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Heinz Kemethmüller

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Heinz Kemethmüller
Born26 June 1914
Nuremberg
Died20 February 1984(1984-02-20) (aged 69)
Bonn
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branch Luftwaffe
Years of service1935–1945
RankOberleutnant (first lieutenant)
UnitJG 3, JG 26
Commands4./JG 26
Battles / warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Heinz Kemethmüller (26 June 1914 – 20 February 1984) was a Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.

Early life and career

[edit]

Kemethmüller was born on 26 June 1914 in Nuremberg in the Kingdom of Bavaria within the German Empire. He volunteered for military service in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany in 1935. Initially serving in the Army, he transferred to the Luftwaffe (air force) in 1939.[1] Following flight and fighter pilot training,[Note 1] Kemethmüller was posted to 8. Staffel (8th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 3 (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing) in early 1941.[3] At the time, the Staffel was commanded by Oberleutnant Willy Stange and subordinated to III. Gruppe of JG 3 headed by Hauptmann Walter Oesau.[4]

War against the Soviet Union

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On 18 June, III. Gruppe relocated to Moderówka in south-eastern Poland. On 22 June, German forces launched Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. At the start of the campaign, JG 3 was subordinated to the V. Fliegerkorps (5th Air Corps), under command of General der Flieger Robert Ritter von Greim, which was part of Luftflotte 4 (4th Air Fleet), under command of Generaloberst Alexander Löhr. These air elements supported Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt's Heeresgruppe Süd (Army Group South), with the objective of capturing Ukraine and its capital Kiev.[5] Due to pilot error, Kemethmüller crash landed his Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-2 (Werknummer 8146—factory number) that day at Moderówka.[6]

Both Kemethmüller and Feldwebel Siegfried Engfer from 9. Staffel of JG 3 claimed their 50th aerial victories on 18 September 1942.[7] Consequently both pilots were awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 2 October 1942.[8] He rexeived the Knight's Cross following his 59th aerial victory, which he had claimed on 355 combat missions.[9]

With Jagdgeschader 26 on the Western and Eastern Front

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On 30 December 1942, Kemethmüller was transferred to Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" (JG 26—26th Fighter Wing).[10] Here, he was assigned to 7. Staffel under the command of Oberleutnant Klaus Mietusch, a Staffel of III. Gruppe based at Wevelgem.[11] On 13 January 1943, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) VIII Bomber Command flew a mission to Lille, targeting the locomotive works and steel factory. Both I. and III. Gruppe of JG 26 were scrambled and intercepted the bombers near Calais. In a frontal attack of the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers from the 305th Bombardment Group, Kemethmüller was credited with the destruction of a B-17 bomber between Ypres and Lille.[12]

Emblem of JG 26

On 4 February, Kemethmüller's Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-4 (Werknummer 2438—factory number) sustained engine damage in combat with fighters of (Royal Air Force) (RAF) No. 331 Squadron, resulting in a forced landing north of Merville. Injuries sustained in the encounter kept him grounded until mid-May, when his Staffel had already relocated to the Eastern Front.[13][14]

In January 1943, the Luftwaffe planned to move JG 26 to the Eastern Front. The idea was to exchange JG 26 with Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) which supported Army Group North.[15] In order to keep up operations, the exchange was planned by rotating each Gruppe by Gruppe and every Staffel by Staffel. In this context, 7. Staffel of JG 26 was attached to I. Gruppe of JG 54 which was commanded by Hauptmann Hans Philipp and was based outside of Leningrad.[16] On 17 February, 7. Staffel left Courtrai, heading east by train. Following a stop at Heiligenbeil, the unit was based at the airbase at Krasnogvardeysk, present day Gatschina, which is located approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) southwest of Leningrad.[17][18] At Heiligenbeil, 7. Staffel received 13 new Fw 190 A-4 and A-5 fighters. The combat area of I. Gruppe of JG 54 was predominantly over the front of 18th Army, on the left flank of Army Group North, and on the Volkhov River.[15]

On 10 July, 7. Staffel left the Eastern Front, returning to Germany where they again joined III. Gruppe then based at Cuxhaven-Nordholz Airfield where they were equipped with the Bf 109 G.[19] On 28 July, VIII Bomber Command sent 82 bombers of the 1st Bombardment Wing to Kassel while 120 bombers of the 4th Bombardment Wing attacked Oschersleben. Defending against this attack, Kemethmüller was credited with the destruction of a B-17 bomber north of Sylt. The following day, VIII Bomber Command attacked Kiel and Warnemünde. III. Gruppe intercpted the bombers near Heligoland, pursuing them on the their attack run to Kiel. In the area of 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) northeast of Schleswig, Kemethmüller shot down a B-17 bomber of the 306th Bombardment Group.[20]

III. Gruppe transferred from Cuxhaven-Nordholz to Amsterdam-Schiphol Airfield on 13 August.[21] The USAAF targeted the German aircraft industry on 17 August in the Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission. On this mission, Kemethmüller claimed two B-17 bombers shot down. The first of which was a endgültige Vernichtung (final destruction), a coup de grâce inflicted on an already damaged heavy bomber, over a 385th Bombardment Group B-17 south of Woensdrecht, the second B-17 was claimed over Holland. Kemethmüller did not receive credit either of these two claims. Shortly after, he was shot down in his Bf 109 G-4 (Werknummer 19216) near Leopoldsburg by Major Loren G. McCollom, commander of the 353rd Fighter Group flying Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters. Sustaining wounds to his hands, Kemethmüller bailed out at low altitude and was hospitalized.[22][23]

Following his convalescence, Kemethmüller returned to III. Gruppe of JG 26 in early January 1944, which was then based at Mönchengladbach. On 4 January, he flew his first combat mission since sustaining his injuries on 17 August 1943.[24] During his absence from the Gruppe, as part of the group expansion from three Staffeln per Gruppe to four Staffeln per Gruppe, Kemethmüller' 7. Staffel had been re-designated on 1 October and had become the 9. Staffel of JG 26.[25] On 9 January 1944, III. Gruppe returned to France with Gruppenstab (headquarters unit), 9. and 11. Staffel at Lille-Vendeville, and 10. and 12. Staffel at Denain.[26] Here on 14 January, Kemethmüller claimed a Supermarine Spitfire fighter of the No. 308 Polish Fighter Squadron shot down near Calais.[27] On 21 January, the USAAF Ninth Air Force sent 119 Martin B-26 Marauder bombers and their escorting Spifire fighters on a mission against V-1 flying bomb launch sites. III. Gruppe intercepted the formation south of Saint-Omer. In this encounter, Kemethmüller claimed a Spitfire fighter shot down, the claim was not approved.[28]

On 17 April 1944, III. Gruppe relocated from Pocking to Munich-Neubiberg Airfield, flying training missions for the next three days.[29] The Gruppe flew its first combat mission from southern Germany on 23 April when they were ordered to intercept a USAAF bomber formation of the Fifteenth Air Force south of Vienna. The bombers were escorted by North American P-51 Mustang fighters of the 31st Fighter Group. In this encounter, Kemethmüller claimed two P-51 fighters shot down, one south of Wiener Neustadt and a second south of Lake Neusiedl, only receiving credit for the second claim.[30]

Squadron leader and end of war

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On 24 April 1944, Kemethmüller was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 4. Staffel of JG 26. He succeeded Oberleutnant Wolfgang Neu who had been killed in action two days earlier.[31] The Staffel was subordinated to I. Gruppe of JG 26, commanded by Hauptmann Karl Borris and based at Lille-Vendeville.[32]

On 4 November, Kemethmüller was severely injured in landing accident in his Fw 190 A-9 (Werknummer 205206) at Greven. In consequence, he was replaced by Leutnant Waldemar Söffing as commander of 4. Staffel.[33]

Later life

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During his career Heinz Kemethmüller flew 463 missions, and was credited with 89 aerial victories, 71 on the Eastern Front (including 20 2-engined bombers and 26 Ilyushin Il-2 Stormovik Soviet ground attack aircraft) He also claimed 18 over the Western Front, including three USAAF heavy bombers and 7 P-47 fighters shot down.

Kemethmüller died on 20 February 1984 at the age of 69 in Bonn-Beuel, West Germany.[34]

Summary of career

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Aerial victory claims

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According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Kemethmüller was credited with 89 aerial victories.[35] Spick also lists Kemethmüller with 89 aerial victories claimed in 463 combat missions. This figure includes 70 claims on the Eastern Front and 19 over the Western Allies, including three four-engined bombers.[36] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for 88 aerial victory claims, plus three further unconfirmed claims. This number includes eighteen on the Western Front, including three four-engined bombers, and 70 on the Eastern Front.[37]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 26 Ost 80442". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[38]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the – (dash) indicates unwitnessed aerial victory claims for which Kemethmüller did not receive credit.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Balke, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 –[39]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 5 December 1941
1 29 June 1941 16:20 ZKB-19?[40][Note 2] 5 19 August 1941 09:15 DB-3[41]
2 17 July 1941 19:15 DB-3[42] 6 2 October 1941 13:08 DB-3[43]
3 9 August 1941 06:20 SB-3[44] 7 3 October 1941 16:40 Il-2[43]
4 11 August 1941 05:35 SB-2[41] 8 3 October 1941 09:30?[Note 3] Il-2 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Oryol[43]
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[39]
Eastern Front — 6 December 1941 – 30 April 1942
9 22 February 1942 08:10?[Note 4] I-61 (MiG-3) 10 km (6.2 mi) south-southeast of Staraya Russa[45] 10 15 March 1942 10:22 Pe-2 8 km (5.0 mi) west-northwest of Litzinowo[46]
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[47]
Eastern Front — 6 December 1941 – 30 April 1942
11 22 May 1942 16:35 MiG-1 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Bugajewka[48] 36 31 August 1942 09:08 Il-2 Kuzmyn[49]
12 21 June 1942 17:15 I-153 west of Nowoschuli[50] 37?[Note 5] 3 September 1942 10:13 MiG-3[52]
13 2 July 1942 07:02?[Note 6] MiG-3[53] 38 6 September 1942 09:35 Il-2 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Kotluban train station[52]
14 4 July 1942 13:55 Il-2[53] 39 6 September 1942 14:35 MiG-3 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Stalingrad[52]
15 4 July 1942 17:15 Boston[53] 40 7 September 1942 14:00 Il-2 8 km (5.0 mi) north of Stalingrad[52]
16 4 July 1942 17:20 Boston[53] 41 10 September 1942 11:40 Il-2 western edge of Stalingrad[54]
17 6 July 1942 19:35 MiG-3[55] 42 10 September 1942 11:43 Il-2 western edge of Stalingrad[54]
18 9 July 1942 18:56 Yak-4[55] 43 11 September 1942 07:10 Il-2 6 km (3.7 mi) northeast of Stalingrad[54]
19 9 July 1942 18:58 Yak-4[55] 44 11 September 1942 16:15?[Note 7] Pe-2 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Dubovka[54]
20 11 July 1942 13:50 MiG-3?[55][Note 8] 45 11 September 1942 16:17 Pe-2 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Dubovka[54]
21 17 July 1942 18:38 LaGG-3[56] 46 12 September 1942 12:10 Il-2 Soadki[54]
22 26 July 1942 14:15 Pe-2[57] 47 15 September 1942 08:40 MiG-3 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Stalingrad[54]
23 26 July 1942 14:18?[Note 9] Pe-2[57] 48 15 September 1942 09:15 Il-2 west of Stalingrad[54]
24 3 August 1942 17:20 LaGG-3 southeast of Kalach[58] 49 16 September 1942 16:15 Il-2 3 km (1.9 mi) northeast of Kasuga[54]
25 8 August 1942 09:32 Pe-2 south-southeast of Kalach[58] 50 18 September 1942 10:50 Il-2 Gorodishche train station[59]
26 8 August 1942 09:33 Pe-2 south-southeast of Kalach[58] 51 18 September 1942 16:40 Il-2 eastern edge of Stalingrad[59]
27 13 August 1942 17:46 BB-1?[Note 10] north of Kartowka[58] 52 18 September 1942 16:41?[Note 11] Il-2 5 km (3.1 mi) east of Stalingrad[59]
28 17 August 1942 16:45?[Note 12] Il-2 Kotluban[58] 53 18 September 1942 16:50 La-5 3 km (1.9 mi) north of Akhtuba[59]
29 18 August 1942 06:50?[Note 13] Il-2 east of Katschalinskaya[58] 54 23 September 1942 08:27 Il-2 3 km (1.9 mi) east of edge of Stalingrad[59]
30 19 August 1942 04:55 MiG-3 Katschalinskaya[58] 55 27 September 1942 16:00 Il-2 western edge of Stalingrad[59]
31 23 August 1942 18:10 Pe-2 Kotluban[60] 56 29 September 1942 12:02 Il-2 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Stalingrad[59]
32 25 August 1942 09:10 Pe-2 Staro-Schostkaja[60] 57 29 September 1942 12:06 Il-2 4 km (2.5 mi) north of Stalingrad[59]
33 30 August 1942 09:20 Il-2 northeast of Radkovo[49] 58 30 September 1942 05:42 Il-2 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Kotluban train station[59]
34 30 August 1942 09:25 Il-2 northeast of Radkovo[49] 59 30 September 1942 15:03 LaGG-3 8 km (5.0 mi) south of Kotluban train station[59]
35 31 August 1942 09:05 Il-2 Buchowka[49] 60 4 October 1942 07:20 LaGG-3 8 km (5.0 mi) east of Dubovka[59]
– 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[51]
On the Western Front — 1 January – 17 February 1943
61 13 January 1943 14:45 B-17 Warneton/Furnes[61]
vicinity of Düren 		62 3 February 1943 11:12 Ventura northwest of Dunkirk[61]
– 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[62]
Eastern Front — 17 February – 10 July 1943
63 21 May 1943 05:46 Pe-2 PQ 26 Ost 80442, Lake Glubokoye[63] 69 8 June 1943 15:57 I-180 (Yak-7) PQ 36 Ost 20123, 3 km (1.9 mi) northwest of Volkhov[63]
64 21 May 1943 05:51 LaGG-3 PQ 26 Ost 80283[63]
—
 8 June 1943?[Note 14]
—
 I-180 (Yak-7)[63]
65 21 May 1943 10:21 I-16 PQ 26 Ost 70221, south of Lavansaari[63] 70 18 June 1943 06:13?[Note 15] Yak-1 PQ 36 Ost 20173, forest near Kinderovo[63]
66 30 May 1943 13:35 LaGG-3 PQ 36 Ost 10112, Kopena[63] 71 18 June 1943 12:22 LaGG-3 PQ 36 Ost 20113, Wolchowstroj[63]
67 2 June 1943 14:55 La-5 PQ 26 Ost 90113, 2 km (1.2 mi) west of Lipovo[63] 72 22 June 1943 02:33 Il-2 PQ 36 Ost 00552, east of Siverskaya[64]
68 5 June 1943 12:10 P-40 PQ 36 Ost 20763[63]
Lake Ladoga
– 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[65]
On the Western Front — 10 January – 30 September 1944
73 28 July 1943 09:16 B-17 PQ 05 Ost S/RP-5[66]
north of Sylt
—
 17 August 1943 11:20 B-17 south of Woensdrecht[67]
74 29 July 1943 09:30 B-17 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Schleswig[66]
—
[Note 16] 		17 August 1943
—
 B-17[67]
– 9. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[65]
On the Western Front — 10 January – 23 April 1944
75 14 January 1944 11:50 Spitfire PQ 05 Ost ND-5, Calais[68] 76 13 April 1944 13:34?[Note 17] B-17 PQ 05 Ost[69]
northwest of Kaiserslautern
—
 21 January 1944 12:45 Spitfire Saint-Omer[68] 77 23 April 1944 14:22 P-51 south of Lake Neusiedl[69]
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[65]
On the Western Front — 24 April – 4 November 1944
78 8 May 1944 10:05 P-47 PQ 05 Ost PH-7/9[70]
west of Hirson 		84 14 July 1944 14:36 P-47 PQ 04 Ost N/AC[71]
Saint-André-de-l'Eure Airfield
79 24 June 1944 21:37 P-47 PQ 05 Ost BC-2/5[71]
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Saint-Dizier 		85 16 July 1944 21:31 P-47 PQ 05 Ost S/TB-3[71]
25 km (16 mi) southwest of Rouen
80 29 June 1944 08:40 Spitfire PQ 05 Ost TB-8[71]
north of Caen 		86 18 July 1944 09:30 P-38 PQ 04 Ost N/AD-1[71]
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Vernon
81 12 July 1944 14:30 P-47 PQ 05 Ost UB-6[71]
southwest of Elbeuf 		87 26 August 1944 14:25 Spitfire PQ 05 Ost TD-4[72]
west of Beauvais
82 12 July 1944 14:31 P-47 PQ 05 Ost N/AB-6[71]
west of Damville 		88 16 September 1944 17:41 P-38 PQ 05 Ost ON-2/3[72]
Monschau
83 13 July 1944 16:58 P-47 PQ 15 West US-2/6[71]
northwest of Vernon 		89 17 September 1944 17:56 Spitfire PQ 05 Ost JN-7[72]
Nijmegen-Kleve

Awards

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Notes

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  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations. For pilots destined to fly multi-engine aircraft, the training was completed with the Luftwaffe Advanced Pilot's Certificate (Erweiterter Luftwaffen-Flugzeugführerschein), also known as the C-Certificate.[2]
  2. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as an Ilyushin DB-3.[39]
  3. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 09:35.[39]
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 08:00.[39]
  5. ^ This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[51]
  6. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 07:05.[39]
  7. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 16:13.[51]
  8. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3.[51]
  9. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 14:16.[51]
  10. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Ilyushin Il-2.[51]
  11. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 16:45.[51]
  12. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 17:00.[51]
  13. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 07:15.[51]
  14. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed on 6 June 1943.[51]
  15. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 06:12.[51]
  16. ^ This unconfirmed claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[65]
  17. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 13:24.[65]
  18. ^ According to Scherzer as pilot in the III./Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet".[76]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 144.
  2. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  3. ^ a b Dixon 2023, p. 268.
  4. ^ Prien & Stemmer 1996, p. 442.
  5. ^ Prien & Stemmer 1996, pp. 105, 107.
  6. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 149.
  7. ^ Prien & Stemmer 1996, pp. 491–492.
  8. ^ Weal 2013.
  9. ^ Prien & Stemmer 1996, p. 193.
  10. ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 317.
  11. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 11.
  12. ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 12, 14.
  13. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 24.
  14. ^ Prien et al. 2010, p. 579.
  15. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 379.
  16. ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 65, 86.
  17. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 86.
  18. ^ Weal 1998, p. 30.
  19. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 96.
  20. ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 124–126.
  21. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 132.
  22. ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 134–140.
  23. ^ Prien et al. 2009, p. 140.
  24. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 196.
  25. ^ Prien et al. 2009, pp. 120–121, 133.
  26. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 197.
  27. ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 199–201.
  28. ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 201–202.
  29. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 244.
  30. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 246.
  31. ^ Prien et al. 2019, p. 159.
  32. ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 485, 488.
  33. ^ Prien et al. 2019, pp. 159, 175.
  34. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 269.
  35. ^ Zabecki 2014, p. 1614.
  36. ^ Spick 1996, p. 235.
  37. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 619–621.
  38. ^ Planquadrat.
  39. ^ a b c d e f Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 619.
  40. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 138.
  41. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 147.
  42. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 144.
  43. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003, p. 148.
  44. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 146.
  45. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 33.
  46. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 35.
  47. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 619–620.
  48. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 214.
  49. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 222.
  50. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 215.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 620.
  52. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 223.
  53. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 216.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2006, p. 224.
  55. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 217.
  56. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 218.
  57. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 219.
  58. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2006, p. 220.
  59. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Prien et al. 2006, p. 225.
  60. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 221.
  61. ^ a b Prien et al. 2010, p. 577.
  62. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 620–621.
  63. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2012, p. 387.
  64. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 388.
  65. ^ a b c d e Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 621.
  66. ^ a b Prien et al. 2009, p. 136.
  67. ^ a b Prien et al. 2009, p. 137.
  68. ^ a b Prien et al. 2019, p. 219.
  69. ^ a b Prien et al. 2019, p. 220.
  70. ^ Prien et al. 2019, p. 164.
  71. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2019, p. 165.
  72. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2019, p. 166.
  73. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 115.
  74. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 224.
  75. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. =253.
  76. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 436.

Bibliography

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  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  • Caldwell, Donald L. (1996). The JG 26 War Diary: Volume One 1939–1942. London, UK: Grubstreet. ISBN 978-1-898697-52-7.
  • Caldwell, Donald L. (1998). The JG 26 War Diary: Volume Two 1943–1945. London: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-898697-86-2.
  • Dixon, Jeremy (2023). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1939–1942. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-52677-864-2.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard (1996). Messerschmitt Bf 109 im Einsatz bei der III./Jagdgeschwader 3 in 1940 – 1945 [Messerschmitt Bf 109 in Action with the III./Jagdgeschwader 3 in 1940 – 1945] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-33-5.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/I—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/I—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-69-4.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2005). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/I—Winterkampf im Osten—6.12.1941 bis 30.4.1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/I—Winter War in the East—6 December 1941 to 30 April 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-76-2.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/II—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/II—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-77-9.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2009). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 10/III—Reichsverteidigung—1.1. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 10/III—Defense of the Reich—1 January to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-89-2.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2010). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 10/IV—Einsatz im Westen—1.1. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 10/IV—Action in the West—1 January to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-92-2.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2012). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 12/III—Einsatz im Osten—4.2. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 12/III—Action in the East—4 February to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-07-9.
  • Prien, Jochen; Balke, Ulf; Stemmer, Gerhard; Bock, Winfried (2019). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 13/V—Einsatz im Reichsverteidigung und im Westen—1.1. bis 31.12.1944 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 13/V—Action in the Defense of the Reich and in the West—1 January to 31 December 1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-942943-21-5.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
  • Weal, John (1998) [1995]. Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Russian Front. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 6. London, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-518-0.
  • Weal, John (2013). Aces of Jagdgeschwader 3 'Udet'. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 116. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78096-300-6.
  • Zabecki, David T., ed. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-981-3.
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