Pokémon doujinshi incident
The Pokémon doujinshi incident (ポケモン同人誌事件) refers to the incident where a Japanese doujinshi artist who sold erotic mangas of Pokémon in 1999 was arrested on suspicion of violating Japan's copyright laws,[1][2] creating a media furor as well as an academic analysis in Japan of the copyright issues around doujinshi.[3]
Background
[edit]In August 1998, a Fukuoka City-based doujinshi artist created a doujinshi manga featuring erotic acts between Pikachu and Ash Ketchum, the main characters from the Pokémon anime, and sold it as a B5-size booklet.[4][1] Distribution took the form of sending flyers to members of doujinshi fandom to advertise, and mailed to those who wished to receive them.[1] Three companies including Nintendo, which hold the copyright, filed a complaint against the woman on 5 January 1999,[5] and, eight days later, the Kyoto Prefectural Police Living Environment Division arrested her on suspicion of violating Japan's copyright laws.[1][5] She was taken to Kyoto and detained for 22 days,[6] and fined for selling five copies of the doujinshi at 600 yen each and possessing about 100 copies for distribution.[7]
Also in March, a printing company in Aichi Prefecture was fined in 73,000 yen for suspicion of violating the copyright law (aiding and abetting) for printing 460 copies of the doujinshi.[8] Until then, the production of non-profit, small-scale doujinshis had often been tolerated as part of fan activities, and this was the first time that the artists and printing companies had been exposed.[5]
Court and Nintendo's responses
[edit]Nintendo stated that it could not tacitly approve of the sale due to the sexual depictions of the characters, which could harm their image,[7] and pointed that as the scale of doujinshi events has grown, the general public, including small children, has had more opportunities to come into contact with them.[9] In addition to that, the fact that the specific doujinshi in question was sold through mail order and was easily accessible to minors due to it not being sold in person was cited as the reason for the legal action.[9]
The reasons for the decision to file a criminal complaint without a warning included the following: "the doujinshi artist had been publishing parody doujinshi continuously for some time,"[9] "many doujinshi circles and authors use pen names, and there was no guarantee that a warning would be received,"[9] and "books like the one in question might be produced in an organized criminal manner".[5] Based on their previous experience with pirated products, they decided that criminal prosecution was more appropriate than "time-consuming" warnings or civil lawsuits.[7]
Hiroshi Imanishi, who was the head of Nintendo's Public Relations Office, commented that the company only happened to learn about the book through a fan's report and that he didn't have a general interest in doujinshi. He also stated that there was no intention to make an example of her about the issue.[7] Yasuhiro Minagawa, Public Relations Section Chief, also questioned the doujinshi market at the time, which disregarded the rights of copyright holders.[7]
Impact
[edit]This was the first-ever arrest of a doujinshi artist, causing unrest in the amateur artist industry, where similar cartoons were created.[2][5][7] Comic Market organizer and manga critic Yoshihiro Yonezawa said that parody production is an accepted form of fan activity that enhances anime and manga culture, and expressed concern that this incident could delegitimize expression without any discussion of "what kind of parody manga is allowed".[7] In addition, Gataket organizer Fumihiko Sakata, feeling threatened by his own interrogation by the Kyoto Prefectural Police, launched the Japan Doujinshi Marketplace Network with Comic Market organizer Yonezawa, COMITIA organizer Kimihiko Nakamura and others.[10] Due in part to this incident, no kemono-only events were held until the 2010s.[11]
In 2013, manga artist Ken Akamatsu proposed the Doujin Mark to indicate that copyright holders have permission to engage in doujin activities, based on his concern that copyright infringement would no longer be an antragsdelikt due to the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, which could lead to similar incidents to the Pokémon one, in which a complaint by a third party led to criminal action.[2]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d "ピカチュウ、Ｈな変身ダメ 著作権違反容疑で逮捕". 朝日新聞 (in Japanese) (朝刊 ed.). 14 January 1999. p. 3.
- ^ a b c "〔特集〕著作権の文化経済学 著作権延長は日本の衰退招く インタビュー 赤松健・漫画家 "黙認"が日本の漫画を発展させた…". エコノミスト (in Japanese). 91 (54). 毎日新聞出版: 97. 10 December 2013.
- ^ John Ingulsrud and Kate Allen. Reading Japan Cool: Patterns of Manga Literacy and Discourse., Lexington Books, p. 49.
- ^ "無断でポケモン使用 漫画販売で女を逮捕". 産経新聞 (in Japanese) (東京朝刊 ed.). 14 January 1999. p. 4.
- ^ a b c d e "アマチュア作家逮捕 漫画同人誌に広がる動揺". 京都新聞 (in Japanese) (朝刊 ed.). 9 April 1999. p. 4.
- ^ 石川敦志. "作者自身の声（99.2.12）" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 9 June 2001. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g "アニメやゲームのファン活動と著作権衝突（ニュース・スナップ）". 朝日新聞 (in Japanese) (朝刊 ed.). 11 March 1999. p. 27.
- ^ "ポケモン盗用 印刷会社を摘発" (in Japanese). 京都新聞. 18 March 1999. Archived from the original on 11 July 2001. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
- ^ a b c d 石川敦志. "ポケモン同人誌事件 任天堂のコメント" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 19 June 2000. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
- ^ "同人誌即売会が果たしてきた役割 中村公彦×坂田文彦 対談" (in Japanese). メディア芸術カレントコンテンツ – マンガ・アニメ・ゲーム・メディアアートをもっと知るための情報サイト. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
- ^ "『けものフレンズ』大ヒットの理由とは？ ガチケモナーな東大研究者が語るケモナーの歴史とその深淵" (in Japanese). 電ファミニコゲーマー. 17 February 2017. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
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