Kugelrohr

Kugelrohr
	Heating band within insulating tube; Bulb containing item to be distilled; Cooling bath containing ice; Vacuum outlet and electric motor (to rotate ball-string);
Uses	Distillation
Related items	Vacuum distillation

A Kugelrohr (German for "ball tube") is a short-path vacuum distillation apparatus^[1]^: 150 typically used to distill relatively small amounts of compounds with high boiling points (usually greater than 300 °C) under greatly reduced pressure.

Design

"Short path" refers to the short distance that the vapors of the distillate need to travel, which helps reduce loss and speed up collection of the distillate. This type of distillation is generally performed under vacuum to prevent the compound from charring due to atmospheric oxygen, as well as to allow the distillation to proceed at a lower temperature.^[2]^[3]

The apparatus consists of a tube furnace or other electric heater controlled by a thermostat, and two or more bulbs connected with ground glass joints. The compound to be distilled is placed in the terminal bulb. The other bulbs can be used to collect the distillates sequentially, when the desired fraction is being collected the bulb is cooled with water or ice to aid condensation. A motor drive is often used to rotate the string of bulbs to reduce bumping, give even heating, and increase the surface area for evaporation.

References

^ Harwood, Laurence M.; Moody, Christopher J. (1 January 1990). Experimental Organic Chemistry: Principles and Practice (Illustrated ed.). Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISBN 978-0-632-02016-4. LCCN 88007680. OCLC 18816225. OL 2032038M. Wikidata Q107313989. Retrieved 2021-06-22 – via Internet Archive.
^ Kugelrohr Distillation Apparatus at the Sigma-Aldrich company website, accessed 8 Sep 2006.
^ Kugelrohr Distillation Apparatus at the Buchi company website, accessed 15 Nov 2006.

Gallery

A simple short path vacuum distillation apparatus can be used for bulb-to-bulb distillation. 1: Still pot with stirrer bar/anti-bumping granules 2: Cold finger - Condenser with maximum surface to condense most of the vapour. 3: Cooling water outlet 4: cooling water inlet 5: Vacuum Adapter 6: Receiving Flask.

[Harwood_Moody-1] Harwood, Laurence M.; Moody, Christopher J. (1 January 1990). Experimental Organic Chemistry: Principles and Practice (Illustrated ed.). Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISBN 978-0-632-02016-4. LCCN 88007680. OCLC 18816225. OL 2032038M. Wikidata Q107313989. Retrieved 2021-06-22 – via Internet Archive.

[2] Kugelrohr Distillation Apparatus at the Sigma-Aldrich company website, accessed 8 Sep 2006.

[3] Kugelrohr Distillation Apparatus at the Buchi company website, accessed 15 Nov 2006.

[1]

[2]

[3]

v t e Distillation
Principles	Raoult's law Dalton's law Reflux Fenske equation McCabe–Thiele method Theoretical plate Partial pressure Vapor–liquid equilibrium
Industrial processes	Batch distillation Continuous distillation Fractionating column Spinning cone
Laboratory methods	Alembic Kugelrohr Rotary evaporator Spinning band distillation Still
Techniques	Azeotropic Catalytic Destructive Dry Extractive Fractional Reactive Salt-effect Steam-based Vacuum-based

Design

See also

References

Gallery