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Rama Raya

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Rama Raya
Raja
Aliya[1]
Regent of Vijayanagara
Regent1542 – 23 January 1565
SuccessorTirumala Deva Raya
BornRama Raya
1484[2]
Died23 January 1565(1565-01-23) (aged 80–81)
Talikota
SpouseTirumalamba
HouseAravidu Dynasty
ReligionHinduism
OccupationGeneral, regent, statesman

Rama Raya (1484 – 23 January 1565) was a statesman of the Vijayanagara Empire, the son-in-law of Emperor Krishna Deva Raya and the progenitor of the Aravidu dynasty of Vijayanagara Empire, the fourth and last dynasty of the empire. As a regent, he was the de facto ruler of the empire from 1542 to 1565, although legally the emperor during this period was Sadasiva Raya, who was merely a puppet ruler.[3] Rama Raya was killed at the Battle of Talikota, after which the Vijayanagara Empire got fragmented into several semi-independent principalities paying only nominal allegiance to the empire.

Early life and career

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Rama Raya was born in a Telugu family. His mother Abbaladevi was the daughter of a chieftain in Nandyala.[4] The Aravidu Verrashaiv Vani family of Rama Raya was native to South Andhra.[5][6][7] Rama Raya and his younger brother Tirumala Deva Raya were sons-in-law of the great Vijayanagara emperor Krishna Deva Raya. He is referred to as Aliya Rama Raya by Kannada people. The word "Aliya" means "son-in-law" in the Kannada language. Along with another brother Venkatadri, the Aravidu brothers rose to prominence during the rule of Krishna Deva Raya. Rama Raya was a successful army general, able administrator, and tactful diplomat who conducted many victorious campaigns during the rule of Krishnadevaraya.

After the demise of his illustrious father-in-law, as a member of the family, Rama Raya began to wield great influence over the affairs of the state. In particular, Rama Raya rose to power following a civil war with the help of Pemmasani Erra Timmanayudu of the Pemmasani Nayaks.[8] Krishna Deva Raya was succeeded in 1529 by his younger brother Achyuta Deva Raya, upon whose demise, in 1542, the throne devolved upon his nephew Sadasiva Raya, then a minor. Rama Raya appointed himself regent during the minority of Sadasiva Raya. After Sadasiva Raya came of age to rule, Rama Raya kept him a virtual prisoner.

Stone representation of Rama Raya's head

During this time, he became the virtual ruler, having confined Sadasiva Raya. Rama Raya removed many loyal servants of the kingdom and replaced them with officers who were loyal to him. He also appointed two Muslim commanders, the Gilani brothers, who were earlier in the service of the Sultan Adil Shah as commanders in his army, a mistake that would cost the empire the final Battle of Talikota. Rama Raya lacked royal blood of his own and to legitimize his rule he claimed vicarious connection with two of the most powerful Empires of medieval India, the Western Chalukya Empire and the Chola empire.[9]

Sultanate affairs

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During his rule, the Deccan Sultanates were constantly involved in internal fights and requested Rama Raya on more than one occasion to act as a mediator, enabling Rama Raya to push north of the Krishna river and expand his domains utilizing the disunity of the Deccan Sultans. Rama Raya had a lot of money at his disposal, which he generously spent, and often sought strategic alliances with the Deccan sultans, who he had intentionally kept divided.[10] He also suppressed revolts of the chieftains of Travancore and Chandragiri. Some scholars have criticised Rama Raya for interfering in the affairs of the Sultans too much, but scholars like Dr. P. B. Desai have ably defended his political affairs, indicating that Rama Raya did whatever he could to increase the prestige and importance of the Vijayanagar empire, ensuring no single Sultanate would rise above the others in power, hence preventing a difficult situation for Vijayanagar empire. In fact Rama Raya had interfered in Sultanate affairs only upon the insistence of one Sultan or the other, just the way the Sultans had acted as parleys between Rama Raya and Achyuta Raya in earlier years. When the Nizam of Ahmednagar and Qutbshah of Golconda sought Rama Raya's help against Bijapur, Rama Raya secured the Raichur doab for his benefactors. Later in 1549 when the Adilshah of Bijapur and Baridshah of Bidar declared war on Nizamshah of Ahmednagar, Ramaraya fought on behalf of the Ahamednagar ruler and secured the fort of Kalyana. In 1557 Ramaraya allied himself with Ali Adilshah of Bijapur and Baridshah of Bidar when the Sultan of Bijapur invaded Ahmednagar. The combined armies of the three kingdoms defeated the partnership between Nizamshah of Ahmednagar and the Qutbshah of Golconda.

The Vijayanagar ruler's constantly changing sides to improve his own position eventually prompted the Sultanates to form an alliance. Intermarriage among Sultanate families helped resolve internal differences of the Muslim rulers. The Battle of Talikota resulted from this consolidation of Muslim power in the northern Deccan, who had felt insulted by Ramaraya and formed a 'general league of the faithful.'[10]

Battle of Talikota

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Main article: Battle of Talikota
Husain Shah (riding a horse) orders the decapitation of Ramaraya (reigned 1542-65), the defeated ruler of Vijayanagara, in the Battle of Talikota. Ta'rif-i Husain Shahi (Chronicle of Husain Shah), 16th century.

Rama Raya remained loyal to the legitimate dynasty until it was finally extinguished by war, with the notable exception of imprisoning the appointed ruler Sadasiva Raya and ruling in his stead. In 1565, it was Rama Raya, as the pre-eminent general of the Vijayanagar army, who led the defense against the invading army of Deccan Sultans (i.e. Husain Nizam Shah, Ali Adil Shah and Ibrahim Qutb Shah) in the battle of Talikota.

This battle, which had seemed an easy victory for the large Vijayanagar army, instead became a disaster as two Muslim commanders (Gilani brothers) of the Vijayanagara army betrayed and switched sides and turned their loyalty to the united Sultanates during critical point of battle.[11] It led to the surprise capture and death by beheading[10] of Rama Raya who led the army, a blow from which it never recovered. Rama Raya was beheaded by Sultan Hussain Nizam Shah of Ahmadnegar, the Muslim of Deccani origin.[12] His severed head was on display at Ahmednagar at the anniversary of the battle of Talikota and would be covered in oil and red pigment by the descendant of his executioner.[13]

The city of Vijayanagara was thoroughly sacked by the invaders and the inhabitants were massacred. The imperial family was largely exterminated. Vijayanagara, once a city of fabled splendour, the seat of a vast empire, became a desolate ruin,[14] now known by the name of a sacred inner suburb within it, Hampi.

References

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  1. ^ Heras 1927, p. 21.
  2. ^ "Rama Raya (1484–1565): élite mobility in a Persianized world". A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761. 2005. pp. 78–104. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521254847.006. ISBN 9780521254847.
  3. ^ Eaton 2005, p. 92.
  4. ^ Sri Venkateswara University Oriental Journal. 1971. p. 39.
  5. ^ Talbot, Cynthia (20 September 2001). Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra. Oxford University Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780198031239.
  6. ^ Census of India, 1991: Dakshina Kannada. Government Suburban Press. 1992.
  7. ^ Guha, Sumit (2009). "The Frontiers of Memory: What the Marathas Remembered of Vijayanagara". Modern Asian Studies. 43 (1): 269–288. doi:10.1017/S0026749X07003307. ISSN 0026-749X. JSTOR 20488079.
  8. ^ Murthy, N. S. Ramachandra (1 January 1996). Forts of Āndhra Pradesh: From the Earliest Times Upto 16th C. A.D. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. p. 202. ISBN 9788186050033.
  9. ^ Eaton 2005, p. 99.
  10. ^ a b c Jackson, William J. (3 March 2016). Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature. Routledge. pp. 215–216. ISBN 978-1-317-00193-5.
  11. ^ "Girish Karnad's last play Crossing to Talikota engrosses". Firstpost. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  12. ^ Rao, P. Raghunadha (1983). History of Modern Andhra. Sterling Publishers. p. 16.
  13. ^ Firishtah, Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Astarābādī (1829). History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India: Till the Year A. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. p. 130. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  14. ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  • Heras, Henry (1927). The Aravidu Dynasty Of Vijayanagar.
  • Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise History of Karnataka, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002)
  • Eaton, Richard M. (17 November 2005). A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761. Cambridge (Grande Bretagne) New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-25484-7.
Preceded by Vijayanagar empire
1542–1565 		Succeeded by
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