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Siberian Collection of Peter the Great

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Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
Complete Siberian Collection of Peter the Great in the State Hermitage Museum. The right half of the display is for objects dated to the 6th-4th centuries BCE, while the left part covers the 3rd-1st centuries BCE.[1]
Approximate locations of the finds of the Siberian Collection of Peter the Great. Per Pankova and Simson ( , British Museum),[2][3][4] and per the State Hermitage Museum ( ).[5]

The Siberian Collection of Peter the Great is a series of Saka Animal art gold artifacts that were discovered in Southern Siberia, from funeral kurgan tumuli,[6] in mostly unrecorded locations in the area between modern Kazakhstan and the Altai Mountains.[7][8] The objects are generally dated to the 6th to the 1st centuries BCE.[7][9]

Characteristics

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The artifacts belong to the broadly-defined Scythian Animal style, and are relatively late examples of this kind of ornaments.[7] They are generally attributed to the Saka culture.[10]

Many of these artifacts were part of the archaeological presents sent by Matvey Gagarin [ru], Governor of Siberia based in the then capital of Siberia in Tobolsk, to Peter the Great in Saint-Petersburg in 1716.[8] They are now located in the Hermitage Museum in Saint-Petersburg.

Artifacts from the Ingala valley

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Many Saka kurgans were excavated in the 17th-18th century in the Ingala valley, and helped establish the Siberian Collection of Peter the Great. Most of the objects initially obtained by Peter the Great were looted from the area of Tobolsk, the capital of Siberia, just north of the Ingala valley.[11]

The first explorers of the valley were so-called bugrovschiki [ru], robbers of ancient graves. In 1669, the governor of the Tobolsk rank [Wikidata] Petr Ivanovich Godunov told tsar Alexei Mikhailovich that gold, silver items and utensils were extracted from "Tatar graves" near the Iset River. As a result of the tomb robbers, many treasures of the Siberian kurgans were lost forever.[12] Some of the treasures extracted by bugrovschiki tomb robbers appeared in private collections abroad. The most famous was the collection of Amsterdam mayor Nicolaes Witsen; a part of it is known only from tables drawn in the third edition of his book Noord en Oost Tartatye (1785), and the collection was lost after 1717.[13][14]

In 1712, a commander of Shadrinsk, prince Vasily Meshchersky, began excavations of kurgans to get gold, silver and copper items to replenish the state treasury by order of the Siberian governor prince Matvey Gagarin. During the years 1715-1717 governor Gagarin sent Siberian treasures to Peter the Great four times. 250 ancient gold jewelry pieces sent by Gagarin became known as the Siberian collection of Peter the Great, which is now available in the State Hermitage at the gallery of jewels called "The Scythian Gold".[15][16]

An ornate belt buckle from the Siberian Collection of Peter the Great, and its watercolour drawing from the 1730s.

Several of the objects from the Collection were painted in watercolor during the 1730s, which is helpful in setting up a chronology of the Collection, and refines ideas about provenance. Many of these early objects are known to have been sent by M. P. Gagarin, governor of Siberia in Tobolsk, in 1716.[3]

Daniel Messerschmidt, whose expedition into the Siberia Governorate took place in 1719–1727, was the first scientist to get acquainted with findings of the Ingala Valley. But Gerhard Müller, who visited Siberia in 1733-1743 together with the Great Northern Expedition, stated that tomb-robber activity was finished because the kurgans had been totally depleted.

The Imperial archives of the discoveries were kept in Tobolsk, but they were lost in a fire in 1788.[17]

Large grave robbing activities by military commanders in the areas of Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk are also recorded.[17]

Altai area

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After the initial complement from the area of Tobolsk, a large portion of the objects now in the Collection may then have come from the area of the Altai steppe, between the rivers Ob and Irtysh.[18]

  • Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum). Circa 200 BCE. Sent by M. P. Gagarin, governor of Siberia in Tobolsk, 1716. Inventory number: Si 1726 - 1/69, 1/70.[19]
    Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum). Circa 200 BCE. Sent by M. P. Gagarin, governor of Siberia in Tobolsk, 1716. Inventory number: Si 1726 - 1/69, 1/70.[19]
  • Belt plaque from the Siberian collection of Peter the Great, probably Ingala Valley: it was sent by M. P. Gagarin, governor of Siberia in Tobolsk, in 1716. Dated circa 300 BCE.[20]
    Belt plaque from the Siberian collection of Peter the Great, probably Ingala Valley: it was sent by M. P. Gagarin, governor of Siberia in Tobolsk, in 1716. Dated circa 300 BCE.[20]
  • Torque with beasts of prey (2nd-1st century BCE)
    Torque with beasts of prey (2nd-1st century BCE)
  • Aigrette
    Aigrette
  • Belt plaque
    Belt plaque
  • Bracelet
    Bracelet
  • A torque
    A torque

Sources

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Saka kurgans[21]
Arzhan-1c. 800 BCE
Shiliktyc. 700 BCE
Arzhan-2c. 650 BCE
Bes Shatyrc. 550 BCE
Taksaic. 500 BCE
Ingalac. 500 BCE
Tasmola7th-5th centuries BCE
Boraldayc. 600-400 BCE
Salbykc. 600-400 BCE
Eleke Sazyc. 600-400 BCE
Berel-1c. 350 BCE
Pazyryk-1,2c. 300 BCE
Berel-11c. 300 BCE
Issykc. 400-200 BCE
Tillya Tepe1st century BCE
  • Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017). Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia. British Museum exhibition catalogue.
  • Volkov, Eugene (2006). Комплекс древних и средневековых памятников Ингальская долина [A complex of ancient and medieval monuments the Ingala Valley] (Thesis) (in Russian). Tyumen, Russia: Institute of Northern Development of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

References

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  1. ^ "Treasure Room panorama. State Hermitage Museum". State Hermitage Museum.
  2. ^ Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017). Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia. pp. 34–54.
  3. ^ a b Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017). Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia. British Museum.
  4. ^ "Presenting the Warrior Iron Age Scythian Materials and Gender Identity at the British Museum American Journal of Archaeology". American Journal of Archaeology. July 2018.
  5. ^ The map from the State Hermitage Museum only delineates eastern Central Asia, but the text mentions "It is now difficult to determine the location and type of looted mounds. They are scattered throughout Southern Siberia, the Urals and parts of Central Asia", hence the two blobs used to show the area defined by the Hermitage. In "Эрмитаж.ОМП.Статья". edu.hermitage.ru. State Hermitage Museum.
  6. ^ "Presenting the Warrior Iron Age Scythian Materials and Gender Identity at the British Museum, American Journal of Archaeology". www.ajaonline.org. July 2018.
  7. ^ a b c Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (21 January 2021). Masters of the Steppe: The Impact of the Scythians and Later Nomad Societies of Eurasia: Proceedings of a conference held at the British Museum, 27-29 October 2017. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. pp. 218–219. ISBN 978-1-78969-648-6. Inv. nr.Si. 1727- 1/69, 1/70
  8. ^ a b "Museum notice". 19 August 2019.
  9. ^ "Treasure room panprama". State Hermitage Museum.
  10. ^ Kim, Moon-Ja (Professor, Dept. of Clothing & Textiles, Suwon University, Korea) (2006). "A Study on the Scythian Buckle" (PDF). Journal of Fashion Business. 10 (6): 49.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017). Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia. pp. 36–37. The bulk of the looted objects were found in the area around Tobolsk, then capital of Siberia, and were sent to St Petersburg in three consignments.
  12. ^ Volkov 2006, pp. 12–14.
  13. ^ Volkov 2006, pp. 14–15.
  14. ^ Borisenko A. Yu.; Khudyakov Yu. S. (2001). "Находки предметов искусства звериного стиля в коллекции Н. К. Витзена" [Findings of Artworks in Animal Style from N. K. Vitzen's Collection]. Вестник археологии, антропологии и этнографии (in Russian) (3). Tyumen, Russia: Institute of Northern Development of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. ISSN 2071-0437. Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
  15. ^ Korolkova E. F. (2006). "III. Сокровища древних кочевников Сибири" [III. Treasures of ancient nomads of Siberia] (PDF). Властители степей [Kings of the steppes] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: Hermitage Museum. pp. 79–98. ISBN 5-93572-130-9.
  16. ^ Zavitukhina M. P. (1974). "Об одном архивном документе по истории Сибирской коллекции Петра I" [On an archival document on a history of the Siberian collection of Peter the Great]. Сообщения Государственного Эрмитажа (in Russian) (XXXIX). Leningrad, USSR: 34–36.
  17. ^ a b Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017). Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia. pp. 34–35.
  18. ^ Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017). Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia. pp. 36–37. It is possible that a large portion of the collection comes from sites in or near the Altai steppe and was found in the territory between the rivers Ob and Irtysh
  19. ^ Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017). Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia. British Museum. p. 64, item 22.
  20. ^ Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017). Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia. British Museum. p. 57, item 15.
  21. ^ Image file with complete data, Amir, Saltanat; Roberts, Rebecca C. (2023). "The Saka 'Animal Style' in Context: Material, Technology, Form and Use". Arts. 12: 23. doi:10.3390/arts12010023.
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