Lady Justice , often used as a personification of the law, holding a sword in one hand and scales in the other.Law enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and as the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a group legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes ; by the executive through decrees and regulations ; or established by judges through precedent , usually in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals may create legally binding contracts , including arbitration agreements that adopt alternative ways of resolving disputes to standard court litigation. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution , written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics , economics , history and society in various ways and also serves as a mediator of relations between people.
Legal systems vary between jurisdictions , with their differences analysed in comparative law . In civil law jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates the law. In common law systems, judges may make binding case law through precedent , although on occasion this may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature. Historically, religious law has influenced secular matters and is, as of the 21st century, still in use in some religious communities. Sharia law based on Islamic principles is used as the primary legal system in several countries, including Iran and Saudi Arabia .
The scope of law can be divided into two domains: public law concerns government and society, including constitutional law , administrative law , and criminal law ; while private law deals with legal disputes between parties in areas such as contracts , property , torts , delicts and commercial law . This distinction is stronger in civil law countries, particularly those with a separate system of administrative courts ; by contrast, the public-private law divide is less pronounced in common law jurisdictions. (Full article...
The Court of Common Pleas Common Bench , was a common law court in the English legal system that covered "common pleas"; actions between subject and subject, which did not concern the king . Created in the late 12th to early 13th century after splitting from the Exchequer of Pleas , the Common Pleas served as one of the central English courts for around 600 years. Authorised by Magna Carta to sit in a fixed location, the Common Pleas sat in Westminster Hall for its entire existence, joined by the Exchequer of Pleas and Court of King's Bench .
The court's jurisdiction was gradually undercut by the King's Bench and Exchequer of Pleas with legal fictions , the Bill of Middlesex and Writ of Quominus respectively. The Common Pleas maintained its exclusive jurisdiction over matters of real property until its dissolution, and due to its wide remit was considered by Sir Edward Coke to be the "lock and key of the common law". It was staffed by one Chief Justice and a varying number of puisne justices , who were required to be Serjeants-at-Law , and until the mid 19th century only Serjeants were allowed to plead there. (Full article...
Lloyd Kenyon, 1st Baron Kenyon, PC British politician and barrister , who served as Attorney General , Master of the Rolls and Lord Chief Justice . Born to a country gentleman, he was initially educated in Hanmer before moving to Ruthin School aged 12. Rather than going to university he instead worked as a clerk to an attorney, joining the Middle Temple in 1750 and being called to the Bar in 1756. Initially almost unemployed due to the lack of education and contacts which a university education would have provided, his business increased thanks to his friendships with John Dunning , who, overwhelmed with cases, allowed Kenyon to work many, and Lord Thurlow who secured for him the Chief Justiceship of Chester in 1780. He was returned as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Hindon the same year, serving repeatedly as Attorney General under William Pitt the Younger . He effectively sacrificed his political career in 1784 to challenge the ballot of Charles James Fox , and was rewarded with a baronetcy; from then on he did not speak in the House of Commons, despite remaining an MP.
On 27 March 1784, he was appointed Master of the Rolls , a job to which he dedicated himself once he ceased to act as an MP. He had previously practised in the Court of Chancery , and although unfamiliar with Roman law was highly efficient; Lord Eldon said "I am mistaken if, after I am gone, the Chancery Records do not prove that if I have decided more than any of my predecessors in the same period of time, Sir Lloyd Kenyon beat us all". On 9 June 1788, Kenyon succeeded Lord Mansfield as Lord Chief Justice , and was granted a barony. Although not rated as highly as his predecessor, his work "restored the simplicity and rigor of the common law". He remained Lord Chief Justice until his death in 1802. (Full article...
A statute legislative body, a stage in the process of legislation . Typically, statutes command or prohibit something, or declare policy . Statutes are laws made by legislative bodies; they are distinguished from case law or precedent , which is decided by courts , regulations issued by government agencies , and oral or customary law .[better source needed Statutes may originate with the legislative body of a country, state or province, county, or municipality . (Full article...
The Laws of the Twelve Tables Latin : lex duodecim tabularum ) was the legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law . Formally promulgated in 449 BC, the Tables consolidated earlier traditions into an enduring set of laws.
In the Forum , "The Twelve Tables" stated the rights and duties of the Roman citizen . Their formulation was the result of considerable agitation by the plebeian class, who had hitherto been excluded from the higher benefits of the Republic . The law had previously been unwritten and exclusively interpreted by upper-class priests, the pontifices . Something of the regard with which later Romans came to view the Twelve Tables is captured in the remark of Cicero (106–43 BC) that the "Twelve Tables...seems to me, assuredly to surpass the libraries of all the philosophers, both in weight of authority, and in plenitude of utility". Cicero scarcely exaggerated; the Twelve Tables formed the basis of Roman law for a thousand years.
The Twelve Tables are sufficiently comprehensive that their substance has been described as a 'code', although modern scholars consider this characterization exaggerated. The Tables are a sequence of definitions of various private rights and procedures. They generally took for granted such things as the institutions of the family and various rituals for formal transactions. The provisions were often highly specific and diverse. (Full article...
... that in the Bancoult English courts and government first decided that the Chagossians could return home (pictured ), then that they couldn't, then that they could, and then that they couldn't?
Case law common law , is a law that is based on precedents , that is the judicial decisions from previous cases, rather than law based on constitutions , statutes , or regulations . Case law uses the detailed facts of a legal case that have been resolved by courts or similar tribunals . These past decisions are called "case law", or precedent. Stare decisis —a Latin phrase meaning "let the decision stand"—is the principle by which judges are bound to such past decisions, drawing on established judicial authority to formulate their positions. (Full article...
Thomas Bonham v College of Physicians Dr. Bonham's Case Bonham's Case Court of Common Pleas in England , under Sir Edward Coke , the court's Chief Justice , in which it was ruled that Dr. Bonham had been wrongfully imprisoned by the College of Physicians for practising medicine without a licence. Dr. Bonham's attorneys had argued that imprisonment was reserved for malpractice not illicit practice, with Coke agreeing in the majority opinion.
The case is notable because Coke argued in the decision's rationale that "in many cases, the common law will control Acts of Parliament", the act of parliament in question being the "College of Physicians Act 1553 " which gave the college the right to imprison. The meaning of this phrase has been disputed over the years. According to one interpretation, Coke intended the kind of judicial review that would later develop in the United States , but other scholars believe that Coke meant only to construe a statute, not to challenge parliamentary sovereignty . If Coke intended the former, he may have later changed his view. The statement by Coke is sometimes considered to be an obiter dictum ratio decidendi
After an initial period during which Coke's controversial view enjoyed some support but no statutes were declared void, Bonham's Case was thrown aside as a precedent, in favour of the growing doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. William Blackstone , one of the most prominent supporters of the doctrine, argued that Parliament is the sovereign lawmaker, preventing the common law courts from throwing aside or reviewing statutes in the fashion that Coke had suggested. Parliamentary sovereignty is now the accepted judicial doctrine in the legal system of England and Wales . (Full article...
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The following are images from various law-related articles on Wikipedia.
Image 1 Bentham's utilitarian theories remained dominant in law until the twentieth century. (from
Jurisprudence )
Image 2 Oliver Wendell Holmes was a self-styled legal realist. (from
Jurisprudence )
Image 3 Gratian (from
Judiciary )
Image 4 King John of England signs the Magna Carta (from
Legal history )
Image 5 Philosophers of law ask "what is law, and what should it be?" (from
Jurisprudence )
Image 6 The
Constitution of India is the longest written constitution for a country, containing 444 articles, 12 schedules, numerous amendments and 117,369 words (from
Legal history )
Image 7 Mill believed law should create happiness. (from
Jurisprudence )
Image 8 Plato (left) and
Aristotle (right), a detail of
The School of Athens (from
Jurisprudence )
Image 9 Lady Justice (Latin:
Justicia ), symbol of the judiciary. Statue at Shelby County Courthouse, Memphis, Tennessee (from
Judiciary )
Image 11 Thomas Aquinas was the most influential Western medieval legal scholar. (from
Jurisprudence )
Image 13 Corpus Iuris Civilis , 1607 (from
Judiciary )
Image 14 Image of pages from the
Decretum of
Burchard of Worms , an 11th-century book of canon law (from
Canon law )
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Texas John Watson (advocate) Quintus et Ultimus Watson Watson v British Boxing Board of Control Watts and Betchart murder case Amy Wax Weapon Systems Acquisition Reform Act of 2009 Webster ruling Wednesbury unreasonableness in Singapore law Georges Weill Randi Weingarten Welsh Church (Amendment) Act 1938 Welsh Church (Burial Grounds) Act 1945 Welsh Church (Temporalities) Act 1919 West Indian Incumbered Estates Acts Westmoreland v. CBS Claude Weston Mark Wetjen Wheeler v JJ Saunders Ltd When a man argues against two beautiful ladies like this, they are going to have the last word Alexander White (Virginia politician) Christian Streit White Francis White (Virginia politician) John Baker White (West Virginia politician) John Baker White (clerk of court) Penny J. White Robert White (West Virginia state senator) Robert White (attorney general) Robert White (judge) White v Driver Reah Whitehead Widener University Commonwealth Law School Bambang Widjojanto Wieman v. Updegraff Wiggins v. Smith Wik Peoples v Queensland Elizabeth Wilkins Robert L. Wilkins Wilko v. Swan Will v. Michigan Department of State Police Willamette Law Review Willard v. Tayloe Wills Act 1963 Wine law Wingspread Conference on the Precautionary Principle Wisconsin Department of Revenue v. William Wrigley Jr. Co. Witch-hunt Witchcraft Suppression Act, 1957 Witches of Belvoir Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide Willem Witteveen Andrew Wodrow Wolk v. Kodak Imaging Network, Inc. Women's suffrage in film Walton J. Wood Woodroffe-Hedley v Cuthbertson Bonnie Woods Woodson Law Office Stanley Woodward (attorney) Wool Products Labeling Act Walter Woon 2015 Wootton Bassett rail incident World Courts of Women Wrangell Bombardment Julian M. Wright Writ of mandate (California) Francis Wythens Xiao Yang (judge) Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement Yasui v. United States Ye Htoon Year and a day rule Yong Pung How Young v. Facebook, Inc. Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. Brian K. 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