Please refer to the errata for this document, which may include some normative corrections.
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HTML4 and CSS2 currently support media-dependent style sheets tailored
for different media types. For example, a document may use
sans-serif fonts when displayed on a screen and serif fonts when printed.
‘screen
’ and ‘print
’ are two media types that have been defined.
Media queries extend the functionality of media types by allowing
more precise labeling of style sheets.
A media query consists of a media type and zero or more expressions that
check for the conditions of particular media features. Among the
media features that can be used in media queries are ‘width
’, ‘height
’, and ‘color
’. By using media queries, presentations can
be tailored to a specific range of output devices without changing the
content itself.
This is a public copy of the editors' draft. It is provided for discussion only and may change at any moment. Its publication here does not imply endorsement of its contents by W3C. Don't cite this document other than as work in progress.
Please send feedback by filing issues in GitHub (preferred), including the spec code “mediaqueries-3” in the title, like this: “[mediaqueries-3] …summary of comment…”. All issues and comments are archived. Alternately, feedback can be sent to the (archived) public mailing list [email protected]. Comments are due by 5 June 2022.
This document is governed by the 3 November 2023 W3C Process Document.
This document was produced by a group operating under the W3C Patent Policy. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy.
(This section is not normative.)
HTML4 [HTML401] and CSS2 [CSS21] currently support media-dependent style sheets tailored for different media types. For example, a document may use different style sheets for screen and print. In HTML4, this can be written as:
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="sans-serif.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print" href="serif.css">
Inside a CSS style sheet, one can declare that sections apply to certain media types:
@media screen {
* { font-family: sans-serif }
}
The ‘print
’ and ‘screen
’ media types are defined in HTML4. The
complete list of media types in HTML4 is: ‘aural
’, ‘braille
’, ‘handheld
’, ‘print
’, ‘projection
’, ‘screen
’, ‘tty
’,
‘tv
’. CSS2 defines the same list,
deprecates ‘aural
’ and adds
‘embossed
’ and ‘speech
’. Also, ‘all
’ is used to indicate that the style sheet
applies to all media types.
Media-specific style sheets are supported by several user agents. The
most commonly used feature is to distinguish between ‘screen
’ and ‘print
’.
There have been requests for ways to describe in more detail what type of output devices a style sheet applies to. Fortunately HTML4 foresaw these requests and defined a forward-compatible syntax for media types. Here is a quote from HTML4, section 6.13:
Future versions of HTML may introduce new values and may allow parameterized values. To facilitate the introduction of these extensions, conforming user agents must be able to parse the media attribute value as follows:
- The value is a comma-separated list of entries. For example,
media="screen, 3d-glasses, print and resolution > 90dpi"
is mapped to:
"screen" "3d-glasses" "print and resolution > 90dpi"
- Each entry is truncated just before the first character that isn't a US ASCII letter [a-zA-Z] (Unicode decimal 65-90, 97-122), digit [0-9] (Unicode hex 30-39), or hyphen (45). In the example, this gives:
"screen" "3d-glasses" "print"
Media queries, as described in this specification, build on the
mechanism outlined in HTML4. The syntax of media queries fit into the
media type syntax reserved in HTML4. The media
attribute of HTML4 also exists in XHTML and generic XML. The same syntax
can also be used inside in the ‘@media
’
and ‘@import
’ rules of CSS.
However, the parsing rules for media queries are incompatible with those of HTML4 so that they are consistent with those of media queries used in CSS.
Newer versions of HTML [HTML] reference the Media Queries specification directly and thus updates the rules for HTML.
A media query consists of a media type and zero or more expressions that check for the conditions of particular media features.
Statements regarding media queries in this section assume the syntax section is followed. Media queries that do not conform to the syntax are discussed in the error handling section. I.e. the syntax takes precedence over requirements in this section.
Here is a simple example written in HTML:
<link rel="stylesheet" media="screen and (color)" href="example.css" />
This example expresses that a certain style sheet
(example.css
) applies to devices of a certain media type
(‘screen
’) with certain feature (it
must be a color screen).
Here the same media query written in an @import-rule in CSS:
@import url(color.css) screen and (color);
A media query is a logical expression that is either true or false. A media query is true if the media type of the media query matches the media type of the device where the user agent is running (as defined in the "Applies to" line), and all expressions in the media query are true.
A shorthand syntax is offered for media queries that apply to all media
types; the keyword ‘all
’ can be left
out (along with the trailing ‘and
’).
I.e. if the media type is not explicitly given it is ‘all
’.
I.e. these are identical:
@media all and (min-width:500px) { … }
@media (min-width:500px) { … }
As are these:
@media (orientation: portrait) { … }
@media all and (orientation: portrait) { … }
Several media queries can be combined in a media query list. A
comma-separated list of media queries. If one or more of the media queries
in the comma-separated list are true, the whole list is true, and
otherwise false. In the media queries syntax, the comma expresses a
logical OR, while the ‘and
’ keyword
expresses a logical AND.
Here is an example of several media queries in a comma-separated list using the an @media-rule in CSS:
@media screen and (color), projection and (color) { … }
If the media query list is empty (i.e. the declaration is the empty string or consists solely of whitespace) it evaluates to true.
I.e. these are equivalent:
@media all { … }
@media { … }
The logical NOT can be expressed through the ‘not
’ keyword. The presence of the keyword
‘not
’ at the beginning of the media
query negates the result. I.e., if the media query had been true without
the ‘not
’ keyword it will become false,
and vice versa. User agents that only support media types (as described in
HTML4) will not recognize the ‘not
’
keyword and the associated style sheet is therefore not applied.
<link rel="stylesheet" media="not screen and (color)" href="example.css" />
The keyword ‘only
’ can also be used
to hide style sheets from older user agents. User agents must process
media queries starting with ‘only
’ as
if the ‘only
’ keyword was not present.
<link rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (color)" href="example.css" />
The media queries syntax can be used with HTML, XHTML, XML [XMLSTYLE] and the @import and @media rules of CSS.
Here is the same example written in HTML, XHTML, XML, @import and @media:
<link media="screen and (color), projection and (color)" rel="stylesheet" href="example.css">
<link media="screen and (color), projection and (color)" rel="stylesheet" href="example.css" />
<?xml-stylesheet media="screen and (color), projection and (color)" rel="stylesheet" href="example.css" ?>
@import url(example.css) screen and (color), projection and (color);
@media screen and (color), projection and (color) { … }
The [XMLSTYLE] specification has not
yet been updated to use media queries in the media
pseudo-attribute.
If a media feature does not apply to the device where the UA is running, expressions involving the media feature will be false.
The media feature ‘device-aspect-ratio
’ only applies to visual
devices. On an aural device, expressions involving ‘device-aspect-ratio
’ will therefore always be
false:
<link rel="stylesheet" media="aural and (device-aspect-ratio: 16/9)" href="example.css" />
Expressions will always be false if the unit of measurement does not apply to the device.
The ‘px
’ unit does not apply to
‘speech
’ devices so the following
media query is always false:
<link rel="stylesheet" media="speech and (min-device-width: 800px)" href="example.css" />
Note that the media queries in this example would have been true if the
keyword ‘not
’ had been added to the
beginning of the media query.
To avoid circular dependencies, unless another feature explicitly
specifies that it affects the resolution of Media Queries, it is not necessary to apply the style
sheet in order to evaluate expressions. For example, the aspect ratio of a
printed document may be influenced by a style sheet, but expressions
involving ‘device-aspect-ratio
’ will be
based on the default aspect ratio of the user agent.
User agents are expected, but not required, to re-evaluate and re-layout the page in response to changes in the user environment, for example if the device is tilted from landscape to portrait mode.
The media query syntax is described in terms of the CSS2 grammar. As such,
rules not defined here are defined in CSS2. The
media_query_list
production defined below replaces the
media_list
production from CSS2. [CSS21]
media_query_list : S* [media_query [ ',' S* media_query ]* ]? ; media_query : [ONLY | NOT]? S* media_type S* [ AND S* expression ]* | expression [ AND S* expression ]* ; media_type : IDENT ; expression : '(' S* media_feature S* [ ':' S* expr ]? ')' S* ; media_feature : IDENT ;
COMMENT tokens, as defined by CSS2, do not occur in the grammar (to keep it readable), but any number of these tokens may appear anywhere between other tokens. [CSS21]
The following new definitions are introduced:
L l|\\0{0,4}(4c|6c)(\r\n|[ \t\r\n\f])?|\\l Y y|\\0{0,4}(59|79)(\r\n|[ \t\r\n\f])?|\\y
The following new tokens are introduced:
{O}{N}{L}{Y} {return ONLY;} {N}{O}{T} {return NOT;} {A}{N}{D} {return AND;} {num}{D}{P}{I} {return RESOLUTION;} {num}{D}{P}{C}{M} {return RESOLUTION;}
RESOLUTION
is to be added to the CSS2 term
production.
CSS style sheets are generally ASCII case-insensitive, and this is also the case for media queries.
In addition to conforming to the syntax, each media query needs to use media types and media features according to their respective specification in order to be considered conforming.
Only the first media query is conforming in the example below because the "example" media type does not exist.
@media all { body { background:lime } }
@media example { body { background:red } }
For media queries that are not conforming user agents need to follow the rules described in this section.
layer
’ is also to not be treated as an unknown media type,
but as a syntax errors when used in place of media types.
This change was introduced as a result of issue 7225.
This change has tests
Tests for this change have been added to WPT.
The results can be viewed at wpt.fyi.
Unknown media types. Unknown media types evaluate to
false. Effectively, they are treated identically to known media types
that do not match the media type of the device.
However, an exception is made for media types ‘layer
’, ‘not
’, ‘and
’, ‘only
’, and ‘or
’.
Even though they do match the IDENT production,
they must not be treated as unknown media types,
but rather trigger the malformed query clause.
Note: The exclusion of ‘layer
’ is because
it would otherwise be ambiguous
when used in the @import url(…) layer;
syntax
for the sake of cascade layers.
See [CSS-CASCADE-5].
The media query "unknown
" will evaluate to false, unless
unknown
is actually a supported media type. Similarly,
"not unknown
" will evaluate to true.
The following is a malformed media query because it uses ‘only
’ and ‘or
’ as media types.
@media only and or { … }
Unknown media types are distinct from media types that do not actually match the IDENT production. Those fall under the malformed media query clause.
Unknown media features. User agents are to represent
a media query as "not all
" when one of the specified media
features is not known.
<link rel="stylesheet" media="screen and (max-weight: 3kg) and (color), (color)" href="example.css" />
In this example, the first media query will be represented as
"not all
" and evaluate to false and the second media query
is evaluated as if the first had not been specified, effectively.
@media (min-orientation:portrait) { … }
Is represented as "not all
" because the ‘orientation
’ feature does not accept the
‘min-
’ prefix.
Unknown media feature values. As with unknown media
features, user agents are to represent a media query as "not
all
" when one of the specified media feature values is not known.
The media query (color:20example)
specifies an unknown
value for the ‘color
’ media feature
and is therefore represented as "not all
".
This media query is represented as "not all
" because
negative lengths are not allowed for the ‘width
’ media feature:
@media (min-width: -100px) { … }
Malformed media query. User agents are to handle
unexpected tokens encountered while parsing a media query by reading
until the end of the media query, while observing the rules for
matching pairs of (), [], {}, "", and '', and correctly
handling escapes. Media queries with unexpected tokens are represented
as "not all
". [CSS21]
@media (example, all,), speech { /* only applicable to speech devices */ }
@media &test, screen { /* only applicable to screen devices */ }
The following is an malformed media query because having no space
between ‘and
’ and the expression is
not allowed. (That is reserved for the functional notation syntax.)
@media all and(color) { … }
Media queries are expected to follow the error handling rules of the host language as well.
@media test;,all { body { background:lime } }
… will not apply because the semicolon terminates the
@media
rule in CSS.
Syntactically, media features resemble CSS properties: they have names and accept certain values. There are, however, several important differences between properties and media features:
min-
’ or ‘max-
’
prefixes to express "greater or equal to" and "smaller or equal to"
constraints. This syntax is used to avoid "<" and ">" characters
which may conflict with HTML and XML. Those media features that accept
prefixes will most often be used with prefixes, but can also be used
alone.
(feature)
will
evaluate to true if (feature:x)
will
evaluate to true for a value x other than zero or zero
followed by a unit identifier (i.e., other than 0
,
0px
, 0em
, etc.). Media features that are
prefixed by min/max cannot be used without a value. When a media feature
prefixed with min/max is used without a value it makes the media query
malformed.
aspect-ratio
’ and
‘device-aspect-ratio
’ media features.)
For example, the ‘color
’ media
feature can form expressions without a value (‘(color)
’), or with a value (‘(min-color: 1)
’).
This specification defines media features usable with visual and tactile devices. Similarly, media features can be defined for aural media types.
The ‘width
’ media feature describes
the width of the targeted display area of the output device. For
continuous media, this is the width of the viewport (as described by CSS2,
section 9.1.1 [CSS21]) including the size of a
rendered scroll bar (if any). For paged media, this is the width of the
page box (as described by CSS2, section 13.2 [CSS21]).
A specified <length> cannot be negative.
For example, this media query expresses that the style sheet is usable on printed output wider than 25cm:
<link rel="stylesheet" media="print and (min-width: 25cm)" href="http://…" />
This media query expresses that the style sheet is usable on devices with viewport (the part of the screen/paper where the document is rendered) widths between 400 and 700 pixels:
@media screen and (min-width: 400px) and (max-width: 700px) { … }
This media query expresses that style sheet is usable on screen and handheld devices if the width of the viewport is greater than 20em.
@media handheld and (min-width: 20em),
screen and (min-width: 20em) { … }
The ‘em
’ value is relative to the
initial value of ‘font-size’.
The ‘height
’ media feature describes
the height of the targeted display area of the output device. For
continuous media, this is the height of the viewport including the size of
a rendered scroll bar (if any). For paged media, this is the height of the
page box.
A specified <length> cannot be negative.
The ‘device-width
’ media feature
describes the width of the rendering surface of the output device. For
continuous media, this is the width of the screen. For paged media, this
is the width of the page sheet size.
A specified <length> cannot be negative.
@media screen and (device-width: 800px) { … }
In the example above, the style sheet will apply only to screens that
currently displays exactly 800 horizontal pixels. The ‘px
’ unit is of the logical kind, as described in
the Units section.
The ‘device-height
’ media feature
describes the height of the rendering surface of the output device. For
continuous media, this is the height of the screen. For paged media, this
is the height of the page sheet size.
A specified <length> cannot be negative.
<link rel="stylesheet" media="screen and (device-height: 600px)" />
In the example above, the style sheet will apply only to screens that
have exactly 600 vertical pixels. Note that the definition of the
‘px
’ unit is the same as in other
parts of CSS.
The ‘orientation
’ media feature is
‘portrait
’ when the value of the
‘height
’ media feature is greater than
or equal to the value of the ‘width
’
media feature. Otherwise ‘orientation
’
is ‘landscape
’.
@media all and (orientation:portrait) { … }
@media all and (orientation:landscape) { … }
The ‘aspect-ratio
’ media feature is
defined as the ratio of the value of the ‘width
’ media feature to the value of the
‘height
’ media feature.
The ‘device-aspect-ratio
’ media
feature is defined as the ratio of the value of the ‘device-width
’ media feature to the value of the
‘device-height
’ media feature.
For example, if a screen device with square pixels has 1280 horizontal pixels and 720 vertical pixels (commonly referred to as "16:9"), the following Media Queries will all match the device:
@media screen and (device-aspect-ratio: 16/9) { … }
@media screen and (device-aspect-ratio: 32/18) { … }
@media screen and (device-aspect-ratio: 1280/720) { … }
@media screen and (device-aspect-ratio: 2560/1440) { … }
The ‘color
’ media feature describes
the number of bits per color component of the output device. If the device
is not a color device, the value is zero.
A specified <integer> cannot be negative.
For example, these two media queries express that a style sheet applies to all color devices:
@media all and (color) { … }
@media all and (min-color: 1) { … }
This media query expresses that a style sheet applies to color devices with 2 or more bits per color component:
@media all and (min-color: 2) { … }
If different color components are represented by different number of bits, the smallest number is used.
For instance, if an 8-bit color system represents the red component
with 3 bits, the green component with 3 bits and the blue component with
2 bits, the ‘color
’ media feature will
have a value of 2.
In a device with indexed colors, the minimum number of bits per color component in the lookup table is used.
The described functionality is only able to describe color capabilities at a superficial level. If further functionality is required, RFC2531 [RFC2531] provides more specific media features which may be supported at a later stage.
The ‘color-index
’ media feature
describes the number of entries in the color lookup table of the output
device. If the device does not use a color lookup table, the value is
zero.
A specified <integer> cannot be negative.
For example, here are two ways to express that a style sheet applies to all color index devices:
@media all and (color-index) { … }
@media all and (min-color-index: 1) { … }
This media query expresses that a style sheet applies to a color index device with 256 or more entries:
<?xml-stylesheet media="all and (min-color-index: 256)"
href="http://www.example.com/…" ?>
The ‘monochrome
’ media feature
describes the number of bits per pixel in a monochrome frame buffer. If
the device is not a monochrome device, the output device value will be 0.
A specified <integer> cannot be negative.
For example, here are two ways to express that a style sheet applies to all monochrome devices:
@media all and (monochrome) { … }
@media all and (min-monochrome: 1) { … }
Express that a style sheet applies to monochrome devices with more than 2 bits per pixels:
@media all and (min-monochrome: 2) { … }
Express that there is one style sheet for color pages and another for monochrome:
<link rel="stylesheet" media="print and (color)" href="http://…" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="print and (monochrome)" href="http://…" />
The ‘resolution
’ media feature
describes the resolution of the output device, i.e. the density of the
pixels. When querying devices with non-square pixels, in ‘min-resolution
’ queries the least-dense dimension
must be compared to the specified value and in ‘max-resolution
’ queries the most-dense dimensions
must be compared instead. A ‘resolution
’ (without a "min-" or "max-" prefix)
query never matches a device with non-square pixels.
For printers, this corresponds to the screening resolution (the resolution for printing dots of arbitrary color).
For example, this media query expresses that a style sheet is usable on devices with resolution greater than 300 dots per inch:
@media print and (min-resolution: 300dpi) { … }
This media query expresses that a style sheet is usable on devices with resolution greater than 118 dots per centimeter:
@media print and (min-resolution: 118dpcm) { … }
The ‘scan
’ media feature describes
the scanning process of "tv" output devices.
For example, this media query expresses that a style sheet is usable on tv devices with progressive scanning:
@media tv and (scan: progressive) { … }
The ‘grid
’ media feature is used to
query whether the output device is grid or bitmap. If the output device is
grid-based (e.g., a "tty" terminal, or a phone display with only one fixed
font), the value will be 1. Otherwise, the value will be 0.
Only 0 and 1 are valid values. (This includes -0.) Thus everything else creates a malformed media query.
Here are two examples:
@media handheld and (grid) and (max-width: 15em) { … }
@media handheld and (grid) and (max-device-height: 7em) { … }
This specification also introduces two new values.
The <ratio> value is a positive (not zero or negative) <integer>
followed by optional whitespace, followed by a solidus (‘/
’), followed by optional whitespace, followed by a
positive <integer>.
The <resolution> value is a positive <number> immediately followed
by a unit identifier (‘dpi
’ or
‘dpcm
’).
Whitespace, <integer>, <number> and other values used by this specification are the same as in other parts of CSS, normatively defined by CSS 2.1. [CSS21]
The units used in media queries are the same as in other parts of CSS. For example, the pixel unit represents CSS pixels and not physical pixels.
Relative units in media queries are based on the initial value, which
means that units are never based on results of declarations. For example,
in HTML, the ‘em
’ unit is relative to
the initial value of ‘font-size
’.
The ‘dpi
’ and ‘dpcm
’ units describe the resolution of an output
device, i.e., the density of device pixels. Resolution unit identifiers
are:
inch
’
centimeter
’
In this specification, these units are only used in the ‘resolution
’ media feature.
not
’, ‘and
’, ‘only
’, and ‘or
’ should not be treated as unknown media types,
but as syntax errors when used in place of media types.
Unknown media types evaluate to false. Effectively, they are treated identically to known media types that do not match the media type of the device. However, an exception is made for media types ‘
not
’, ‘and
’, ‘only
’, and ‘or
’. Even though they do match the IDENT production, they must not be treated as unknown media types, but rather trigger the malformed query clause.
The reasoning for this change can be found in the minutes of the 2013-05-30 CSS WG teleconference and in the emails referenced therefrom.
Tests for this change have been added to WPT. The results can be viewed at wpt.fyi.
A Proposed Correction was introduced:
layer
’ is also to not be treated as an unknown media type,
but as a syntax errors when used in place of media types.
Proposed Corrections were introduced:
not
’, ‘and
’, ‘only
’, and ‘or
’ should not be treated as unknown media types,
but as syntax errors when used in place of media types.
A handful of editorial and markup corrections were also made:
<link
rel="stylesheet"media="screen and (color), projection and (color)" rel="stylesheet" href="example.css"><link
rel="stylesheet"media="screen and (color), projection and (color)" rel="stylesheet" href="example.css" />
To avoid circular dependencies,it is neverunless another feature explicitly specifies that it affects the resolution of Media Queries, it is not necessary to apply the style sheet in order to evaluate expressions.
CSS style sheets are generallyThe veracity of this claim is validated by a test.case-insensitiveASCII case-insensitive, and this is also the case for media queries.
@media handheld and (grid) and (
device-max-heightmax-device-height: 7em) { … }
The following changes were made to this specification since the 27 July 2010 Candidate Recommendation:
For printers, this corresponds to the screening resolution (the resolution for printing dots of arbitrary color).
inch
’ and ‘cm
’ mentioned are the CSS units, not the physical
ones.
- dpi
- dots per CSS ‘
inch
’inch- dpcm
- dots per CSS ‘
centimeter
’cm
The ‘
em
’ value is relative to thefont size of the root elementinitial value of ‘font-size’..
Relative units in media queries are based on the initial value, which means that units are never based on results of declarations. For example, in HTML, the ‘
em
’ unit is relative to the initial value of ‘font-size
’.
This specification is the product of the W3C Working Group on Cascading Style Sheets.
Comments from Björn Höhrmann, Christoph Päper, Chris Lilley, Simon Pieters, Rijk van Geijtenbeek, Sigurd Lerstad, Arve Bersvendsen, Susan Lesch, Philipp Hoschka, Roger Gimson, Steven Pemberton, Simon Kissane, Melinda Grant, and L. David Baron improved this specification.
No new privacy considerations have been reported on this specification.
No new security considerations have been reported on this specification.