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Ali İhsan Sâbis

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Ali İhsan Pasha
1317-Top. 1[1]
Ali Ihsan Pasha
Born1882 (1882)
Constantinople (Istanbul), Ottoman Empire
DiedDecember 9, 1957(1957-12-09) (aged 74–75)
Istanbul, Turkey
Buried
Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı
Allegiance Ottoman Empire
 Turkey
Years of serviceOttoman: 1902–1919
Turkey: September 25, 1921 – June 22, 1922
RankOrgeneral
Commands1st division of the General headquarters, Chief of Staff of the Second Army, XIII Corps (deputy), General Reserve of the Third Army, XI Corps (deputy), 1st Expeditionary Force, IX Corps, XIII Corps, IV Corps, Sixth Army
First Army
Battles / wars
Other workMember of the GNAT (Afyonkarahisar)

Ali İhsan Pasha (1882 – 9 December 1957) was the commander for the Sixth Army of the Ottoman Empire during World War I.[2] After the war he was exiled to Malta by the British occupation forces. After returning to Turkey, he was appointed to the commandship of the First Army of Turkey. But shortly before the battle of Dumlupınar, he retired. During World War II, Pasha, director for the pro-Nazi Türkische Post, was court-martialed and imprisoned for 15 months for sending threatening letters against President İsmet İnönü for taking an increasingly anti-German stance.[3] In 1941, Hitler personally invited him and Hüseyin Hüsnü Emir Erkilet to the Eastern Front, albeit Ali Ilhsan was replaced by General Ali Fuad Erden.[4]

World War I

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The commander of the XIII Corps Ali İhsan Sâbis and his men (Hamedan)

In February 1916, he was assigned as the commander of the Ottoman VIII Corps, which had a considerable role in the successful Siege of Kut.[5] In 1918, his army was defeated by the British forces and he surrendered the remains of the 6th Army in October 1918 at the Battle of Sharqat, allowing the British to occupy Mosul in early November.[6]

Armenian genocide

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Mustafa Kemal's visit to Çay in the morning of 31 March 1922 during the Turkish War of Independence. Ali Ihsan Pasha can be seen on the far right.

Ali Ihsan is also known for his role in the Armenian genocide. While carrying his duties as commander of the 51st division, the Armenians that belonged to those units were murdered outright.[7] When he took command of the 4th army, Ali Ihsan played a crucial role in the forceful exhaustion and starvation of Armenians, which accounted for the lives of tens and thousands.[7] According to the German foreign ministry:

General A. Ihsan countless times and purposefully let the Germans know that he would not allow a single Armenian stay alive in his command zone. He bragged to German officers that "he had killed Armenians with his own hands" (rühmte sich mit eigener Hand Armenier getötet zu haben).[7][8]

Ali Ihsan Sabis was appointed the head of the 6th army and was tasked to enter Iran where he besieged the Armenian contingents in the area who were led by General Andranik Ozanian.[9] He had also warned the local chieftains that they would be killed if Armenian refugees were hiding under their protection.[10] Proceeding with massacring the local Armenian population, Ihsan confessed in front of a delegation of Armenians in Tabriz on 11 August:

I thank you for having come out to greet me, but listen to what I am going to tell you: above all, prove the truth of your words by your deeds. You are not unaware of all the afflictions that the Armenians of Urmia, Salmast, and Khoy have brought down upon the Muslim population. In retaliation, we killed the Armenians of Khoy and I gave the order to massacre the Armenians of Maku. If you with to be well treated, honor the promises that you have just made. If you do not, I cannot offer you any guarantees.[9]

This speech was affirmed by the archives of the French foreign ministry which states:

Ali Ihsan Paşa, formerly the Commander of the Army Corps stationed at Van, entered Tabriz at the end of June 1918 in the capacity of Commander-in-Chief of the Ottoman Forces in Azerbaijan...In an address to an Armenian delegation he said approximately the following: "Let it be known that during my entry into Khoy I had the Armenians of the area massacred, without distinction of age and sex ..."[7]

During a reception of the Armenian Prelate Mgr. Nerses, Ali Ihsan told him: "I had a half a million of your coreligionists massacred. I can offer you a cup of tea."[7][10]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri, Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1972, p. 144. (in Turkish)
  2. ^ Mango, Andrew (1999). Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey. Woodstock, NY: The Overlook Press. p. 191. ISBN 1-58567-011-1.
  3. ^ Cemil Koçak (2015). Geçmişiniz İtinayla Temizlenir (in Turkish). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. p. 236. ISBN 978-975-05-1474-6.
  4. ^ Miyaoka, Takahisa (2003). "Turkish Nationalism and Germany during the Second World War". Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan. 46 (1): 144–161. doi:10.5356/jorient.46.144.
  5. ^ Uyar, Mesut (December 30, 2020). The Ottoman Army and the First World War. Routledge. pp. 252–253, 259. ISBN 978-0-367-47177-4.
  6. ^ Uyar, Mesut (December 30, 2020), pp.395–296
  7. ^ a b c d e Dadrian, Vahakn N. (1995). The history of the Armenian genocide: ethnic conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus (3rd rev. ed.). Providence, RI: Berghahn. ISBN 1-57181-016-1.
  8. ^ Akçam, Taner (2007). A shameful act: the Armenian genocide and the question of Turkish responsibility (1st Holt pbk. ed.). New York, NY: Metropolitan Books/Holt. ISBN 978-0-8050-8665-2. - Profile at Google Books
  9. ^ a b Kévorkian, Raymond H. (2010). The Armenian genocide: a complete history (Reprinted. ed.). London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84885-561-8.
  10. ^ a b Kévorkian, Raymond H. (2006). Le génocide des Arméniens (in French). Paris: Jacob. pp. 870–1. ISBN 2-7381-1830-5.
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