Religion in the Maldives
Islam is the state religion of the Maldives.[2] The 2008 Constitution or "Fehi Qānoon" declares the significance of Islamic law in the country. The constitution requires that citizenship status be based on adherence to the state religion, which legally makes the country's citizens hundred percent Muslim.[3] However residents, tourists and workers in the Maldives are free to be of any religion and practise them in private. However, in 2020, studies found that 0.29% of the population is Christian (roughly split between Catholic and Protestant).[4] During the late 1990s, the Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs issued warnings, cautioning individuals against listening to radio programs broadcast in the Dhivehi language by the Far East Broadcasting Association, headquartered in the Seychelles. In 1998, 50 Maldivian Christians faced arrest and were detained on the prison island of Dhoonidhoo, while foreign Christians suspected of engaging in missionary activities were expelled from the country.[5]
Islam in the Maldives is primarily represented by the Ministry of Islamic Affairs, which oversees religious affairs and promotes Islamic values and teachings in the country. Additionally, the Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs plays a significant role in advising the government on matters related to Islam and ensuring the adherence to Islamic principles in Maldivian society. Mosques and religious scholars also contribute to the representation and practice of Islam in the Maldives.
In the Maldives, while Islam is the predominant religion and holds the status of the state religion, there are small communities of other faiths present in the country. These communities include Christians, Buddhists, and Hindus, among others.[6] Foreign residents, such as expatriate workers and tourists, often practice their respective religions in private settings, respecting the predominantly Islamic culture of the Maldives. Despite the limitations, efforts towards interfaith dialogue and understanding have been observed, contributing to a diverse cultural landscape within the Maldives.
History
[edit]The significant role played by Arab traders in the Indian Ocean during the 12th century likely contributed to the conversion of Dhovemi, the last Buddhist king of the Maldives, to Islam in the year 1153.[7] Muhammad al-Adil, initiating a series of six Islamic dynasties consisting of eighty-four sultans and sultanas that lasted until 1932 when the sultanate became elective.[7]
Introduction of Islam
[edit]
Arab interest in the Maldives also was reflected in the residence there in the 1340s of Ibn Battutah.[7] The renowned Moroccan traveler documented the tale of Abu al-Barakat Yusuf al-Barbari, hailing from North Morocco, who is believed to have played a pivotal role in spreading Islam in the Maldives. According to accounts, he purportedly persuaded the local king to embrace Islam after purportedly defeating Rannamaari, a sea monster.[8][9] Even though this report has been contested in later sources, it does explain some crucial aspects of Maldivian culture. For instance, historically Arabic has been the prime language of administration there, instead of the Persian and Urdu languages used in the nearby Muslim states. Another link to North Africa was the Maliki school of jurisprudence, used throughout most of North Africa, which was the official one in the Maldives until the 17th century.[10]
However, certain scholars have proposed the possibility that Ibn Battuta might have misinterpreted Maldivian texts, potentially influenced by a bias or preference for the North African Maghrebi/Berber narrative surrounding this Shaykh. This theory suggests that Ibn Battuta may have overlooked or downplayed the alternative account of East African origins, which was also known during that period.[11]
Statistics
[edit]Religious affiliations
[edit]Since the Maldives requires that citizenship status be based on adherence to the state religion, census from religion are not taken, since then—the Maldives' biggest religion is Sunni Islam, with a percentage of 100. However, including the foreigners living in the country, Muslims become a percentage of 98.69%.[1]
Non-Muslim foreigners, including more than 500,000 tourists who visit annually (predominantly Europeans and Chinese) and approximately 54,000 foreign workers (mainly Pakistanis, Sri Lankans, Indians, and Bangladeshis), are in general allowed to practice their religions only in private. Although Muslim tourists and Muslim foreign workers are allowed to attend local mosque services, in the past most practice Islam in private or at mosques located at the resorts where they work and live.[12]
| Year | Maldives residents religion by percentage |
|---|---|
| 1950 | |
| 1970 | |
| 2000 | |
| 2020 |
Other
[edit]| Religion | Percentage |
|---|---|
| Islam | |
| Christianity | |
| Hindu | |
| Non—Religious | |
| Buddhists | |
| Baha'is |
Islam
[edit]Islam is the predominant religion of the country and is recognised as the state's official religion.[13][14] It is practised by about 99 percent of Maldivians.[15] Numerous significant Muslim holy days are celebrated as national holidays in the Maldives, including Eid al-Fitr, marking the end of Ramadan; Eid al-Adha, commemorating the end of the Hajj pilgrimage. Islam is thought to have been brought to the Maldives around the 12th century by Abu al-Barakat Yusuf al-Barbari, a Moroccan traveller.[16]
Embedded within the framework of the 2008 Constitution of the Maldives is the unequivocal mandate stipulating the obligatory adherence to Islam for every individual under the jurisdiction of the nation. This constitutional provision underscores the paramount importance of Islamic principles within the legal and societal fabric of the Maldives. Enshrined within this document is the recognition of Islam as the state religion, thereby establishing its pervasive influence across various facets of Maldivian life. By enacting this constitutional requirement, the Maldives reaffirms its commitment to upholding Islamic values, customs, and traditions as integral components of its national identity and cultural heritage. Consequently, all residents, citizens, and visitors within the territorial boundaries of the Maldives are bound by the legal imperative to observe and respect the tenets of Islam, reflecting the deeply ingrained significance of the faith within the socio-political landscape of the country.
Christianity
[edit]Christianity constitutes a minority religion within the Maldives. Scholar Felix Wilfred from Oxford University conducted research in 2013 estimating the Christian population in the Maldives to be approximately 1,400 individuals, representing about 0.4% of the total population.[17] The small community of Christians exists amidst a predominantly Muslim society, adhering to the state religion of Islam. Despite their minority status, these Christians maintain their faith, often practicing in private due to legal restrictions on public displays of non-Islamic religions in the Maldives.
Citizens in the Maldives who seek to convert to Christianity face the consequence of automatic loss of their citizenship. President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom asserted that the Maldives' preservation of its independence is contingent upon maintaining its status as a wholly Muslim nation. However, the Maldivian High Commission in Colombo refuted reports of persecution in 1998, stating them to be inaccurate and unfounded.
The presence of the Portuguese in the region marked the introduction of Christianity to the Maldives. However, rather than genuine conversion, the adoption of Christianity among the Maldivians was primarily motivated by the severe persecution and torture inflicted by the Portuguese upon those who adhered to Islam. Faced with the choice between conversion and survival, some locals reluctantly embraced Christianity. In 1558, the Portuguese established a modest garrison with a Viador (Viyazoru), overseeing a trading post in the Maldives, which they governed from their principal colony in Goa. Despite their efforts to impose Christianity on the populace, only a portion of the nobility succumbed to conversion.[18]
Buddhism
[edit]
Buddhism was the state religion of Maldives before 1153 CE.[19] Maldives converted to Islam in that year. Recent archaeological evidence proves that until the advent of Islam, the Buddhist religion had existed in the country. Buddhist relics and ruins of monasteries have been found in many islands. Additional evidence of a Buddhistic past was found in late 12th century copperplate grants, translated in the 1980s.[20]
Buddhism spread to the Maldives in the 3rd century BCE, at the time of Aśoka. Nearly all archaeological remains in the Maldives are from Buddhist stupas and monasteries, and all artifacts found to date display characteristic Buddhist iconography. Buddhist (and Hindu) temples were mandala shaped; they are oriented according to the four cardinal points, the main gate being towards the east. The ancient Buddhist stupas are called "havitta", "hatteli" or "ustubu" by the Maldivians according to the different atolls. These stupas and other archaeological remains, such as foundations of Buddhist buildings Vihara, compound walls and stone baths, are found on many islands of the Maldives. They usually lie buried under mounds of sand and covered by vegetation. Local historian Hassan Ahmed Maniku counted as many as 59 islands with Buddhist archaeological sites in a provisional list he published in 1990. The largest monuments of the Buddhist era are in the islands fringing the eastern side of Haddhunmathi Atoll.
Although Bell claimed that the ancient Maldivians followed Theravada Buddhism in the same manner as their Sinhalese ancestors from neighboring Sri Lanka,[21] Maldivian Buddhist archaeological remains that were preserved in the Malé Museum in fact display Mahayana and Vajrayana iconography.[22]
According to a legend in Maldivian folklore, a prince named Koimala from India or Sri Lanka entered the Maldives from the north (Ihavandhu) and became the first king from the House of Theemuge. Earlier, the Maldives had been settled by people of Dravidian origin from the nearest coasts, like the group today known as the Giravaaru who claim ancestry from ancient Tamils. It is unlikely that the Giraavaru islanders were the only early settlers in the Maldives. The importance they have been given is because they are mentioned in the legend about the establishment of the capital and royal rule in Malé. The Giraavaru people were just one of the island communities predating Buddhism and the arrival of a Northern Kingly dynasty and the establishment of centralized political and administrative institutions.
The copperplate grants, or loamaafaanus, of the 12th century record the names of the kings of the late pre-Islamic period. The first king recorded there is "the great King, Shri Mahaabarana of the noble house of Theemuge, the lord of the prosperous Lunar Dynasty",[23] who ascended the throne in c.1118 CE. The king was the founder of the Theemuge dynasty, which ruled the country from c.1118 until c.1388. He is said to have become "king of this entire country" and ruled for a period of 21 years, perhaps implying that at the time of his accession to the throne, the country was divided, and that he brought the kingdom under one rule. King Mahaabarana is thought to be the Koimala of legend, a foreigner of noble blood who arrived in Maldives with his family, and was invited by the islanders to become their king. “Kaimal” is said to be a title given to certain Keralese noblemen,[24] therefore it is quite possible that this was a nobleman from Malabar fleeing a hostile situation in his country. Mahaabarana was succeeded by his nephew, Swasthi Shri Tribhuvana Aadheethiya, who ruled for a period of 35 years. It was during Tribhuvana Aadheethiya’s reign, in the year 1153, that Maldives converted to Islam.[25]
Hinduism
[edit]Before embracing Buddhism as their way of life, Maldivians had practised an ancient form of Hinduism, ritualistic traditions known as Śrauta, in the form of venerating the Surya (the ancient ruling caste were of Aadheetta or Suryavanshi origins).[26] Hinduism in the Maldives describes the practice of the Hindu religion in the Maldives archipelago. Evidence suggests that Hinduism had a presence in pre-Islamic Maldives.[27] Archaeological remains survive from the 8th or 9th century CE portraying Hindu deities such as Shiva, Lakshmi and the sage Agastya.[28]
Maldivian folklore contains legends about the sage Vashishta, known locally as Oditan Kalēge, a mighty sorcerer. Oditan Kalēge's wife is the beautiful Dōgi Aihā who possesses a fiery temperament and is as powerful a sorceress as her husband. Her name is derived from the Sanskrit word Yogini.[28]
Freedom of religion
[edit]The 2008 Constitution of Maldives designates Sunni Islam as the state religion. Only Sunni Muslims are allowed to hold citizenship in the country and citizens may practice Sunni Islam only. Non-Muslim citizens of other nations can practice their faith only in private and are barred from evangelizing or propagating their faith. All residents are required to teach their children the Muslim faith. The president, ministers, parliamentarians, and chiefs of the atolls are required to be Sunni Muslims. Government regulations are based on Islamic law. Only certified Muslim scholars can give fatawa.[29]
As of 2021[update], freedom of religion remained significantly restricted. Individual societal abuses and discrimination based on religious beliefs or practices have been reported. According to many officials and interlocutors, most citizens regarded Islam as one of their society's most distinctive characteristics and believed that having it established as the state religion promotes harmony and national identity.[30] Since 2014, apostasy from Islam has been punishable by death.[31][32]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Regional Profiles: Maldives". The Association of Religion Data Archives. World Religion Database.
- ^ "Religious Beliefs In The Maldives". World Atlas. 8 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
- ^ "2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Maldives". United States Department of State. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
- ^ "National Profiles | World Religion". www.thearda.com. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- ^ "Christians Expelled from Maldives". Christianity Today. 7 September 1998.
- ^ Bill, Struthers (31 October 2023). "What Religion is Maldives? An Overview of Faith in the Maldivian Islands". WhatReligionIs. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ a b c Ryavec, Karl E. (1995). "Maldives: Religion". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Indian Ocean: five island countries (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 267–269. ISBN 0-8444-0857-3. OCLC 32508646.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Ibn Battuta, Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354, tr. and ed. H. A. R. Gibb (London: Broadway House, 1929)
- ^ "Maldives Culture – Explore The Beauty of Maldives".
- ^ The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveller of the Fourteenth Century
- ^ Honchell, Stephanie (2018), Sufis, Sea Monsters, and Miraculous Circumcisions: Comparative Conversion Narratives and Popular Memories of Islamization, Fairleigh Dickinson University and the University of Cape Town, p. 5,
In reference to Ibn Battuta's Moroccan theory of this figure, citation 8 of this text mentions, that other accounts identify Abu al-Barakat Yusuf al-Barbari as East African or Persian. But as fellow Maghribi, Ibn Battuta likely felt partial to the Moroccan version.
- ^ "Maldives". 14 September 2007.
- ^ "International Religious Freedom Report 2006". UNHCR. United States Department of Stat. Retrieved 15 September 2006.
- ^ "Maldives's Constitution of 2008" (PDF). constituteproject.org. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
- ^ "In the Maldives, an ominous rise in intolerant Islam". The Economist. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ^ "MUSLIM PERIOD OF THE MALDIVES (1153 to 1968): ARRIVAL OF ISLAM, IBN BATTUTA, ARCHAEOLOGY, AND SULTANS". Facts and Details. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ Wilfred, Felix (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Christianity in Asia. Oxford University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780199329069.
- ^ Division, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Areas Studies; Stoddard, Theodore Lothrop (1971). Area Handbook for the Indian Ocean Territories: Co-authors: Theodore L. Stoddard [and Others] Prepared for the American University by the Institute for Cross-Cultural Research. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 27.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Struthers, Bill. "What Religion is Maldives? An Overview of Faith in the Maldivian Islands". WhatReligionIs. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ Mohamed, Naseema. "Pre—Islamic Maldives" (PDF). Qumiyyath.gov.mv. National Centre for Linguistic and Historical Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2007.
- ^ HCP Bell, The Máldive Islands: An account of the Physical Features, History, Inhabitants, Productions and Trade. Colombo 1883
- ^ Xavier Romero-Frias, The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom. ISBN 84-7254-801-5
- ^ Maniku, Wijeyawardhana 1986 p.1
- ^ Bouchon. 1988 p.225
- ^ Mohamed, Naseema. "Pre-Islamic Maldives" (PDF). Two Thousand Isles.
- ^ "TRADE AND BUDDHIST KINGDOMS IN THE ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL MALDIVES". Facts and Details. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ Mohamed, Naseema (2005). "Note on the Early History of the Maldives". Archipel. 70 (1): 7–14. doi:10.3406/arch.2005.3970. ISSN 0044-8613.
- ^ a b Xavier Romero-Frias, The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom. Barcelona 1999, ISBN 84-7254-801-5
- ^ "Maldives" (PDF).
- ^ "2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Maldives". 2022.
- ^ "Maldives enacts regulation for death penalty". Al Jazeera English. 1 May 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
- ^ "Maldives should repeal new regulation providing for death penalty, says UN rights office". UN News Centre. United Nations. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
