach-Cantatas. 2006. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  14. ^ "Chorale Melodies used in Bach's Vocal Works / Was mein Gott will, das g'scheh allzeit". Bach-Cantatas. 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  15. ^ Oron, Aryeh. "Cantata BWV 65 Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen". Bach-Cantatas. Retrieved 5 January 2016.

Sources

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