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Chuck Philips

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Chuck Philips
Philips in 2012
Born
Charles Alan Philips

(1952-10-15)October 15, 1952[1]
Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
DiedJanuary 2024(2024-01-00) (aged 71)
CitizenshipAmerican
EducationB.A., Journalism, California State University, Long Beach, 1989[1]
OccupationInvestigative journalist
Years active1988–2012
Known forInvestigative reporting on crime and corruption the music industry
AwardsPulitzer Prize
George Polk Award
Salute to Excellence Award
Los Angeles Press Club Award
Websitewww.chuckphilipspost.com

Charles Alan Philips (October 15, 1952 – January 2024) was an American writer and journalist. He was best known for his investigative reporting in the Los Angeles Times on the culture, corruption, and crime in the music industry during the 1990s and 2000s, which garnered both awards and controversy. In 1999, Philips won a Pulitzer Prize, with Michael A. Hiltzik, for their co-authored series exposing corruption in the entertainment industry.[1]

Philips reported extensively in the LA Times on the East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry and the murders of Tupac Shakur and Christopher Wallace aka the Notorious B.I.G. and their respective investigations. In 2002, Philips described Las Vegas' floundered probe into Tupac's murder and put forth his own theory based on a yearlong investigation.[2] His controversial theory, which alleges the involvement of the late Wallace, has been neither confirmed nor verifiably debunked and continues to be debated.[3][4][5]

In a 2008 article, Philips tied industry executives Sean "Puffy" Combs and James Rosemond to the 1994 ambush of Shakur. In response, both Combs and Rosemond issued scathing statements of denial and received out-of-court settlements from the paper.[6][7][8] Documents sourced by Philips to support his claims were later proven to be fabricated. Philips stood by his story despite the falsified documents.[9][10] The Times ran a retraction along with apologies from Philips and his editors, and parted ways with Philips a few months later.[11][12]

Philips' reporting is widely cited in media, including trade publications, journals, books, and podcasts. Critics allege an obsession with unsolved crimes in the Hip-hop community, interference with official investigations, and biased coverage of the Los Angeles Police Department and Death Row Records.[7][13][14][15][16][17] Philips died in January 2024, at the age of 71.[18]

Early life and education

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Philips grew up in the Detroit area and attended Franklin High School.[19] He moved to Los Angeles at age 19 and worked for the Wasserman Silk Screen Company of Santa Monica, California, while studying at California State University, Long Beach, where he received a B.A. in journalism in 1989.[1]

Career

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Philips spent a majority of his career writing for the LA Times, beginning as a freelance writer in 1990 and joining the staff in 1995.[1] He remained at the Times until being laid off in 2008.[11] He wrote several investigative pieces and series about the music industry, particularly on controversial business practices, corruption, and crime. Philips has also written for The Washington Post, The San Francisco Chronicle, Rolling Stone, Spin, The Village Voice, AllHipHop and The Source.

Investigating the business of entertainment

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In 1991, Philips wrote an article exposing rampant sexual harassment in the music industry. He revealed, "Industry sources say sexual comportment has been a behind-the-scenes factor in certain recent executive shake-ups." The article details four cases of harassment at a prominent entertainment law firm and three record labels, Geffen Records, RCA Records, and Island Records.[20] Philips continued relentless coverage and other media outlets followed suit.[21] A follow-up interview in which a victim graphicly describes her experience led to more women sharing their stories. By 1995, all six major record labels had updated their sexual harassment policies.[21]

Gangsta rap battle of 1992

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See also: Cop Killer (song) § Reaction

In the summer of 1992, Philips provided a platform to the artist who had just released one of the most controversial songs of all time, "Cop Killer." Ice-T was under fire from police, politicians, and even the President, who called the song "sick."[22] In his first interview after the controversy broke, the artist defended his role in a culture war. On the front page of the country's second-largest newspaper, in a Q&A about rock, race, and the 'Cop Killer' furor, Ice-T counterattacked his critics, "Arnold Schwarzenegger blew away dozens of cops as the Terminator. But I don’t hear anybody complaining."[23]

Despite the song being a product of Ice-T's heavy metal band, Body Count, it was ensnared in a campaign to ban gangsta rap.[24] He complained:

"The one thing I wish is that the media would quit calling this a rap record. You’d think if they were going to do stories on ‘Cop Killer’ that they might at least listen to the song. But they obviously haven’t, because anyone who has knows it’s a rock record. I hate to get on the racial thing because that’s something I’ve always been totally against. But the problem with the media is that they think that the word rock means white and the word rap means black."
And politicians "want to shut rappers down. They want to silence us. The Supreme Court says it’s OK for a white man to burn a cross in public. But nobody wants a black man to write a record about a cop killer."

Ice-T had been accused by The Establishment of inciting violence against police officers. He illuminated Philips and his readers on the message of the song. It's not anti-police. It's anti-police brutality:

"No way all I’m doing on this record is playing a character I invented who’s fed up with police abuse. He’s not the average person who just figured out after the Rodney King incident that police brutality exists. This particular character has seen it too long and he loses it and goes on a rampage. What I’m trying to tell people is that police brutality in the ‘hood is nothing new. And the thing is that whether this guy, the cop killer in my song, is real or not, believe it, there are people at that point. OK? But anybody who says that my record is going to make them go over that point, that’s bulls---. No record can take a man to that point.[n 1]
"Don’t these politicians realize the country was founded on the kind of revolutionary political thought expressed in my song? I mean, haven’t they ever listened to the national anthem? Anybody knows that the ‘Star-Spangled Banner’ is really just a song about a shoot-out between us and the police. Have they forgotten that Paul Revere became a Revolutionary War hero for warning everybody, ‘The police are coming, the police are coming?'"

Anti-censorship advocate Jeff Ayeroff, Rock the Vote co-founder and then Virgin Records executive, called attention to the hypocrisy, "It’s not like the White House expresses any interest in trying to resolve the polarization that this song reflects. They just want to exploit the fear of this potent black artist to their own political advantage."

Philips himself surmised:

"When it’s all over, the 'Rap Battle of 1992'[n 2] probably won’t rank up there in American history with the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812. But it has reopened the old American wounds of race and class. And the debate—which had been couched as a conflict between free expression and moral responsibility—has degenerated into an uncivil war of words enveloping politicians, business people, artists and others."

Thirty years later, this Ice-T Q&A and accompanying story, "The Uncivil War : The battle between the Establishment and supporters of rap music reopens old wounds of race and class," are part of American history. It is cited in numerous works related to Hip-hop culture, Black history, and free speech and first amendment rights.[citation needed]

Murder of Tupac Shakur theory

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See also: Murder of Tupac Shakur

On September 7, 1996, Shakur was shot in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas. He died six days later due to the wounds inflicted.[27] In 2002, following a yearlong investigation into the murder by the LA Times, Philips concluded that Shakur was killed by purported suspect Orlando Anderson, a member of the Southside Compton Crips gang.[28] Philips made an additional claim: "The murder weapon was supplied by New York rapper Notorious B.I.G., who agreed to pay the Crips $1 million for killing Shakur."[2][29][30] In the days following the story, friends and family members denied any involvement by the late Wallace. The Wallace family issued a statement expressing outrage and called the article "irresponsible journalism." Friends provided alibis claiming Wallace was not in Las Vegas on the night of the shooting.[n 3][32]

In an online chat in 2008, Philips told the participants that unidentified sources placed Wallace in Nevada on the night of Shakur's murder.[9] He added:

"It has never been proven that Christopher Wallace was not in Las Vegas on the night Tupac was shot. Bad Boy produced some computer-generated documents purporting to place him in a recording studio in New York, but they were not time-stamped. Bad Boy said it was going to produce video of Biggie there. They never did that. I have since learned that federal officials conducted interviews in Las Vegas to determine whether Wallace was present. My sources were there and say he and other East Coast figures were in Las Vegas on the night the Southside Crips killed Tupac."

Louis Alfred, the recording engineer named in the session reports provided by Bad Boy, recalled a late-night recording session, but thought it unlikely it was the same night Shakur was shot. "We would have heard about it," he said.[30]

No one has been arrested or prosecuted for the murder of Shakur and the case remains open. More than two decades following its publication, Philips' is among the theories still presented by the media.[33][5]

Pivotal article on 1994 ambush of Shakur

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See also: Tupac Shakur § 1994 Quad Studios shooting

While investigating Shakur's murder, Philips learned more about the 1994 ambush of Shakur in New York City. On March 17, 2008, he reported in the LA Times that the attack had been orchestrated by then talent manager and dealmaker James Rosemond a.k.a. Jimmy Henchman. [n 4] Twelve years before Philips implicated Rosemond, lyrics to Shakur's song "Against All Odds" hinted at a connection: "Promised a payback, Jimmy Henchmen, in due time, I knew you bitch niggas was listening, the world is mine, set me up, wet me up, niggas stuck me up."[n 5]

Philips' story also claimed that Combs and Wallace had advance knowledge of the attack.[35] To support his theory, Philips relied on unidentified sources and FBI transcripts of an interview with a confidential informant.[36] Both Rosemond and Combs responded swiftly with statements denying Philips' claims.[6]

Rosemond called the story a "libelous piece of garbage," adding, "In the past 14 years, I have not even been questioned by law enforcement with regard to the assault of Tupac Shakur, let alone brought up on charges. Chuck Philips, the writer … has reached a new low by employing fourth-hand information from desperate jailhouse informants along with ancient FBI reports to create this fabrication. I simply ask for all rap fans and fans of Tupac to analyze this fiction for what it is."
Combs said, “It is beyond ridiculous and completely false. Neither (the late rapper Notorious B.I.G.) nor I had any knowledge of any attack before, during or after it happened. I am shocked that the Los Angeles Times would be so irresponsible as to publish such a baseless and completely untrue story.”

On March 25, 2008, The Smoking Gun exposed the FBI documents sourced by Philips as fabrications.[37] The extended bombshell piece began:

"The Times appears to have been hoaxed by an imprisoned con man and accomplished document forger, an audacious swindler who has created a fantasy world in which he managed hip-hop luminaries, conducted business with Combs, Shakur, Busta Rhymes, and The Notorious B.I.G., and even served as Combs's trusted emissary to Death Row Records boss Marion "Suge" Knight during the outset of hostilities in the bloody East Coast-West Coast rap feud. The con man, James Sabatino, 31, has long sought to insinuate himself, after the fact, in a series of important hip-hop events, from Shakur's shooting to the murder of The Notorious B.I.G.. In fact, however, Sabatino was little more than a rap devotee, a wildly impulsive, overweight white kid from Florida whose own father once described him in a letter to a federal judge as "a disturbed young man who needed attention like a drug."

On March 26, 2008, the LA Times announced an internal investigation and published an apology from Philips that read, "In relying on documents that I now believe were fake, I failed to do my job. I’m sorry."[12] Philips was chastised by his peers and the paper was criticized for its "useless policies for controlling its overuse of unnamed sources."[36] Philips' editors also issued statements:

Deputy Managing Editor Mark Duvoisin stated, "We should not have let ourselves be fooled. That we were is as much my fault as Chuck's. I deeply regret that we let our readers down."
Editor Russ Stanton claimed to take the criticism seriously, adding "We published this story with the sincere belief that the documents were genuine, but our good intentions are beside the point," Stanton said in a statement. "The bottom line is that the documents we relied on should not have been used. We apologize both to our readers and to those referenced in the documents and, as a result, in the story. We are continuing to investigate this matter and will fulfill our journalistic responsibility for critical self-examination."

On April 7, 2008, the LA Times issued a lengthy front-page retraction. The paper's investigation concluded that "the FBI reports were fabricated and that some of the other sources relied on — including the person Philips previously believed to be the ‘confidential source’ cited in the FBI reports — do not support major elements of the story."[38]

This would be the last article Philips would write for the LA Times. On July 15, 2008, it was reported that he was let go in a round of layoffs.[11] Philips later called foul on the career-ending retraction:

"In April 2008, the LA Times published a searing front-page retraction trashing my story, my sources, my reporting and myself. I was pressured for days to accept the way the paper wanted to phrase the retraction. But it was not accurate. My sources were solid. My reporting was solid. Unfortunately, the documents turned out to be fakes — and the guy who fabricated them a liar. The retraction made me sound like Jayson Blair or Janet Cooke. It was worded as though I had made up the entire story and snuck it into print behind management's back, without the knowledge, consent or guidance of senior editors and lawyers directly involved in its publication."

Philips later claimed, "[Rosemond] twisted smokingun.com’s indictment of the fake 302s into an exoneration of his role in the Quad ambush. Then he and his attorney, Jeffrey Lichtman, distorted smokinggun’s conclusions into a vile smear campaign against me online, attacking my credibility, demanding I be fired. They got their wish. Jimmy and Jeffrey fleeced the newspaper for a quarter million bucks, snookered them into printing a false retraction, plus walked away with my head on a platter."[39]

Subsequent witness statements

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In the intervening years, there have been several developments with the individuals, named and unnamed in Philips' article, and others involved in the incident.

  • Dexter Isaac – In June 2011, the prison inmate confessed to being a perpetrator in Shakur's attack and claimed to have been paid $2,500 by Rosemond to rob Shakur.[n 6]
    • Philips confirmed Isaac as a source for his 2008 article and demanded an apology and a retraction of the retraction from the LA Times.[41][8]
    • The LA Times reiterated their reason for the retraction and declined Philips' request stating, "No new information has emerged that bears on the mistakes for which we apologized and which we retracted."[42]
    • Rosemond claims Isaac is a confidential informant who cannot be trusted.[40]
    • Rosemond's lawyer dismissed the claim: "It's a flat-out lie. Dexter Isaac is not claiming this 17 years later to clear his conscience. He's doing it because he's told anybody who will listen he doesn't want to die in prison. He has kids and wants to work off his sentence. He can't be trusted."
  • James Rosemond – Incarcerated as of 2010, he is serving multiple life sentences for operating a Continuing Criminal Enterprise and the murder-for-hire of G-Unit artist Lowell "Lodi Mack" Fletcher.[43]
    • During opening remarks at Rosemond's 2011 trial, the prosecutor said Rosemond had implicated himself in the shooting of Shakur at Quad.[44]
    • Rosemond's attorney Gerald Shargel "categorically and emphatically" denied the claim. Referencing the 2008 LA Times article, Shargel implied Philips had engaged in a smear campaign. He added, "[The prosecutor's] statement was positively and absolutely false whether intentional, or not intentional. I think not intentional. She was not the prosecutor who sat in on any of the proffer sessions with Mr. Rosemond."
    • The prosecutor continued, "If Mr. Shargel is going to argue that this was a fabricated article, it's the government's position that we can put in the defendant's own admission about that particular shooting. In saying it is not true, when in fact it is true, the government should be able to rebut that argument that he's making, [and introduce] that the defendant actually admitted to this 1994 shooting."[n 7]
  • James Sabatino – The document forger is still pulling cons from prison.[46]
  • Zayd Malik – A friend of Shakur who accompanied him that night categorically rejects Isaac's confession in a rare interview in 2018. He also denies a setup by Rosemond, but alludes to NYPD involvement.[47]

Following the Isaac and Rosemond court revelations, Philips penned an exclusive to the Village Voice in which he claimed, "Rap’s longest running crime mystery has finally been solved — and pretty much the way my March 2008 LA Times article reported it."[48] MediaBistro's Fishbowl LA, which covered news related to the Los Angeles media, called Philips' Voice piece a "must-read essay that paints a very sorry picture of how the LAT dealt in a moment of crisis with an employee who faithfully served them for 18 years."

Alleged interference with official investigations

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See also: Murder of the Notorious B.I.G.

Wallace family civil suit

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On April 9, 2002, the Wallace family filed a lawsuit against Los Angeles and LAPD chiefs claiming they "willfully and recklessly prevented a full and thorough investigation" in the murder of Christopher Wallace aka Notorious B.I.G.[49] During an investigation in the late 1990s, Waymond Anderson testified that disgraced LAPD gang officer David Mack was involved in the 1997 killing of Wallace. In 2002, when deposed in the Wallace family civil suit brought against the City of Los Angeles, Anderson recanted his previous testimony. In 2008, while testifying in his own appeal of a 1993 arson murder conviction, Anderson reversed his recantation claiming he had lied at the deposition because he had received threats passed to him through Philips.[50] Philips was covering Anderson's appeal, exploring his innocence.[51] Kevin Mackie, another witness deposed in the Wallace civil case, confirmed Mack's attendance at Death Row events and added, "Chuck Philips was frequently at Death Row functions and received payments from Death Row Records."[52] The Wallace family attorney claimed Anderson's changed testimony was influenced by Philips. Philips and the LA Times described the claim as "idiotic" and "utterly groundless."[53]

FBI investigation into LAPD cover-up

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In 2002, the FBI opened an investigation into the LAPD and potential civil rights violations in connection with Christopher Wallace aka Notorious B.I.G.[54][55] In 2005, Philips revealed the identity of a confidential informant in the LA Times, referencing his moniker "Psycho Mike."[56] Michael Robinson is described as a "reliable gang informant who had testified in federal court against the Bounty Hunter Bloods and worked as an informant for the Los Angeles County Sheriff Department's Major Crimes Bureau for more than 15 years."[n 8]

LASD Sgt. Richard Valdemar criticized the LA Times in a 2010 Police Magazine article for exposing and endangering confidential informants. He believes Robinson was outed in response to his testimony implicating Death Row boss Suge Knight, LAPD gang officers Mack and Rafael Perez, and Amir Muhammad in Wallace's murder. Following the revelation, Robinson was attacked repeatedly and his family was targeted.[15] Valdemar accuses Philips of protecting Death Row associates and links him to Robinson's death, "Michael Robinson died of a heart attack on Dec. 5, 2006. He was only 49 years old. It is my belief that Michael Robinson died as a result of the stress and anxiety caused by his exposure and identification in Chuck Philip's hit piece that ran June 3, 2005."[58]

FBI special agent Philip J. Carson, the lead investigator on the case, confirms Philips' relentless pursuit for information and interference with the investigation. Prior to the article's publication, Philips had demanded an interview with Carson. Since Carson could not comment on the active case, he connected Philips to the FBI press office. Carson recalls the follow-up from FBI PR rep Cathy Viray, "Well, the good news is we met with Chuck Philips. The bad news is, he doesn't care what we have to say. He's going to ruin you in an upcoming article and it's going to ruin this case and it's going to ruin your career."[59] Recorded phone conversations confirm the threats.[60]

Carson contends that he solely briefed LAPD Chief Mike Berkow and that Berkow fed information undermining the case to Philips.[15] Carson identifies Philips' reporting in the LA Times as one of the "powerful forces" used by the LAPD to derail the FBI's investigation.[14]

LA Times cast as tool in LAPD cover-up

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In 1997, Philips interviewed Shakur's former bodyguard Frank Alexander as an eyewitness to Shakur's 1996 deadly shooting. In their book, Chaos Merchants: Murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorious BIG, former LAPD officer Russell Poole and documentarian Michael Douglas Carlin write that Alexander secretly recorded phone conversations with Philips as well as Death Row insiders. They claim the recordings "offer insight into interworking of Death Row Records and their ties to Philips in creating false stories to run in the LA Times."[61]

While revisiting the FBI's investigation with Carson in The Dossier : The LAPD Cover-up of the Murder of Biggie Smalls podcast, investigative filmmaker Don Sikorski says he "uncovered sourced proof that Philips was in bed with one of the top brass at LAPD, Mike Berkow. Berkow was feeding him information to print in the paper. To go further, Philips wrote in upwards of five stories that created false narrative surrounding the investigation into Biggie's murder."[7]

Wallace family attorney Perry Sanders designates the LA Times "co-conspirators in the cover-up."[13]

Chuck Philips Post

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On September 13, 2012, the anniversary of Shakur's death, Philips announced he would do a "Twitter experiment," tweeting a 1,200-word article, 40 characters at a time, concurrently with the launch of his website, the Chuckphilipspost.com.[62][63] The article was about Harlem drug dealer Eric “Von Zip” Martin and his alleged connection to Sean "Diddy" Combs.[64][65] The latest post on his website, about the death of Alesia Thomas while in LAPD custody, was published on October 15, 2012.[66]

Cultural Influence

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In their 2001 book Controversies of the Music Industry, Richard D. Barnet and Larry L. Burriss credit Philips' continued reporting on sexual harassment in the music industry for prompting coverage by other media outlets and bringing the conversation to a national forum. "The article generated heated debate in the music industry and motivated several record companies to review their policies regarding sex bias and harassment."[21]

Along with outspoken hip-hop critic Bill O'Reilly, Philips is dissed in a verse by Jay-Z on Missy Elliott's 2003 song ″Back in the Day.″[67][68]

Retired FBI Agent Philip J. Carson asserts that when Philips identified a confidential informant by name in his June 3, 2005, article ″Informant in Rap Star's Slaying Admits Hearsay,″ he endangered the informant's life and derailed the FBI's investigation into LAPD's involvement in the murder of Notorious B.I.G. "Two or three weeks later, [the informant's] house got shot up by AK-47s and his daughter and granddaughter were at the house. The granddaughter got hit. The FBI, we had to relocate 'Psycho Mike' and his family to another city."[14][15]

In September 2011, Showtime announced the production of a documentary film to be directed by Antoine Fuqua about Death Row Records co-founder Marion "Suge" Knight. Philips was named as a co-producer.[69][70] American Dream/American Knightmare was released in 2018 though Philips is not listed in the television film's credits.[71]

Philips is the primary subject featured in "Episode 7: The LA Times and the Murder of Biggie" of The Dossier : The LAPD Cover-Up of the Murder of Biggie (2020) podcast series.[72]

Philips is the primary subject featured in the "BONUS: Chuck Philips & Misinformation" episode of the Unjust Justice: The Jimmy Rosemond Story (2022) podcast series.[7]

Awards

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Cited in

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  • Alvarez, Albert Anthony (1994). An Ethnographic Study of Student Resistance in a Predominantly Chicano Public School. United States: University of California, Los Angeles.
  • Banks, Jack (February 12, 2018). Monopoly Television: Mtv's Quest To Control The Music. Routledge. ISBN 9780429967399.
  • Burstiner, Marcy (February 9, 2017). Investigative Reporting from Premise to Publication: From Premise to Publication. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-81611-3.
  • Bogazianos, Dimitri A. (2012). 5 Grams: Crack Cocaine, Rap Music, and the War on Drugs. United States: NYU Press. ISBN 9780814787014.
  • Brown, Ethan (December 10, 2017). Snitch: Informants, Cooperators & the Corruption of Justice. United States: PublicAffairs, 2007. ISBN 9781586486334.
  • Budnick, Dean; Baron, Josh (April 24, 2012). Ticket Masters : The Rise of the Concert Industry and How the Public Got Scalped. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 9781101580554.
  • Burkart, Patrick; McCourt, Tom (2006). Digital Music Wars : Ownership and Control of the Celestial Jukebox. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 9780742536685.
  • Campbell, Bruce B.; Breiner, Laurence A.; Huntemann, Nina; Steven, Wurtzler (June 19, 2003). Communities of the Air: Radio Century, Radio Culture. Susan Merrill Squire, ed. United Kingdom: Duke University Press, 2003. ISBN 9780822384816.
  • Chang, Jeff (April 2007). Can't Stop Won't Stop : A History of the Hip-Hop Generation. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9781429902694.
  • Cheng, William (October 29, 2019). Loving Music Till It Hurts. United States: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190620134.
  • Clover, Corrina Cree (January 1, 2003). "Accounting Accountability: Should Record Labels Have a Fiduciary Duty to Report Accurate Royalties to Recording Artists". Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review. 23 (1): 395–442. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  • Curry, Mark (2009). Dancing with the Devil: How Puff Burned the Bad Boys of Hip-hop. NewMark Books. ISBN 9780615276502.
  • Entman, Robert M.; Rojecki, Andrew (February 15, 2010). The Black Image in the White Mind: Media and Race in America. United Kingdom: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226210773.
  • Fletcher, Tony (October 28, 2009). Remarks Remade: The Story Of REM. Omnibus Press. ISBN 9780857120021.
  • Fonseca, Anthony J.; Goldsmith, Melissa Ursula Dawn (December 2018). Hip Hop Around the World: An Encyclopedia [2 Volumes]. United States: ABC-CLIO.
  • Guerrero, Ed (June 20, 2012). Framing Blackness: The African American Image in Film. Ukraine: Temple University Press. ISBN 9781439904138.
  • Harvey, Eric (October 5, 2021). Who Got the Camera? A History of Rap and Reality. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9781477323953.
  • Hepworth-Sawyer, Russ; Hodgson, Jay; King, Liesl; Marrington, Mark, eds. (April 7, 2020). Gender in Music Production (1st ed.). Focal Press. ISBN 9781138613362.
  • Illing, Gerhard; Peitz, Martin, eds. (2006). Industrial Organization and the Digital Economy. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262090414.
  • Jones, Brenda, Trotman, Krishan (June 30, 2020). Queens of the Resistance: Maxine Waters: A Biography. Penguin. ISBN 9780593189870.
  • Kennedy, Gerrick D. (December 5, 2017). Parental Discretion Is Advised : The Rise of N.W.A and the Dawn of Gangsta Rap. Atria Books. ISBN 9781501134937.
  • Keyes, Cheryl Lynette (2004). Rap Music and Street Consciousness. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07201-7.
  • Kivisto, P., Rundblad, G. (February 18, 2000). Multiculturalism in the United States: Current Issues, Contemporary Voices. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4522-5174-5.
  • Lee, Etienne (February 2, 2018). Khalid, Sarie (ed.). "The Evolution of Political Consciousness in Hip-Hop". The McGill International Review. MIR.
  • McChesney, Robert W. (March 2004). The Problem of the Media : U.S. Communication Politics in the Twenty-First Century. Monthly Review Press. ISBN 9781583673768.
  • McChesney, Robert W. (March 1, 2016). Rich Media, Poor Democracy: Communication Politics in Dubious Times. New Press, The. ISBN 9781620970706.
  • Ross, Andrew S.; Rivers, Damian J. (December 19, 2017). The Sociolinguistics of Hip-hop as Critical Conscience : Dissatisfaction and Dissent. Springer. ISBN 9783319592442.
  • Nielsen, Erik (2019). Rap on Trial : Race, Lyrics, and Guilt in America. United Kingdom: New Press. ISBN 9781620973417.
  • Perelman, Michael (September 27, 2016). Steal This Idea: Intellectual Property and the Corporate Confiscation of Creativity. Springer. ISBN 9781137079299.
  • Potash, John (October 12, 2021). The FBI War on Tupac Shakur : The State Repression of Black Leaders from the Civil Rights Era to the 1990s. Microcosm Publishing LLC. ISBN 9781648410529.
  • Quinn, Eithne (2010). ""Tryin' to Get Over": "Super Fly", Black Politics, and Post—Civil Rights Film Enterprise". Cinema Journal. 49 (2). University of Texas Press: 86–105. doi:10.1353/cj.0.0183. ISSN 0009-7101. JSTOR 25619772. S2CID 145157914. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  • Quinn, Eithne (August 13, 2013). Nuthin' but a "G" Thang: The Culture and Commerce of Gangsta Rap. New York City: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51810-9.
  • Ro, Ronin (1999). Have Gun Will Travel : The Spectacular Rise and Violent Fall of Death Row Records. Broadway Books. ISBN 9780385491358.
  • Rotondo, Andrea M. (2014). Tom Petty: Rock 'n' Roll Guardian. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0857128683.
  • Sanders, Joshunda (August 11, 2015). How Racism and Sexism Killed Traditional Media : Why the Future of Journalism Depends on Women and People of Color. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781440830822.
  • Shepherd, John; Horn, David; Laing, Dave; Oliver, Paul; Wicke, Peter (2003). Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, Volume 1: Media, Industry, Society. A&C Black. ISBN 9781847144737.
  • Silverman, Jonathan; Rader, Dead (July 2005). The World is a Text: Writing, Reading, and Thinking about Culture and Its Contexts. United States: Pearson Education. ISBN 9780131931985.
  • Steffens, Bradley (2001). Censorship. Greenhaven Press. ISBN 9781565103917.
  • Sullivan, Randall (December 2007). Labyrinth : The True Story of City of Lies, the Murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G. and the Implication of the Los Angeles Police Department. Grove Atlantic. ISBN 9781555847432.
  • United States. Federal Trade Commission (2000). Marketing Violent Entertainment to Children : A Review of Self-regulation and Industry Practices in the Motion Picture, Music Recording & Electronic Game Industries : a Report to Congress. United States: The Commission.
  • Warner, Jennifer (May 5, 2015). Feud : The Birth, Growth, and Fall of Gangsta Rap. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781512057553.
  • Watson, Robert P. (February 1, 2012). Life in the White House: A Social History of the First Family and the President's House. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-8507-1.
  • Weinberg, Meyer (1996). Racism in Contemporary America. United Kingdom: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313296598.
  • Weiss, Jeff; McGarvey, Evan (May 13, 2013). 2pac Vs. Biggie : An Illustrated History of Rap's Greatest Battle. Voyageur Press. ISBN 9781610587938.
  • Westhoff, Ben (September 13, 2016). Original Gangstas : The Untold Story of Dr. Dre, Eazy-E, Ice Cube, Tupac Shakur, and the Birth of West Coast Rap. Hachette Books. ISBN 9780316344869.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ In 1992, when Ronald Ray Howard was being sentenced for the murder of a Texas highway patrolman, his lawyer attempted to avoid death penalty arguing, "Tupac songs containing strong anti-police messages, replete with accompanying gunshot and siren noises, blasted through [Howard's] head."[25]
  2. ^ A rap battle can be defined as a rap contest, almost always performed before a crowd, between two individuals in which the objective is to outwit, outflow and outdiss one’s opponent.[26]
  3. ^ Wallace family statement in response to Philips' 2002 article: "We are outraged at the false and damaging statements. For the record, Wallace was at his home in New Jersey on the night of Tupac Shakur's murder, with friends who will continue to testify for his whereabouts since he is unable to defend himself."[31]
  4. ^ The attack on Shakur occurred at Quad Recording Studios in Manhattan, where Rosemond was in a recording session with his artist Little Shawn. Biggie was also in the studio that night with Puffy and Lil' Cease.[34]
  5. ^ "Against All Odds" was recorded the month before Shakur's death and released posthumously.
  6. ^ Isaac apologized to Shakur's family for "the mistake I did for that sucker [Jimmy Henchman]. I am trying to clean it up to give [Tupac and Biggie's] mothers some closure."[40]
  7. ^ A proffer session is a meeting between a person who is a subject of a federal criminal investigation, the person's lawyer, and a prosecutor or investigator subject to the terms of a proffer letter. Proffer sessions are meetings between prosecutors and individuals who are the focus of an ongoing investigation. They are commonplace in criminal investigations. While a proffer session carries the potential to reduce or resolve a client's criminal exposure, it also presents a great deal of risk.[45]
  8. ^ In December 2000, the FBI convicted 30 Bounty Hunter Watts Bloods gang members on federal drug violations for the distribution and conspiracy to distribute crack cocaine.[57]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "The 1999 Pulitzer prize winners biography". Pulitzer. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
  2. ^ a b Newsweek Staff (September 15, 2002). "Newsmakers : Hot off the press". Newsweek. Archived from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2022. Who killed Tupac Shakur?" asked the Los Angeles Times last week in a front-page story that sparked a huge firestorm in the hip-hop community.
  3. ^ Rumor Mill (September 6, 2002). "Tupac's Killer Revealed : L.A. Times Reporter Chuck Philips Solves a Six-Year-Old Hip-Hop Murder Mystery". Hits Daily Double. HITS Digital Ventures. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2022. Wallace's family reacted harshly to the charges, saying the L.A. Times story ″takes facts on record and juxtaposes them with hazy, unattributed remarks which are not the result of any legitimate investigation, but rather are simply an effort to generate more confusion and publicity.″
  4. ^ Bergara, Ryan; King, Kirsten; Gundapaneni, Leena; Bennett, Brent (May 20, 2016). "The Mysterious Death Of Tupac Shakur : Who killed Tupac?". BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  5. ^ a b Weber, Bo (February 8, 2022). "Who Killed Tupac Shakur? The story of the rapper's shocking death". Music in Minnesota. Archived from the original on March 29, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  6. ^ a b "Combs denies L.A. Times' Shakur story". Associated Press. March 19, 2008. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022. Sean "Diddy" Combs has denied a report by the Los Angeles Times that his associates were responsible for the 1994 robbery and shooting of Tupac Shakur at a New York recording studio, and that he knew about the attack in advance.
  7. ^ a b c d Sikorski, Don (April 7, 2022). "BONUS: Chuck Philips & Misinformation". Unjust Justice: The Jimmy Rosemond Story (Podcast). Criminal Minded Media. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022. Jimmy talks about the LA Times printing a false story and the implications on his life and career, and perception vs. reality inside the business of Hip-Hop music.
  8. ^ a b Wilson, Simone; Romero, Dennis (June 22, 2011). "Chuck Philips demands L.A. Times apology on Tupac Shakur". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
  9. ^ a b Rodriguez, Jayson (March 18, 2008). "L.A. Times Writer Defends Story About Tupac, Diddy; Says He Has Two More Articles In the Works". MTV. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  10. ^ Rodriguez, Jayson (March 21, 2008). "L.A. Times Chuck Philips Defends Method Behind Tupac, Diddy Story: 'I know all kinds of stuff I didn't write about'". MTV. Archived from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  11. ^ a b c Littleton, Cynthia (July 15, 2008). "L.A. Times lets go of staffers : Chuck Philips among those leaving". Variety. Variety Media, LLC. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022. The names of L.A. Times staffers taking buyouts or getting pinkslips began to circulate in journo circles on Monday night, fueled by postings on numerous media-centric websites. Among the scribes involved in the paper's showbiz coverage who are exiting the building is longtime investigative reporter Chuck Philips.
  12. ^ a b Tourtellotte, Bob (March 26, 2008). "LA Times apologizes for Tupac story". Reuters. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
  13. ^ a b Sullivan, Randall (January 7, 2011). "The Unsolved Mystery of the Notorious B.I.G. : A Special Report: Did the LAPD suppress evidence that rogue cops conspired with Death Row's Suge Knight to assassinate rap star Biggie Smalls? Inside the civil trial that is threatening to bring down the most powerful institutions in Los Angeles". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2022. When looking back on this nine-year-long saga of deceit and corruption, nothing is more troubling — or more incomprehensible — than the role played by The Los Angeles Times.
  14. ^ a b c Rohrlic, Justin (November 11, 2018). "Former FBI Agent: How the LAPD Derailed My Investigation Into Biggie Smalls' Murder". The Daily Beast. The Daily Beast Company LLC. Archived from the original on November 11, 2018. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
  15. ^ a b c d Sikorski, Don (October 15, 2020). "Episode 7: The LA Times and the Murder of Biggie". The Dossier : The LAPD Cover-Up of the Murder of Biggie (Podcast). Criminal Minded Media. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2022. Phil Carson explains how the LAPD used the LA Times as a tool in the cover-up. Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Chuck Philips has secrets buried to this day surrounding the murder of Biggie and his relationship with LAPD brass Mike Berkow.
  16. ^ Leonard, Jack (August 1, 2008). "Rap mogul sent threats to prison, inmate says". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  17. ^ Smooth, Jay (2008). "You Punks Didn't Finish". Jay Smooth, Illdoctrine.com – Youtube. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022. Your years of negligence and irresponsible handling of this story has made it that much harder for justice to be served.
  18. ^ "Chuck Philips". Legacy. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  19. ^ "Chuck Philips in the U.S., School Yearbooks, 1900–1999". Ancestry.com. 1968. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  20. ^ Philips, Chuck (November 3, 1991). "Sexual Harassment Claims Confront Music Industry : Bias: Three record companies and a law firm have had to cope with allegations of misconduct by executives". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
  21. ^ a b c Barnet, Richard D.; Burriss, Larry L. (2001). Controversies of the Music Industry. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31094-2.
  22. ^ "Bush Calls Cop-Killing Lyrics 'Sick". United Press International. June 29, 1992.
  23. ^ Lee, John H. (September 25, 1992). "Attempt to Bar Ice-T From Stadium Fails : Entertainment: City officials and police group determine that no grounds exist to stop concert". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
  24. ^ Connell, Christopher (September 22, 1992), Quayle Demands That Rap Record Be Yanked, retrieved July 9, 2022
  25. ^ Firestre, Robert; Jones, Kendall T. (January 1, 2000). "Cathcin' the Heat of the Beat: First Amendment Analysis of Music Claimed to Incite Violent Behavior". Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review. 20 (1). Retrieved July 6, 2022.
  26. ^ Mavima, Shingi (2016). "Bigger By the Dozens: The Prevalence of Afro-Based Tradition in Battle Rap". Journal of Hip Hop Studies. 3 (1 Art. 10): 20.
  27. ^ Ramirez, Esteban (September 7, 2021). "Lost Soul: 25 years since the murder of Tupac Shakur". KNTV Las Vegas. Scripps Media, Inc. Archived from the original on October 22, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  28. ^ Moss, Corey (September 6, 2002). "Biggie Paid Gang to Kill Tupac, Report Says : Fatal Shots Allegedly Fired From East Coast Rapper's Own Gun". MTV. Archived from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
  29. ^ NME (September 6, 2002). "Biggie Implicated in Tupac Killing". NME. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022. Six years after rapper Tupac Shakur was murdered in a mysterious drive-by shooting in LAS VEGAS, his arch rival Biggie Smalls has been implicated as a key player in the crime... Smalls, according to The Times, was brought into the plan when The Crips decided to make some money out of the killing. He agreed to stump up the $1million on condition that the killing bullet was fired from his own gun. He is said to have presented The Crips with a .40-caliber Glock pistol.
  30. ^ a b Leland, John (October 7, 2002). "New Theories Stir Speculation On Rap Deaths". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 14, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
  31. ^ Moss, Corey (September 6, 2002). "Notorious B.I.G.'s Family 'Outraged' by Tupac Article : Meanwhile, Lil' Cease Says Biggie Was with Him on the Night in Question". MTV. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
  32. ^ Susman, Gary (September 9, 2002). "Biggie's family and friends come to his defense : Biggie's family and friends come to his defense. Countering the Los Angeles Times report fingering the late rapper in Tupac Shakur's murder, supporters deny he was in Las Vegas or otherwise involved in the killing". Entertainment Weekly. Meredith Corporation. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
  33. ^ Entertain This! Staff (September 13, 2016). "5 enduring conspiracy theories about Tupac". USA Today. Gannett Satellite Information Network, LLC. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
  34. ^ Arnold, Paul (December 9, 2011). "Shawn Pen Speaks About The Quad Studios Attack On Tupac, His History With Bad Boy And Roc-A-Fella Records". hiphopdx.com. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  35. ^ Sweeney, Matthew (March 17, 2008). "Report: Combs knew Tupac would be attacked". Newsday (New York, New York). Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  36. ^ a b Stewart, Jill (March 27, 2008). "Chuck Philips, Tupac Shakur, Sean Combs, and the Con". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022. But his and the paper's coverage of this case has attracted an inordinate amount of harsh criticism from other journos, ranging from Rolling Stone's detailed attack by Randall Sullivan to the juicy slam by Jan Golab for FrontPageMagazine.com. An even more meticulous picking apart of Philips' obsession with this unsolved rap-world shooting is offered in a long-running series of posts on Patterico, a Los Angeles website operated by blogger and Los Angeles County assistant district attorney Patrick Frey.
  37. ^ "Big Phat Liar: How a federal inmate duped the Los Angeles Times, fabricated FBI reports, and linked Sean "Diddy" Combs to 1994 ambush of Tupac Shakur". The Smoking Gun. March 25, 2008. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  38. ^ "L.A. Times retracts Tupac Shakur story". Today. Associated Press. April 7, 2008. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  39. ^ Watkins, Greg (June 6, 2012). "Vengeance in the verdict". Allhiphop.com. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
  40. ^ a b Watkins, Greg (June 15, 2011). "Exclusive: Jimmy Henchman Associate Admits to Role in Robbery/Shooting of Tupac; Apologizes To Pac & B.I.G.'s Mothers – AllHipHop". AllHipHop. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  41. ^ Martin, Adam (June 23, 2011). "Disgraced L.A. Times Reporter Demands a Retraction of a Retraction". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  42. ^ Romero, Dennis (July 15, 2011). "Los Angeles Times Responds to Chuck Philips' Demand That The Paper Take Back its Retraction of His Tupac Story". LA Weekly. LA Weekly, LP. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
  43. ^ Barshad, Amos (June 6, 2012). "Crimes and Misdemeanors : The Guy Who Maybe Had Tupac Shot in 1994 Is Going to Prison". Grantland. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  44. ^ Ugwu, Reggie (June 29, 2012). "Jimmy Henchman's Attorney: My Client Never Implicated Himself in Tupac Shooting". BET. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  45. ^ McCaffrey, John; Oebker, Jon (1990). "Proffer session Definition & Meaning". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  46. ^ McCoy, Terrence (November 14, 2013). "Hip-Hop Poseur Jimmy Sabatino Can't Stop Scamming — Even From Prison". Miami New Times. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  47. ^ Malik, Zayd (December 30, 2018). "Info Minds". Tupac Quad Studio Shooting What Really Happened Straight from the Horse's Mouth (Interview). Interviewed by Timbo. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  48. ^ "Drug Kingpin Did Not Admit Assault On Tupac Shakur". The Smoking Gun. July 3, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  49. ^ Waxman, Sharon (April 17, 2002). "A Notorious B.I.G. Open Case". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  50. ^ "Inmate's bid to overturn murder conviction denied". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. Los Angeles Times. December 11, 2008. p. 7. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  51. ^ Frey, Patrick (August 1, 2008). "Inmate Whose Innocence Was Touted by Chuck Philips Accuses Philips of Conspiring with Suge Knight to Threaten Him and Suborn Perjury". Patterico's Pontifications. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  52. ^ Wilson, Simone (June 22, 2011). "Tupac Shakur, Notorious B.I.G. Murders and ex-LA Times Reporter Chuck Philips: A Timeline". LA Weekly.
  53. ^ "Witness in Notorious BIG Lawsuit Changes Story, Implicates Wallace Family Attorney in Scam". Townsquare Media, Inc. September 26, 2007.
  54. ^ "FBI Records : The Vault : Christopher (Biggie Smalls) Wallace".
  55. ^ Moss, Corey (July 5, 2022). "FBI Joins Investigation Into The Murder Of Notorious B.I.G. : Feds working with Los Angeles Police to Solve 7-year-old case". MTV. Archived from the original on March 14, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
  56. ^ Philips, Chuck (June 3, 2005). "Informant in Rap Star's Slaying Admits Hearsay". Los Angeles Times.
  57. ^ LAPD (January 21, 2004). "LAPD And FBI Crack Down On Violent LA Street Gang". LAPD Online. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  58. ^ Valdemar, Richard (October 28, 2010). "A Jaundiced Eye and Blood Red Ink – Gangs". Police Magazine. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  59. ^ Sullivan, Randall (2019). Dead Wrong: The Continuing Story of City of Lies, Corruption and Cover-Up in the Notorious BIG Murder Investigation. United States: Grove Atlantic. ISBN 9780802147004.
  60. ^ Sikorski, Don (October 8, 2020). "Episode 6: Suge Knight & The Pursuit of Justice". Unjust Justice: The Jimmy Rosemond Story (Podcast). Criminal Minded Media. Retrieved July 4, 2022. FBI Agent Phil Carson completes his story about the operation to wire up FBI Informant Psycho Mike Robinson to meet with alleged triggerman Amir Muhammad. Former LAPD Homicide investigator Sergio Robleto was hired by Violetta Wallace and her attorney Perry Sanders. Robleto reveals information and evidence secured in the course of his own investigation during the civil trial, filed by Miss Wallace against the City of Los Angeles and the LAPD.
  61. ^ Carlin, Michael Douglas; Poole, Russell; Bond, RJ (January 1, 2016). Chaos Merchants: Murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorious BIG Kindle Edition. Michael Carlin. ASIN B01A2VYJTO.
  62. ^ Pollstar Staff (September 12, 2012). "Industry Hotwire : Chuck Philips To Tweet 'Scoop'". Pollstar. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  63. ^ Starbury, Allen (September 12, 2012). "Writer Chuck Philips To Tweet Article Connecting Diddy To Late Harlem Kingpin 'Von Zip'". Baller Status. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
  64. ^ biz, m (September 18, 2012). "New Tupac Documents; Website Slated to Hit the Internet, Twitter in Honor of Rapper's Death". hiphopnewssource. Archived from the original on September 30, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
  65. ^ Martins, Chris (September 13, 2012). "Tupac, Biggie Murders Still Drive Writer To Investigate". Spin. Miller Publishing Group. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  66. ^ Philips, Chuck (October 15, 2012). "What happened to Alesia Thomas?". Chuck Philips Post. Archived from the original on August 26, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
  67. ^ "Missy Elliot: Under Construction Album Review". Pitchfork. November 21, 2002. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  68. ^ "Back in the Day – Missy Elliott". Genius. Genius Media Group Inc. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
  69. ^ Kenneally, Tim (September 27, 2011). "Showtime Announces Suge Knight Documentary". The Wrap. Archived from the original on June 25, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2022. The film, tentatively titled "Suge Knight," will be directed by "Training Day" filmmaker Antoine Fuqua. Fuqua will also co-produce the documentary, with Bradley J. Fischer, whose credits include "Black Swan," "Shutter Island" and "Zodiac." David Prior, Laeta Kalogridis, James Vanderbilt, Lisa Remington and Edward McGurn will executive-producers, while journalist Chuck Philips will serve as co-producer.
  70. ^ Goldberg, Lesley (September 27, 2011). "Showtime Sets Suge Knight Documentary". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on June 25, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
  71. ^ "American Dream/American Knightmare Full Cast & Crew". IMDb. Archived from the original on June 25, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
  72. ^ Sikorski, Don (October 15, 2020). "Episode 7: The LA Times and the Murder of Biggie". The Dossier : The LAPD Cover-Up of the Murder of Biggie (Podcast). Criminal Minded Media.
  73. ^ "1996 George Polk Award Winners". Long Island University. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
  74. ^ L.A. Times Archives (March 7, 1997). "Times Wins Polk Awards for Music Industry, Fund-Raising Stories". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2013. Philips, who covers the music industry for The Times, won the award for cultural reporting. Philips has written stories about scandals over lip-syncing and sexual harassment in the music business, the continued use of "payola" to gain air time for records, and shake-ups at Time Warner's music division.
  75. ^ Shaw, David (April 13, 1999). "2 Times Staffers Share Pulitzer for Beat Reporting". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2012. Los Angeles Times reporters Chuck Philips and Michael A. Hiltzik won the Pulitzer Prize for beat reporting Monday for their stories on corruption in the entertainment industry. The Pulitzer Prize Board cited their work on three major projects--"a charity sham sponsored by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, illegal detoxification programs for wealthy celebrities and a resurgence of radio payola."
  76. ^ Trounson, Rebecca (February 22, 2012). "Mark Saylor dies at 58; former Times editor oversaw Pulitzer-winning series". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2013.

Select bibliography

[edit]

Interviews

[edit]

Censorship

[edit]
  • "Music Industry Vows to Fight Proposed Warning Label on Records". Los Angeles Times/Calendar. January 6, 1990. pp. F1, F6.
  • "The Target is Rock: Censorship-vs.-responsibility debate gains new momentum as more states examine laws requiring the labeling of 'offensive' recordings". Los Angeles Times/Calendar. February 11, 1990. pp. 69, 75–76.
  • "A War on Many Fronts : Censorship: 1990 was the year that 'free expression' ran head-on into 'moral concern.' But the conflict may only be beginning". Los Angeles Times. December 26, 1990.
  • "Day of Decency: Radio: The 18-hour anti-censorship program originated at UC Irvine will be broadcast simultaneously by 12 California college radio stations on Monday". Los Angeles Times/Orange County Calendar. March 2, 1991.
  • "Rock Industry Rapped for Inaction; Producer Decries Lack of Response to Lyrics Law". Washington Edition/Los Angeles Times. June 4, 1992. pp. B8, B11.

The business of music

[edit]

Pearl Jam vs. Ticketmaster

[edit]
  • "Pearl Jam Takes Its Ticket Case to Congress". Los Angeles Times/Calendar. June 30, 1994. pp. B8–B9.
  • "Concert Business Awaits the Word on Ticketing Issue". Orange County/Los Angeles Times. May 30, 1995. p. D1, D4.
  • "Pearl Jam Throws in Towel in Crusade Against Ticketmaster". Los Angeles Times. June 15, 1995.
  • "The Ticket King's Path to Power". Valley Edition/Los Angeles Times. June 17, 1995. pp. A1, A28.
  • "U.S. Drops Ticketmaster Antitrust Probe". Los Angeles Times. July 6, 1995. p. B5, B7.
  • "Pearl Jam to Tour on Own Terms Again". Los Angeles Times. July 25, 1996.

Pulitzer Prize-winning series on corruption in the music industry

[edit]

Crime in hip-hop coverage and controversy

[edit]
[edit]
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