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Hope Clarke

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Hope Clarke
Born (1941-03-23) March 23, 1941 (age 83)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Occupations
Years active1960–present
AwardsDramalogue Award, Joseph Calloway Award, NAACP Image, Outer Critics Award

Hope Clarke (born March 23, 1941) is an American actress, dancer, vocalist, choreographer, and director. Clarke, a Tony Award nominee, made history in 1995 when she became the first African-American, as well as the first African-American woman, to direct and choreograph a major staging of the classic opera, Porgy and Bess. Clarke began her career as a principal dancer with the Katherine Dunham Company and the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, and as an actress appeared in many stage, film, and television productions. As a choreographer, Clarke is credited with staging and movement for more than 30 shows on and off Broadway.

Early life and education

[edit]

A native of Washington, D.C., Clarke took dance classes with her sister at the Alma Davis Dance School, and as a senior in high school, she was a lead dancer with Doris Jones' company in DC.[1][2] Clarke worked as a summer employee for the Central Intelligence [Agency].[2] She grew up in a middle class Black community, a place where people shopped through mail-order catalogues in order to purchase clothes offered in stores where they were not welcomed. “The black community, as I remember it, was very closely knit," Clarke said in the San Francisco Examiner: "Before the fabric of this society was torn by racism and lack of education, we all took care of each other. We all watched each other's children."[3]

Career

[edit]

West Side Story to Don’t Bother Me, I Can’t Cope

[edit]

In 1959, Clarke landed a role in the original touring cast of West Side Story.[2] At the urging of her sister, she auditioned for the role, got it, and joined the touring company while it was in Chicago,[1][4][5] and remained in the cast until April 23, 1960.[6] In 1961, Clarke appeared in the interracial love story Kwamina starring Brock Peters and Robert Guillaume, and featuring the choreography of Agnes de Mille.[1][5] In 1967, she played a minor role and was part of the ensemble in Hallelujah, Baby!, which received five Tony Awards, including Best Musical.[1][4][5]

In 1966, Clarke appeared in the Metropolitan Opera's first production, Antony and Cleopatra.[7] In 1968, she played Mamselle Tulip in the House of Flowers at the Lucille Lortel Theatre.[8] In 1969, Clarke had a role in Douglas Turner Ward’s “The Reckoning” at the St. Mark’s Playhouse,[1][4] an off-off Broadway theater that showcased the work of the Negro Ensemble Company.[4][8]

In 1970, Clarke was a dancer in “Purlie,” a musical that nominated for five Tony Awards.[1][4] In 1972, she was in the musical “Don’t Bother Me, I Can’t Cope,” which was the first Broadway musical to be directed by an African American woman, Vinnette Carroll.[1][2][5][9]

Alvin Ailey, Katherine Dunham, and 5 Plus

[edit]

Clarke served as a principal dancer in the Katherine Dunham Company and the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater.[1][4][10][11][2] In the Ailey company, she toured internationally and received positive reviews and audience ovations.[2][12] In addition to dancing with Dunham and Ailey, Clarke performed with the companies of Tally Beatty,[2][4] George Faison,[4] and Louis Johnson.[1][4]

Clarke, along with Michael Blake, Carmen de Lavallade, Sheila Rohan, and others, co-founded the former 5 Plus Ensemble (New Beginnings Theater), a dance company created to showcase the work of dancers, choreographer, and musicians who are older than the age of 50.[2][13][14]

Film and Television

[edit]

After appearing on Broadway and around the world as a dancer, Clarke moved to Hollywood, California with the help of actor and friend Raymond St. Jacques.[2] Her most memorable film roles were co-starring with Sidney Poitier in A Piece of the Action (1977);[2] working with St. Jacques and Philip Michael Thomas on the A Book of Numbers' set in Dallas;[2][15][4] and portraying Jean-Michel Basquiat's mother, Matilde, in Basquiat (1996).[2][8] Clarke has had a variety of guest roles on tv shows, such as Hill Street Blues,[2] Amen, Another World, As the World Turns, Beat Street, Hart to Hart, Into the Night, The Jeffersons, The Ropers, Sex and the City, Three's Company.[1] She appeared in the TV miniseries King (1978), which was based upon the life of Martin Luther King Jr., the slain civil rights leader.

Grind, A Tony Nomination, and Fly

[edit]

In 1985, Clarke played “Ruby” in the musical Grind[4][5][16] and worked with Lester Wilson.[2] In 1992, Clarke earned a Tony Award nomination for “Best Choreography” for her work in the 1992 Broadway hit Jelly's Last Jam.[1][5][17] The show grew from New York workshops and a Los Angeles production at the Mark Taper Forum to a Broadway show.[18]

In 1995, Clarke choreographed “The Tempest.”[4][5] In November 2003, she started work on Caroline, or Change, a musical that features spirituals, blues, Motown, classical music and Jewish Klezmer.[19] Clarke was responsible for the choreography of the show that began as an Off-Broadway production, received a Broadway production of 126 performances in 2004, received six Tony Award nominations, and had a two-month run at the Lyttleton Theatre, National Theatre in London, winning the Olivier Award for Best New Musical.[19][8][16]

In 2010, Clarke choreographed A Free Man of Color,[5] and in 2017, she choreographed, Fly, a play about the Tuskegee Airmen. The show was produced by the Lincoln Center Institute and toured to several venues, including Alabama Shakespeare Festival, Pasadena Playhouse, Florida Studio Theatre, St. Louis Rep, Cincinnati Playhouse, Ford's Theatre, Vineyard Playhouse, and Crossroads Theatre.[2][20][21][22]

Collaborations with George C. Wolfe

[edit]

After George C. Wolfe hired Clarke to create movement and staging for The Colored Museum,[1][23] the pair have collaborated on 10 plays,[2] including the opera Amistad,[24]the Off-Broadway play, Spunk,[23] and Broadway shows Caroline, Or Change, A Free Man of Color, and Jelly's Last Jam, which earned Clarke a Tony Award nomination.[25][26]

Porgy & Bess: The Opera

[edit]

In 1995, Clarke directed the Houston Grand Opera production of Porgy & Bess, the first African American to stage a major professional U.S. staging of “Porgy and Bess.[23][10][11] Regarded as America’s greatest opera, the two million dollar Houston Grand production toured throughout the United States, as well as performances in Italy and Japan.[27][10]

In 2012, Clarke directed a Morgan State University production of Porgy & Bess at the Murphy Fine Arts Center.[28][29]

Quotable

[edit]
  • “I want African Americans who come to see the opera to be proud that an African American is directing the production and to recognize the people on stage.” [10]
  • "Blacks and women have been locked out of directing major productions for too long. It's time for us not only to tell our stories but to direct them."[30]
  • "As a director, I guess I bring in the female sensibilities. Since I'm also an actress, I've really tried to develop the characterizations so that the performers don't do a little singing here, and some acting there. And coming from a black perspective, I know how we think, how we feel, what we do. I understand the little things. That makes a difference."[31]
  • “In my production, everybody works. Everybody has some type of job. Just because you are poor doesn't mean you have to be slovenly or ignorant."[32]

Honors and Awards

[edit]
  • 2020 -- Society of Stage Directors and Choreographers, elected to a three-year term to the Board of Directors. [33]
  • 2018 -- 3rd Annual Project1VOICE HONORS, “to celebrate and honor artists whose talents continue to shape and enrich American culture.”[34]
  • 2015 - 2018 Broadway seasons, Tony Awards Nominating Committee.[35][36]
  • 2009 - 2012 Broadway Seasons, Tony Awards Nominating Committee.[37][38][39]
  • 2004 -- Lucille Lortel Award, Outstanding Choreographer, Caroline, Or Change
  • 2001-- AUDELCO Recognition Awards for Excellence in Black Theatre (nomination), Choreographer, A Prophet Among Them[40]
  • 1998 -- Society of Stage Directors and Choreographers, elected to Board of Directors.[41]
  • 1993 -- Tony Award (nomination), Best Choreography (with Gregory Hines and Ted Levy), Jelly's Last Jam
  • 1993 -- Outer Critics Award, Best Choreography (with Gregory Hines and Ted Levy), Jelly’s Last Jam (with Gregory Hines and Ted Levy)[42]
  • 1992 -- Drama Desk Award (nomination), Outstanding Choreography (with Gregory Hines and Ted Levy), Jelly's Last Jam
  • 1991 -- NAACP Image Award, Best Choreography, Jelly's Last Jam[20]
  • 1988 -- Drama Logue Award, Outstanding Choreography, The Colored Museum[20]

Credits

[edit]

Stage

[edit]
Year Title Type Venue Role
2023 A Christmas Carol, A Ghost Story of Christmas Musical, holiday Hartford Stage Choreographer[43]
2019 The In-Gathering Musical New Professional Theatre at the Duke Theater Choreographer[44]
2018 A Christmas Carol, A Ghost Story of Christmas Musical, holiday Hartford Stage Choreographer[45]
2017 FLY Play, drama Alabama Shakespeare Festival, Pasadena Playhouse, Florida Studio Theatre, St. Louis Rep, Cincinnati Playhouse, Ford's Theatre, Vineyard Playhouse, Crossroads Theatre Choreographer[20][46]
2016 A Christmas Carol, A Ghost Story of Christmas Musical, holiday Hartford Stage Choreographer[47]
2016 The Roads to Home Play, drama Primary Stages, Cherry Lane Theater Movement consultant[48][20]
2015 Grey Gardens Musical Center Theatre Group, Bay Street Theatre Choreographer[20][49]
2014 A Christmas Carol, A Ghost Story of Christmas Musical, holiday Hartford Stage Choreographer[50]
2013 A Christmas Carol, A Ghost Story of Christmas Musical, holiday Hartford Stage Choreographer[51]
2011 Mr. Abbott Award Gala Benefit In honor of George C. Wolfe, New York Choreographer[52]
2010 – 2011 A Free Man of Color Broadway play, original, drama Vivian Beaumont Theater Choreographer
2010 Agnes deMille: From Ballet to Broadway Revue St. Luke's Theatre Performer[53][54]
2010 Jesus Christ Superstar Gospel Musical Alliance Theatre Choreographer[22]
2008 Resurrection Play Philadelphia Theatre Company, Hartford Stage Choreographer[20][55]
2006 - 2007 Caroline, or Change Musical, tour The Lyttelton, at the National Theatre, London Choreographer[19]
2006 The Dreams of Sarah Breedlove Play, drama Goodman Theater Choreographer[4][56]
2005 The Learned Ladies of Park Avenue Play Hartford Stage Choreographer[20][57]
2004 Caroline, or Change Broadway musical, original, drama Eugene O'Neill Theatre Choreographer
2004 Stormy Weather Musical New York Choreographer[58]
2003 Caroline, or Change Off-Broadway musical, original, drama Joseph Papp Public Theater/ Newman Theater Choreographer[48]
2002 The Odyssey Play Theater at St. Clement's Musical staging[4][22][59]
2000 A Christmas Carol, A Ghost Story of Christmas Musical, holiday Hartford Stage Choreographer[60]
2000 A Prophet Among Them Play with music Blue Heron Arts Center Choreographer[61][40]
1999 Mack and Mabel Musical Barrington Stage Choreographer[62][63]
1999 South Pacific Musical Pioneer Theatre Choreographer[20][64]
1998 Porgy and Bess Ballet Dallas Black Dance Theatre Choreographer[65]
1998 Cabaret Musical Cambridge Theatre Company Choreographer[66]
1997 Armistad Opera Lyric Opera Choreographer[4][67]
1997 Nobody Says Baby Like A Black Man Off-Broadway play American Place Theater Director
1996 A ... My Name is Alice Musical, revue McGinn-Cazale Theater Choreographer[48] [22][68]
1996 One Touch of Venus Musical New York City Center/ Mainstage Choreographer[8][48]
1995 Angel Levine Off-Broadway musical Playhouse 91 Choreographer[48]
1995 The Tempest Off-Broadway Play, comedy, revival Delacorte Theater Choreographer[48]
1995 The Tempest Broadway play, comedy, revival Broadhurst Theatre Choreographer[69]
1993 Sweet & Hot: The Songs of Harold Arlen Musical La Jolla Playhouse (West Coast Premiere) Choreographer[70]
1992 – 1993 Jelly's Last Jam Broadway musical, original Virginia Theatre Choreographer (nominated for a Tony)
1991 Black Eagles Play New York City Center/ Stage II Choreographer[48]
1991 Così fan tutte Opera New York Choreographer[11][71]
1990 Spunk: Three Tales by Zora Neale Hurston Off-Broadway play Joseph Papp Public Theater/ Martinson Hall Choreographer[1][4][48]
1990 The Caucasian Chalk Circle Play Joseph Papp Public Theater/ Martinson Hall Choreographer[48][1]
1988 Porgy & Bess Opera Finnish National Opera and Brazil (Opera Ebony productions) Choreographer[4][72]
1986 The Colored Museum Play Joseph Papp Public Theater/ Susan Stein Shiva Theater Choreographer[48]
1985 Grind Broadway musical, original Mark Hellinger Theatre Ruby / performer
1972 – 1974 Don't Bother Me, I Can't Cope Broadway musical, original, revue, all-Black cast Playhouse Theatre, Edison Theatre Performer
1972 Black Visions Off-Broadway play Joseph Papp Public Theater/ Annex Choreographer[48]
1967 – 1968 Hallelujah, Baby! Broadway musical, original Martin Beck Theatre Performer
1966 Antony and Cleopatra Opera Metropolitan Opera Dancer[7]
1960 West Side Story Broadway musical Winter Garden Theatre, Alvin Theatre, and Tour Cities Performer

TV and Film

[edit]
Year Title Type Role
1969 Change of Mind Film Nancy
2023 LEAP FOR JOY! In Celebration of National Dance Day Short film, musical Self
2023 Rustin Film Lucille Randolph
2019 Finding Julia Film Choreographer[8]
2004 Men Without Jobs Film Ms. Jackson
1996–2002 Law & Order TV Series Multiple episodes: Mrs. Marbury, Appellate Judge #2, Judge Emma Reynolds
2002 Driving Fish Short film Betty
2000 Seventeen Again TV Movie Grandma Catherine “Cat” Donovan
2002 Sex and the City TV Series Lee
1996 New York Undercover TV Series Marilyn Ferris
1996 Basquiat Film Matilde
1988 A Father's Homecoming TV Movie Doctor
1987 Amen TV Series Carol Wilson
1987 Angel Heart Film Voodoo Dancer
1985 Into the Night Film Airport Cop
1984 Beat Street Film Assistant Choreographer[73]
1983 The New Odd Couple TV Series Beth St. Clair
1982 Hill Street Blues TV Series Mrs. Reese
1982 Lois Gibbs and the Love Canal TV Movie Chris
1981 Maggie TV Series Receptionist
1981 Body and Soul Film Choreographer[8]
1980 Scout's Honor TV Movie Mrs. Prewett
1978 The White Shadow TV Series Aunt Edna Hayward
1979 Three's Company TV Series Second Nurse
1979 Hart to Hart TV Series Teacher
1979 Miss Winslow and Son TV Series Cast member
1979 The Ropers TV Series Dr. Young
1979 Jennifer: A Woman's Story TV Movie Annie (secretary)
1976; 1977–1978 What's Happening!! TV Series Multiple episodes: Mrs. Watson, Elizabeth Duncan
1974 Good Times TV Series Brenda Gordon
1978 King TV Mini Series Multiple episodes: Mary
1975 The Jeffersons TV Series Sherry Barnes
1977 A Piece of the Action Film Sarah Thomas
1973 Book of Numbers Film Pigmeat Goins[74]
1971 Going Home Film Mother at prison
1969 Change of Mind Film Nancy
1968 N.Y.P.D. Ivy

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Nesmith, Nathaniel G, and Hope Clarke interview. Hope Clarke: A Career of Being Ready for the Next Chance. American Theatre. August 29, 2021. https://www.americantheatre.org/2021/01/29/hope-clarke-a-career-of-being-ready-for-the-next-chance/
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Waters, Sylvia and Hope Clarke interview. Jerome Robbins Dance Division Oral History Project. The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. April 20, 24, and 25, 2017. 3 streaming files (approximately approximately 4 hours and 55 minutes) : digital + transcript (232 pages). https://legacycatalog.nypl.org/record=b21682817~S1
  3. ^ San Francisco Examiner, April 30, 1995, p. M10.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Artist Bio. Hope Clarke. Bio as of June 2006. Goodman Theatre. https://www.goodmantheatre.org/artists/hope-clarke/
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Hope Clarke. Choreographer. Playbill. https://playbill.com/person/hope-clarke-vault-0000004523
  6. ^ Hope Clarke. Internet Broadway Database. Touring. https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/hope-clarke-1101#touring
  7. ^ a b Opening Night, World Premiere, New Production, ... Antony and Cleopatra, Metropolitan Opera House, September 16, 1966. Metropolitan Opera.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Hope Clarke. Broadway World. https://www.broadwayworld.com/people/Hope-Clarke/
  9. ^ Don't bother me, I can't cope, 1972. Gospel Music History Archive. Victory Baptist Church (Los Angeles) Archival Collection. University of Southern California. Libraries. 1972. https://digitallibrary.usc.edu/asset-management/2A3BF1O3VHSN3?FR_=1&W=1679&H=992
  10. ^ a b c d Herman, Kenneth. Performing Arts: 'Porgy' Gets a Cultural Makeover: Director Hope Clarke has added a historic African American flavor to Gershwin's classic characters on “Catfish Row.” Los Angeles Times. March 5, 1995. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-03-05-ca-39028-story.html
  11. ^ a b c Segal, Lewis. It’s Summertime, and the Staging Ain’t Easy . . . : Opera: Hope Clarke is unhappy that her work on ‘Porgy and Bess’ is being modified before its area visit. But the Houston Opera’s general director counters that ‘it’s not a new staging.’ Los Angeles Times. June 1, 1995, p. F1. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-06-01-ca-8403-story.html
  12. ^ Matchan, Linda. What made Mr. Ailey Mr. Ailey? New documentary offers a fuller picture of the modern dance pioneer. Washington Post. July 25, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/theater_dance/new-alvin-ailey-documentary/2021/07/21/a1bdf592-e67b-11eb-b722-89ea0dde7771_story.html
  13. ^ Harris-Kelley, Diedra. My Life in Movement: Inheriting the Dancing Body. The Scholar and Feminist Online. Issue 19.1 | Summer 2023 — To Make Visible Everywhere: Our Bold, Beautiful, Aging Bodies. https://sfonline.barnard.edu/my-life-in-movement-inheriting-the-dancing-body/
  14. ^ 5 Plus Ensemble. The Ensemble: Meet the Founders. https://5plusensemble.com
  15. ^ Peterson, Maurice. He's Making a Big Numbers ’ Racket. New York Times. May 13, 1973. https://www.nytimes.com/1973/05/13/archives/hes-making-a-big-numbers-racket-hes-making-a-big-numbers-racket.html
  16. ^ a b Hope Clarke at the Internet Broadway Database
  17. ^ Richard Christiansen, "`Jelly's Last Jam' Jumps", Chicago Tribune, April 19, 1995.
  18. ^ Podcasts with America's seminal directors and choreographers: The Making of Jelly's Last Jam. TDF. November 23, 1992. 65 minutes. https://www.tdf.org/on-stage/masters-of-the-stage/the-making-of-jellys-last-jam/
  19. ^ a b c Tentative d'Encyclopédie des Théâtres de musicals. National Theatre. 68) Caroline or change (Revival). https://www.bruxellons.be/YYMusicalLieuxLondresNTHist08.php
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hope Clarke. Biography. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0164789/bio/
  21. ^ Alabama Shakespeare Festival Soars with FLY, Celebrating the legacy of the Tuskegee Airmen, Jan. 26-Feb 11. 2017. Alabama Shakespeare Festival. December 20, 2017. https://asf.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/FLY-PR.pdf
  22. ^ a b c d Hope Clarke. Lincoln Center Theater. 2010. https://www.lct.org/shows/people/hope-clarke/
  23. ^ a b c Amistad. Opera in Two Acts. Liner notes. https://nwr-site-liner-notes.s3.amazonaws.com/80627.pdf
  24. ^ Page, Tim. Amistad Misses the Boat: Slave Tale Reduced to a Well-Scored Sermon. Washington Post. November 30, 1997. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1997/12/01/amistad-misses-the-boat/68e26cd1-fbdb-488d-bbc2-20b71d06915a/
  25. ^ Collins, Glenn. Jelly's Last Jam,' With 11, Leads in Tony Nominations. New York Times. May 5, 1992.https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/05/theater/jelly-s-last-jam-with-11-leads-in-tony-nominations.html
  26. ^ Cousin, Tome. Lack of Diversity in Theatre's Directors and Choreographers. Live & In Color. June 18, 2019. https://liveandincolor.org/blog/2019/6/18/lack-of-diversity-in-theatres-directors-and-choreographers
  27. ^ Hope Clarke. 5 Plus Ensemble. https://5plusensemble.com/hope-clark/
  28. ^ Morgan State to stage ‘Porgy and Bess.’ Baltimore Sun. Updated October 1, 2021. https://www.baltimoresun.com/2012/03/23/morgan-state-to-stage-porgy-and-bess-2/
  29. ^ Murphy Fine Arts Center Presents -- Porgy & Bess. March 19, 2012. https://news.morgan.edu/murphy-fine-arts-center-presents-porgy-and-bess/
  30. ^ Essence, August 1995, p. 56.
  31. ^ San Diego Union-Tribune, March 5, 1995, p. D1.
  32. ^ Opera News, January 21, 1995, pp. 12–16.
  33. ^ Huston, Caitlin. SDC re-elects Michael John Garcés, Melia Bensussen in 2020 election. Broadway News. November 17, 2020. https://www.broadwaynews.com/sdc-re-elects-michael-john-garces-melia-bensussen-in-2020-election/
  34. ^ Wild, Stephi. Project1VOICE Honors The Lifetime Achievements Of Vinnette Carroll, Hope Clarke, Harold Wheeler And Hattie Winston-Wheeler. Broadway World. June 17, 2018. https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Project1VOICE-Honors-The-Lifetime-Achievements-Of-Vinnette-Carroll-Hope-Clarke-Harold-Wheeler-And-Hattie-Winston-Wheeler-20180617
  35. ^ 2015-2016 Tony Awards Nominating Committee Announced. Tony Awards. https://www.tonyawards.com/press/2015-2016-tony-awards-nominating-committee-announced/
  36. ^ 2017-2018 Tony Awards Nominating Committee Announced. Tony Awards. https://www.tonyawards.com/press/2017-2018-tony-awards-nominating-committee-announced/
  37. ^ Healy, Patrick. Nominating Committee Announced for 2009-2010 Tony Season. New York Times. July 21, 2009. https://archive.nytimes.com/artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/21/nominating-committee-announced-for-2009-2010-tony-season/
  38. ^ Gans, Andrew. 2010-2011 Tony Nominating Committee Includes De Shields, Edelstein, Greif, Kaufman and More. Playbill. July 19, 2010. https://playbill.com/article/2010-2011-tony-nominating-committee-includes-de-shields-edelstein-greif-kaufman-and-more-com-170141
  39. ^ Eadicicco, Lisa. Tony Nominating Committee for New Broadway Season Announced. Backstage, June 17, 2011. http://www.backstage.com/news/tony-nominating-committee-for-new-broadway-season-announced/
  40. ^ a b NYC's Harlem-Based Audelco Awards Turn Blue. On Nov. 19, the 29th Annual Vivian Robinson AUDELCO Recognition Awards for Excellence in Black Theatre were given in Harlem, New York, with Hope Clarke, Ruby Dee and Charles Randolph-Wright (and his multi-winning play, Blue) among the better-known recipients. November 24, 2001. https://playbill.com/article/nycs-harlem-based-audelco-awards-turn-blue-com-99922
  41. ^ Jones, Kenneth. Stage Directors Elect Ted Pappas New President, Plus Board Officers. Playbill. December 15, 1998. https://playbill.com/article/stage-directors-elect-ted-pappas-new-president-plus-board-officers-com-78993
  42. ^ Volume II, Issue 18: George C. Wolfe. Black Listed Culture. September 15, 2021. https://blacklistedculture.com/george-c-wolfe/
  43. ^ Brown, Donald. Home for the Holidays. New Haven Review. December 10, 2023. https://www.newhavenreview.com/blog/index.php/2023/12/home-for-the-holidays
  44. ^ Musical Lets Freedom Ring. New York Daily News. January 11, 2019. https://www.nydailynews.com/2000/09/25/musical-lets-freedom-ring/
  45. ^ Brown, Donald. Comfort and Joy. New Haven Review. Dec 12, 2018. https://newhavenreview.squarespace.com/?offset=1544879338070&category=Reviews
  46. ^ Alabama Shakespeare Festival Soars with FLY, Celebrating the legacy of the Tuskegee Airmen, Jan. 26-Feb 11. 2017. Alabama Shakespeare Festival. December 20, 2017. https://asf.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/FLY-PR.pdf
  47. ^ Janis, Nancy Sasso. Review: A Christmas Carol A Ghost Story of Christmas at Hartford Stage. December 5, 2016. https://www.onstageblog.com/reviews/2016/12/5/review-a-christmas-carol-a-ghost-story-of-christmas-at-hartford-stage
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hope Clarke. Internet Off-Broadway Database. http://www.iobdb.com/CreditableEntity/6396
  49. ^ Grey Gardens The Musical. Bay Street Theatre. https://www.baystreet.org/calendar/grey-gardens/
  50. ^ Brown, Donald. Look Out, Cleveland. New Haven Review. December 16, 2014. https://www.newhavenreview.com/blog?year=2014
  51. ^ Sawyer, Jessie. Hartford Stage's 'A Christmas Carol': A Comical Holiday Ghost Story. Patch. Dec 20, 2013. https://patch.com/connecticut/avon/hartford-stages-a-christmas-carol-features-avons-murphy-as-tiny-tims-brother
  52. ^ Hetrick, Adam, and Andrew Gans. George C. Wolfe Honored with 2011 Mr. Abbott Award. Playbill. Oct. 3, 2011. https://playbill.com/article/george-c-wolfe-honored-with-2011-mr-abbott-award-oct-3-com-183134
  53. ^ Deni, Laura. Broadway To Vegas. October 10, 2010. https://www.broadwaytovegas.com/October10,2010.html
  54. ^ Agnes De Mille : From Ballet to Broadway. Dance Enthusiast. https://www.dance-enthusiast.com/dance-listings/events/view/Agnes-De-Mille-From-Ballet-to-Broadway-2010-10-11/
  55. ^ Gold, Sylviane. Delving Into the Black Experience, Generation by Generation. New York Times.October 31, 2008. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/02/nyregion/connecticut/02theaterct.html
  56. ^ Oxman, Steven. The Dreams of Sarah Breedlove. Variety. June 27, 2006. https://variety.com/2006/legit/reviews/the-dreams-of-sarah-breedlove-1200515143/
  57. ^ Blankenship, Mark. The Learned Ladies of Park Avenue. Variety. October 3, 2005. https://variety.com/2005/legit/reviews/the-learned-ladies-of-park-avenue-1200521367/
  58. ^ Creative Team. Stormy Weather. Broadway World. https://www.broadwayworld.com/shows/creative.php?showid=7322
  59. ^ Willow Cabin Theater Company presents The Odyssey. 2002. https://www.abouttheartists.com/productions/183935-the-odyssey-at-the-theater-at-st-clements-2002
  60. ^ Hartford Stage Begins "A Ghost of Christmas." Hartford Courant. Nov. 16, 2000. https://www.courant.com/2000/11/16/hartford-stage-begins-a-ghost-of-christmas/
  61. ^ Ehren, Christine. Reggie Montgomery Is A Prophet Among Them at OB's Blue Heron June 21-July 15. Playbill. June 21, 2001. https://playbill.com/article/reggie-montgomery-is-a-prophet-among-them-at-obs-blue-heron-june-21-july-15-com-97358
  62. ^ Burns, Gail M. Mack and Mabel. Review. June, 1999. https://myvanwy.tripod.com/companies/barrington/mackmabel.html
  63. ^ Simonson, Robert. Jeff McCarthy and Kelli Rabke Are Barrington's Mack and Mabel, June 22. Playbill. June 22, 1999. https://playbill.com/article/jeff-mccarthy-and-kelli-rabke-are-barringtons-mack-and-mabel-june-22-com-82697
  64. ^ Lincoln, Ivan M. 'South Pacific' a lush, beautifully staged production. Deseret News. April 29, 1999. https://www.deseret.com/1999/4/29/19442711/south-pacific-a-lush-beautifully-staged-production/
  65. ^ 7 Things to Learn About. Chicago Tribune. August 22, 2021. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2008/11/16/7-things-to-learn-about/
  66. ^ Andres Teuber. Cambridge Theatre Company Productions 1997 -98. https://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/ctc92_98.html
  67. ^ Launched March 6, 2020: The Lyric Opera of Chicago’s World Premiere of Amistad. Chicago History Museum. https://www.chicagohistory.org/exhibition/lyric-opera-chicago-amistad/
  68. ^ A... My Name Will Always Be Alice > Barrington Stage Company. Cast Albums. 1996. https://castalbums.org/recordings/A-My-Name-Will-Always-Be-Alice-1996-Barrington-Stage-Company/3926
  69. ^ The Tempest. Broadway. Play. Revival. Playbill. 1995. https://playbill.com/production/the-tempest-broadhurst-theatre-vault-0000002004#carousel-cell134948
  70. ^ Production History. LaJolla Playhouse. https://lajollaplayhouse.org/who-we-are/about-the-playhouse/production-history/
  71. ^ Holland, Bernard. Review/Opera; A Modest 'Cosi' in Which the Comedy Prevails. New York Times. Sept. 10, 1991. https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/10/arts/review-opera-a-modest-cosi-in-which-the-comedy-prevails.html
  72. ^ The Negros Burial Ground: A Cantata for the Departed. Program. Opera Ebony bio. The Kitchen. May 1996. http://archive.thekitchen.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Program_The-Negros-Burial-Ground_Jenkins_1996.pdf
  73. ^ Hope Clarke. AFI Catalog. https://catalog.afi.com/Person/71006-Hope-Clarke?sid=67c0a1d9-a371-4491-b842-d7b3d5aa1dcf&sr=10.804653&cp=1&pos=0&isMiscCredit=false
  74. ^ Greenspun, Roger. Film: 'Book of Numbers':St. Jacques Focuses on Southern Town The Cast. New York Times. April 12, 1973. https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/12/archives/film-book-of-numbersst-jacques-focuses-on-southern-town-the-cast.html
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