Amarapura
Amarapura
အမရပူရ | |
|---|---|
Township of Mandalay | |
 Entrance of Amarapura town | |
  Amarapura Location in Burma | |
| Coordinates: 21°54′N 96°03′E / 21.900°N 96.050°E | |
| Country |  Myanmar |
| Region |  Mandalay |
| District | Amarapura |
| Township | Amarapura |
| Founded | 13 May 1783 |
| Time zone | UTC6:30 (MST) |
| Area codes | 2 (mobile: 69, 90)[1] |
Amarapura ([အမရပူရ] Error: {{Langx}}: invalid parameter: |MLCTS= (help), pronounced [ʔəməɹa̰pùɹa̰], lit. 'The Immortal city'; also spelt as Ummerapoora[2]) is a former capital of Myanmar, and now a township of Mandalay city. Amarapura is bounded by the Irrawaddy river in the west, Chanmyathazi Township in the north, and the ancient capital site of Ava (Inwa) in the south. It was the capital of Myanmar twice during the Konbaung period (1783–1821 and 1842–1859) before finally being supplanted by Mandalay 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) north in 1859. It is historically referred to as Taungmyo (Southern City) in relation to Mandalay. Amarapura today is part of Mandalay, as a result of urban sprawl. The township is known today for its traditional silk and cotton weaving, and bronze casting. It is a popular tourist day-trip destination from Mandalay.
Etymology
[edit]Amarapura comes from Pali: Amarapura (အမရပုရ), which means "The Immortal city".[3]
History
[edit]
Amarapura was founded by King Bodawpaya of the Konbaung Dynasty. He founded Amarapura as his new capital in May 1783.[4] The new capital became a center of Buddhist reforms and learning. In 1800, Buddhist clergy from Sri Lanka obtained higher ordination in this city and founded the Amarapura Nikaya (Amarapura sect).[5]
In 1810 the town was estimated to contain 170,000 inhabitants, but in that year it was destroyed by fire.[6] Bodawpaya's grandson, King Bagyidaw moved the Court back to Ava in November 1821[7] and in 1827, the population of Amarapura was estimated at only 30,000.[6] Bagyidaw's successor King Tharrawaddy again moved the royal capital back to Amarapura in February 1842.[8] In February 1857, King Mindon began building Mandalay as his new capital city, 11 km north of Amarapura. With the royal treasury depleted by the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, Mindon decided to reuse as much material from Amarapura as possible in the construction of Mandalay. The palace buildings were dismantled and moved by elephant to the new location, and the city walls were pulled down for use as building material for roads and railways.[9] Part of the moat is still recognizable near the Bagaya Monastery. The city officially ceased being the capital on 23 May 1859 when Mandalay took over that role.[10]
The ruins of the city wall show it to have been a square with a side of about three-quarters of a mile in length. At each corner stood a solid brick pagoda about 100 feet (30 m) high. The most remarkable edifice was a celebrated temple, adorned with 250 lofty pillars of gilt wood, and containing a colossal bronze statue of the Buddha.[6]
The indigenous Burmese tradition of acheik textile weaving originates in Amarapura,[11] and became popular during the Konbaung dynasty, during which sumptuary laws regulated who could wear acheik clothing.[12] Amarapura, alongside Wundwin, remains a major domestic center of traditional acheik weaving, although in recent years, cheaper factory-produced imitations from China and India have significantly disrupted Myanmar's traditional cottage industry.[13]
Sights of interest
[edit]- Pahtodawgyi (Amarapura) – A stupa built by King Bodawpaya in 1816 outside the city walls
- U Bein Bridge – a 1.2 km (0.75 mi) wooden footbridge (longest teak bridge in the world) built by the mayor U Bein salvaging the unwanted teak columns from the old palace during the move to Mandalay
- Kyauktawgyi Pagoda – A stupa built by King Pagan in 1847 at the farther end of U Bein's bridge
- Amarapura Palace ruins – containing tombs of King Bodawpaya and King Bagyidaw, and part of the old moat
- Maha Gandhayon Monastery – a large modern monastery complex with hundreds of monks and novices, well known throughout the country
- Chinese Temple – built in 1838 during King Tharrawaddy's reign
- Yadanabon University – A major liberal arts university for students from Mandalay suburbs
- Nagayon Temple
- Mandalar Degree College – One of tourism and hospitality management college which co-operated with liberal arts major and well known for its diversities and students from different province.
Photos
[edit]-
Monks Crossing U Bein Bridge at Sunset -
U Bein Bridge across the Taungthaman Lake -
Buddhist monks on U Bein Bridge -
U Bein Bridge -
Taungthaman Lake, Amarapura -
Sunset over Taungthaman Lake -
Old City Gate -
U Bein Bridge, detail -
U Bein Bridge -
A panoramic view of Amarapura looking towards the south-west in 1855 by Colesworthey Grant
Notes
[edit]- ^ "Myanmar Area Codes". Archived from the original on 2009-12-01. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
- ^ Arrowsmith, Aaron (1831). A compendium of ancient and modern geography. London, England. p. 637.
- ^ amara = immortality; pūra = city.
- ^ Maung Maung Tin Vol. 1 1905: 395
- ^ Bischoff 1995: 113
- ^ a b c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Amarapura". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 780.
- ^ Maung Maung Tin Vol. 2 1905: 223
- ^ Maung Maung Tin Vol. 3 1905: 33
- ^ Cooler, Konbaung Amarapura
- ^ Maung Maung Tin Vol. 3 1905: 193
- ^ Hardiman, John Percy (1901). Silk in Burma. superintendent, Government printing, Burma.
- ^ "The Tradition of Acheik Weaving in Myanmar – ICHCAP". Retrieved 2020-03-28.
- ^ Lynn, Kyaw Ye. "Weavers of traditional textiles in Mandalay unite". Frontier Myanmar. Retrieved 2020-03-28.
References
[edit]- Bischoff, Roger (1995). Buddhism in Myanmar - A Short History (PDF). Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society.
- Cooler, Richard M. "The Konbaung Period - Amarapura". Northern Illinois University. Archived from the original on 16 June 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-09.
- Maung Maung Tin (1905). Konbaung Hset Maha Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2004 ed.). Yangon: Department of Universities History Research, University of Yangon.
- Hoke Sein. "Entry for amara". Pāḷi-Myanmar Dictionary (ပါဠိမြန်မာ အဘိဓာန်) (in Burmese). Pali Canon E-Dictionary Version 1.94. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- Hoke Sein. "Entry for pura". Pāḷi Dictionary (in Burmese). Pali Canon E-Dictionary Version 1.94. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
External links
[edit]
- Wanderings in Burma George W. Bird, 1897, Southeast Asia Visions
