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For other uses, see ASMR (disambiguation).

An illustration of the route of ASMR's tingling sensation[1]

An autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR)[2][3][4] is a tingling sensation that usually begins on the scalp and moves down the back of the neck and upper spine. A pleasant form of paresthesia,[5] it has been compared with auditory-tactile synesthesia[6][7] and may overlap with frisson.[8] ASMR is a subjective experience of "low-grade euphoria" characterized by "a combination of positive feelings and a distinct static-like tingling sensation on the skin". It is most commonly triggered by specific auditory stimuli, and less commonly by intentional attention control.[1][9]

The term ASMR can also refer to media (usually audiovisual) meant to evoke this phenomenon, with the sensation itself being informally referred to as "tingles".

Etymology

Although many colloquial and formal terms used and proposed between 2007 and 2010 included reference to orgasm, a significant majority objected to its use among those active in online discussions. Many differentiate between the euphoric, relaxing nature of ASMR and sexual arousal.[10] However, the argument for sexual arousal persists, and some proponents have published videos categorized as "ASMRotica" (ASMR erotica), which are deliberately designed to be sexually stimulating.[11][12]

Early proponents of ASMR concluded that the phenomenon was generally unrelated to sexual arousal. In 2010, Jennifer Allen, a participant in an online forum, proposed that the phenomenon be named "autonomous sensory meridian response". Allen chose the words intending or assuming them to have the following specific meanings:[13]

  • Autonomous – spontaneous, self-governing, with or without control
  • Sensory – about the senses or sensation
  • Meridian – signifying a peak, climax, or point of highest development
  • Response – referring to an experience triggered by something external or internal

Allen confirmed in a 2016 interview that she purposely selected these terms because they were more objective, comfortable, and clinical than alternative terms for the sensation.[14] In that interview, Allen explained she selected the word meridian to replace the word orgasm and said she had found a dictionary that defined meridian as "a point or period of highest development, greatest prosperity, or the like".[14][15]

Sensation

Further information: Paresthesia

The subjective experience, sensation, and perceptual phenomenon of ASMR is described by some of those susceptible to it as "akin to a mild electrical current...or the carbonated bubbles in a glass of champagne".[9] The tingling sensation on one's skin in general, called paresthesia, is referred to by ASMR enthusiasts as "tingles" when experienced along the scalp, neck, and back.[16][17] It has been described as "a static tingling sensation originating from the back of the head, then propagating to the neck, shoulder, arm, spine, and legs, which makes people feel relaxed and alert".[5]

Variance

Though little scientific research has been conducted into potential neurobiological correlations to the perceptual phenomenon, with a consequent dearth of data with which to explain its physical nature, personal commentary from forums, blog posts, and video comments have been analyzed to describe the phenomenon.[citation needed] Analysis of this anecdotal evidence has supported the original consensus that ASMR is euphoric but non-sexual, and has divided those who experience ASMR into two broad categories of subjects.[citation needed] One category depends upon external triggers to experience the localized sensation and its associated feelings, which typically originates in the head, often reaching down the neck and sometimes the upper back.[citation needed] The other category can intentionally augment the sensation and feelings without dependence upon external stimuli through attentional control, in a manner compared by some subjects to their experience of meditation.[18][19]

Triggers

ASMR is usually precipitated by stimuli referred to as "triggers".[9] ASMR triggers, which are most commonly auditory and visual, may be encountered through the interpersonal interactions of daily life. Additionally, ASMR is often triggered by exposure to specific audio and video. Such media may be specially made with the specific purpose of triggering ASMR, or created for other purposes and later discovered to be effective as a trigger.[1]

Stimuli that can trigger ASMR, as reported by those who experience it, include the following:

  • Listening to a softly spoken or whispering voice[20]
  • Listening to a person blow or exhale into a microphone[citation needed]
  • Listening to mouth sounds, such as quiet clicking of the tongue or tisking[21]
  • Listening to tapping, typically with one's nails onto hard surfaces[20]
  • Listening to buttons being pressed, mostly those of computer keyboards or video game controllers[citation needed]
  • Listening to quiet, repetitive sounds resulting from someone engaging in a mundane task, such as turning the pages of a book [22]
  • Walking through a forest with a light wind blowing through the pines, sometimes called Shinrin-yoku or "forest bathing".[citation needed]
  • Watching somebody attentively execute a mundane task, such as preparing food[20]
  • Receiving personal attention, such as having one's makeup applied, hair styled, or a medical exam performed.[20]
  • Listening to the sound of rainfall[citation needed]
  • Listening to "crinkly" items such as paper, clothes, and substances such as styrofoam[20]
  • Listening to certain types of music.[23]

A 2017 study of 130 survey respondents found that lower-pitched, complex sounds, and slow-paced, detail-focused videos are especially effective triggers.[24]

Auditory

The effect can reportedly be triggered by whispering.[16]

Many of those who experience ASMR report that non-vocal ambient noises performed through human activities are also effective triggers of ASMR. Examples of such noises include fingers scratching or tapping a surface, brushing hair, hands rubbing together or manipulating fabric, the crushing of eggshells, the crinkling and crumpling of a flexible material such as paper, or writing. Many YouTube videos that are intended to trigger ASMR responses feature a single person performing these actions and the sounds that result.[25]

Personal attention

In addition to the effectiveness of specific auditory stimuli, many subjects report that ASMR is triggered by the receipt of tender personal attention, often comprising combined physical touch and vocal expression, such as when having their hair cut, nails painted, ears cleaned, or back massaged while the service provider speaks quietly to the recipient.[citation needed]

Furthermore, many of those who have experienced ASMR during these and other comparable encounters with a service provider report that watching an "ASMRtist" simulate the provision of such personal attention, acting directly to the camera as if the viewer were the recipient of a simulated service, is sufficient to trigger it.[9][26]

Clinical

Among the category of intentional ASMR videos that simulate the provision of personal attention is a subcategory wherein the "ASMRtist" is specifically depicted providing clinical or medical services, including routine general medical examinations. The creators of these videos make no claims to the reality of what is depicted, and the viewer is intended to be aware that they are watching and listening to a simulation performed by an artist. Nonetheless, many viewers attribute therapeutic outcomes to these and other categories of intentional ASMR videos, and there are numerous anecdotal reports of their effectiveness in inducing sleep for those susceptible to insomnia, and assuaging a range of symptoms, including those associated with depression, anxiety and panic attacks.[27][28][29]

Tactile

In addition to audio and visual stimuli, ASMR may be caused by light touches and brushing against the skin, such as effleurage.[30][1][16]

Background and history

Contemporary

The official contemporary history of ASMR began on 19 October 2007 on a discussion forum for health-related subjects at a website called Steady Health.[31] A 21-year-old registered user with the handle "okaywhatever" submitted a post describing having experienced a specific sensation since childhood, comparable to that stimulated by tracing fingers along the skin, yet often triggered by seemingly random and unrelated non-haptic events, such as "watching a puppet show" or "being read a story".[32]

Replies to this post indicated that a significant number of other people had experienced the sensation described by "okaywhatever", also in response to witnessing mundane events. These interchanges precipitated the formation of a number of web-based locations intended to facilitate further discussion and analysis of the phenomenon, for which there were plentiful anecdotal accounts,[27][18] yet no consensus-agreed name nor any scientific data or explanation.[28]

Earlier

Virginia Woolf's novel Mrs Dalloway contains a passage describing something that may be comparable to ASMR.

Clemens J. Setz suggests that a passage from the novel Mrs Dalloway authored by Virginia Woolf and published in 1925, describes something distinctly comparable.[33][34] In the passage from Mrs Dalloway cited by Setz, a nursemaid speaks to the man who is her patient "deeply, softly, like a mellow organ, but with a roughness in her voice like a grasshopper's, which rasped his spine deliciously and sent running up into his brain waves of sound".[35]

According to Setz, this citation generally alludes to the effectiveness of the human voice and soft or whispered vocal sounds specifically as a trigger of ASMR for many of those who experience it, as demonstrated by comments posted to YouTube videos that depict someone speaking softly or whispering, typically directly to the camera.[27]

Animal grooming has been interpreted as a form of bonding.

There are no known sources for any origins for ASMR, since it has yet to be identified as having biological correlations. Even so, a significant majority of descriptions of ASMR by those who experience it compare the sensation to that precipitated by receipt of tender physical touch, providing examples such as having their hair cut or combed. This has led to the conjecture that ASMR might be related to the act of grooming.[36]

For example, David Huron, Professor in the School of Music at Ohio State University, states:

[The "ASMR effect" is] clearly strongly related to the perception of non-threat and altruistic attention [and has a] strong similarity to physical grooming in primates [who] derive enormous pleasure (bordering on euphoria) when being groomed by a grooming partner...not to get clean, but rather to bond with each other.[25]

Imaging subjects' brains with fMRI as they reported experiencing ASMR tingles suggests support for this hypothesis, because brain areas such as the medial prefrontal cortex (associated with social behaviors including grooming) and the secondary somatosensory cortex (associated with the sensation of touch) were activated more strongly during tingling periods than control periods.[37]

Media

Videos

An ASMR video

The most popular source of stimuli reported by subjects to be effective in triggering ASMR is video. Videos reported being effective in triggering ASMR generally fall into two categories: intentional and unintentional. Intentional media is created by those known as "ASMRtists" to deliberately trigger ASMR in viewers and listeners. Unintentional media is that made for other reasons, often before attention was drawn to the phenomenon in 2007, but which some subjects discover to be effective in triggering ASMR. Examples of unintentional media include British author John Butler[38] and American painter Bob Ross. In Ross's episodes of his television series The Joy of Painting, both broadcast and on YouTube, his soft, gentle speaking mannerisms and the sound of his painting and his tools trigger the effect in some viewers.[39][40] The work of stop-motion filmmaker PES is also often noted.[41]

A genre of videos intended to induce ASMR has emerged in recent years, approximately 25 million of which had been published on YouTube by 2022,[42] and categories of dedicated live ASMR streams exist on Twitch, Kick, Instagram, and TikTok. A number of online content creators have rose to fame from posting content surrounding ASMR, including YouTubers like Gibi ASMR, who had over 1.8 million subscribers in 2019.[43]

Binaural recording

Main article: Binaural recording
A binaural roleplay ASMR video in French from YouTube

Some ASMR video creators use binaural recording techniques to simulate the acoustics of a three-dimensional environment, reported to elicit in viewers and listeners the experience of being in proximity to the actor or vocalist.[44] Binaural recordings are usually made using two microphones, just like stereo recordings. However, in binaural recordings, the two microphones tend to be more specially designed to mimic human ears. In many cases, microphones are the same distance apart as the ears on a human head, and are surrounded by ear-shaped cups to mimic the acoustics of human ears.

Viewing and hearing ASMR videos that comprise ambient sound captured through binaural recording has been compared to the reported effect of listening to binaural beats, which are also alleged to precipitate pleasurable sensations and the subjective experience of calm and equanimity.[45] Binaural recordings are made specifically to be heard through headphones rather than loudspeakers. When listening to sound through loudspeakers, the left and right ear can both hear the sound coming from both speakers. In contrast, when listening to sound through headphones, the sound from the left earpiece is audible only to the left ear, and the sound from the right earpiece is audible only to the right ear. In producing binaural media, the sound source is recorded by two separate microphones that remain in separate channels on the final medium, whether video or audio.[46]

Listening to a binaural recording through headphones simulates the sound localization by which people listen to live sounds. For the listener, this experience is characterized by two perceptions. Firstly, the listener perceives themself as being near the performer and location of the sound source. Secondly, the listener perceives what is often reported as a three-dimensional sound, in which both the position and distance of the sound source relative to the microphones are perceptible, making it seem as if the listener is in place of the microphones.[44]

The term "binaural beats" (relating to ASMR) was primarily developed by the Monroe Institute as part of Stargate Project or "Project Gateway" or "Gateway Experience"[47][48]

Reception

On 12 March 2012, Steven Novella, Director of General Neurology at the Yale School of Medicine, published a post about ASMR on his blog Neurologica. Regarding the question of whether ASMR is a real phenomenon, Novella said "In this case, I don't think there is a definitive answer, but I am inclined to believe that it is. Several people seem to have independently ... experienced and described the same syndrome with some fairly specific details. In this way it's similar to migraine headaches – we know they exist as a syndrome primarily because many different people report the same constellation of symptoms and natural history." Novella tentatively posited the possibilities that ASMR might be either a type of pleasurable seizure or another way to activate the "pleasure response". However, Novella drew attention to the lack of scientific investigation into ASMR, suggesting that functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation technologies should be used to study the brains of people who experience ASMR in comparison to people who do not, as a way of beginning to seek scientific understanding and explanation of the phenomenon.[49][50]

Four months after Novella's blog post, Tom Stafford, a lecturer in psychology and cognitive sciences at the University of Sheffield, was reported to have said that ASMR "might well be a real thing, but it's inherently difficult to research... something like this that you can't see or feel" and "doesn't happen for everyone". Stafford compared the status of ASMR with the development of attitudes toward synesthesia, which he said "for years... was a myth, then in the 1990s people came up with a reliable way of measuring it".[2]

Comparisons and associations with other phenomena

Synesthesia

Main article: Synesthesia

Integral to the subjective experience of ASMR is a localized tingling sensation that many describe as similar to being gently touched, but which is stimulated by watching and listening to audiovisual media in the absence of any physical contact with another person. These reports have precipitated comparison between ASMR and synesthesia – a condition characterized by the excitation of one sensory modality by stimuli that normally exclusively stimulates another, such as when the hearing of a specific sound induces the visualization of a distinct color, shape, or object (a type of synesthesia called chromesthesia). Thereby, people with other types of synesthesia report, for example, "seeing sounds" in the case of auditory-visual synesthesia, or "tasting words" in the case of lexical-gustatory synesthesia.[51][52][53][54][55]

In the case of ASMR, many report the perception of "being touched" by the sights and sounds presented on a video recording, comparable to visual-tactile and auditory-tactile synesthesia.[55]

Misophonia

Main article: Misophonia

Some people have sought to relate ASMR to misophonia (a "hatred of sound"), which manifests typically as "automatic negative emotional reactions to particular sounds – the opposite of what can be observed in reactions to specific audio stimuli in ASMR".[1]

For example, those who have misophonia often report that specific human sounds, including those made by eating, breathing, whispering, or repetitive tapping noises, can precipitate feelings of anger and disgust in the absence of any previously learned associations that might otherwise explain those reactions.[56]

There are plentiful anecdotal reports by those who claim to have both misophonia and ASMR at multiple web-based user-interaction and discussion locations. Common to these reports is the experience of ASMR to some sounds, and misophonia in response to others.[57][58]

Frisson

Main article: Frisson

The tingling sensation that characterizes ASMR has been compared and contrasted to frisson.[59][60][61]

The French word frisson signifies a brief sensation usually reported as pleasurable and often expressed as an overwhelming emotional response to stimuli, such as a piece of music. Frisson often occurs simultaneously with piloerection, colloquially known as "goose bumps", by which tiny muscles called arrector pili contract, causing body hair, particularly that on the limbs and back of the neck, to erect or "stand on end".[62][63][64][65]

Although ASMR and frisson are "interrelated in that they appear to arise through similar physiological mechanisms", individuals who have experienced both describe them as qualitatively different, with different kinds of triggers.[66] A 2018 fMRI study showed that the major brain regions already known to be activated in frisson are also activated in ASMR,[37] and suggests that "the similar pattern of activation of both ASMR and frisson could explain their subjective similarities, such as their short duration and tingling sensation".

Sexuality

People who experience ASMR report feeling relaxed and sleepy after watching and listening to ASMR content.[67][68] While some journalists and commentators have portrayed ASMR as intimate, they go on to say there is no evidence of any connection between ASMR and sexual arousal.[27][68][69][70][71][72] Nevertheless, performance studies scholar Emma Leigh Waldron has noted that the links between ASMR and sexual arousal are perhaps due to the way that ASMR can engage viewers and listeners, in ambiguous relations to what she calls "mediated intimacy".[73]

Contemporary art

Berlin-based artist Claire Tolan is a contemporary artist working with ASMR, having produced works for the CTM Festival,[74] collaborated with noted composer Holly Herndon, and exhibited widely in North America and Europe. She has been working consistently in this genre since 2013.[75]

British artist Lucy Clout's single-channel video "Shrugging Offing", made for exhibition in March 2013, uses the model of online ASMR broadcasts as the basis for a work exploring the female body.[76][77]

Digital arts

The first digital arts installation specifically inspired by ASMR was created by American artist Julie Weitz and called Touch Museum, which opened at the Young Projects Gallery on 13 February 2015 and comprised video screenings distributed throughout seven rooms.[78][79][80]

Music

The music for Julie Weitz's Touch Museum's digital art installation was composed by Benjamin Wynn under his pseudonym "Deru", and was the first musical composition specifically created for a live ASMR arts event.[78]

Subsequently, artists Sophie Mallett and Marie Toseland created 'a live binaural sound work' composed of ASMR triggers and broadcast by Resonance FM, the listings for which advised the audience to "listen with headphones for the full sensory effect".[81][82]

On 18 May 2015, contemporary composer Holly Herndon released an album called Platform, which included a collaboration with Tolan named "Lonely At The Top", intended to trigger ASMR.[83][84][85][86][87][88][89][excessive citations]

The track "Brush" from Holly Pester's 2016 album and poetry collection Common Rest featured Tolan, exploring ASMR and its relation to lullaby.[90]

Film

The hair-cutting scene in the film Battle of the Sexes (2017) deliberately included several ASMR triggers. Director Jonathan Dayton stated "People work to make videos that elicit this response ... and we were wondering, 'Could we get that response in a theater full of people?'"[91]

There have been three successfully crowdfunded projects, each based on proposals to make a film about ASMR: two documentaries and one fictional piece. As of 2016, none of these films had been completed.[92] A short documentary about ASMR, Tertiary Sound, was selected to be screened at BFI London Film Festival in 2019.[93] A scene featuring an ASMR content creator, Slight Sounds, was featured in the coming-of-age horror movie We're All Going to the World's Fair.

The first feature film drama that focuses on ASMR is the New Zealand psychological drama Shut Eye, which examines the relationship between an insomniac and a popular ASMR creator. The film premiered at the 2022 New Zealand International Film Festival.

Television

On 31 July 2015, the BBC panel show Would I Lie To You? featured the ASMR content creator ASMRAngel as a guest as part of the "This is my" round, which resulted in the reveal of the person connected to comedian Joe Lycett.[94]

In 2018, ASMR, along with a number of its adherents, was featured on the Netflix show Follow This for an episode titled "The Internet Whisperers".[95]

On August 8, 2018 ASMR was featured in Jimmy Kimmel Live! where Jimmy Kimmel assembled a group of youngsters that showed him various ASMR videos to explain to him how it works and why they like it so much.[96]

During Super Bowl LIII in 2019, Anheuser-Busch broadcast an ASMR-themed commercial for its Michelob Ultra Pure Gold beer, where Zoë Kravitz uses ASMR techniques including whispering and tapping on a Pure Gold bottle into two microphones. Rolling Stone described the commercial as an example of ASMR "[going] mainstream".[97][98][99]

In the 3 May 2019 episode of HBO's Real Time with Bill Maher, host Bill Maher and musician Moby discussed and demonstrated their use of ASMR as a coping mechanism.[100]

In the 16 May 2019 episode of the CBS All Access series The Good Fight, titled "The One About the End of the World", a law firm uses ASMR-style presentations to try to get through to a judge when they discover he is an avid follower of the phenomenon.[101]

In an episode of Criminal Minds (season 14 episode 12 entitled "Hamelin"), the Behavioral Analysis Unit team hunts for an unknown suspect who uses ASMR to persuade children to leave their homes in the middle of the night to come to meet up and voluntarily enter his van. Dr. Spencer Reid is sent a video from the unknown suspect of him making the auditory recording that he then plays from his van outside each child's house to lure them out.[102]

In episode 5 of the sketch show Astronomy Club: The Sketch Show, there is a sketch about an ASMR award show.

In season 7, episode 8 ("The Takeback") of the sitcom Brooklyn Nine-Nine, Jake Peralta pretends to be an excessively soft-spoken and famous ASMRtist, helping pull off a reverse heist to put back stolen gems.[citation needed]

In season 9, episode 3 ("Boxed In") of the show Beavis and Butt-Head, the two titular characters sit on their couch and watch a YouTube video featuring "Gibi ASMR".

Fictional and creative literature

In March 2013, the American weekly hour-long radio program This American Life broadcast the first short story on the subject of ASMR, called "A Tribe Called Rest", authored and read by American novelist and screenwriter Andrea Seigel.[103]

In 2001, in her novel A Brief Stay with the Living, Marie Darrieussecq describes the sensation in several pages (see for example pp. 21–22), describing a visit to an ophthalmologist:[104]

His hands changing the lenses again, fingers on my chin, on my temples, slow and soft, yes, a soft sensation, a wave rising along my skull, shrinking my scalp... a process of head-shrinking... my head, my brain, his fingers, letters... the absolute calm of the process (...) A soft, regular motion, something unbroken, which goes on, swinging, sleepy, to and fro, rocking... When I was little, at school, the teacher's voice, creeping to the very top of my skull, my limp hands...

Non-fiction

The Idiot's Guide series has one book on ASMR written by Julie Young and ASMRtist Ilse Blansert (aka TheWaterwhispers), published in 2015.[36]

In 2018, Craig Richard, founder of ASMRUniversity.com, published his book Brain Tingles.[105]

In 2021, writer and filmmaker Laura Nagy released Pillow Talk, an Audible Original podcast, detailing her personal experience in the world of ASMR relationship role-play as an antidote to loneliness and a coping mechanism for anxiety and trauma.[106]

Exhibitions

In 2020, the first major exhibition on ASMR, Weird Sensation Feels Good, took place at Sweden's ArkDes architecture and design museum.[107][108] In 2022, an expanded iteration of the exhibition opened at the Design Museum in London.[109][110][111]

See also

References

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