Custom instrumentation for Ruby

In order to find out what specific pieces of code are causing performance problems it's useful to add custom instrumentation to your application. This allows us to create better breakdowns of which code runs slowest and what type of action was the most time spent on.

When you view saved samples of slow requests in AppSignal you'll be able to see all the instrumentation your application uses internally. Template rendering, ActiveRecord queries and caching are instrumented and will be shown in the sample.

That's already very useful, but wouldn't it be great if we could see measurements of specific pieces of code you suspect might influence your performance? Well, you can!

By adding custom instrumentation we can create more detailed breakdowns of a request and background job. There are two ways of instrumenting your code. With AppSignal instrumentation helpers or with ActiveSupport Notifications instrumentation, as is used by Rails.

Instrumentation helpers

When you add custom instrumentation to your code you'll be able to receive even more insights into your application. For example, you have to work with an external API that fetches articles for your homepage:

class ArticleFetcher
  def self.fetch(category)
    Appsignal.instrument('fetch.article_fetcher') do
      # Download and process the articles
    end
  end
end
 
ArticleFetcher.fetch('Latest news')

Once you add custom instruments like this AppSignal will start picking them up and will show you how much time both an event group (article_fetcher in this case) and individual events took.

In this case you'll notice that this API call is a huge influence on the performance of our homepage, which was hidden before. We might want to consider caching the articles.

Nesting instrumentation

You can use as many instruments in any combination you like. You can nest instrument calls and AppSignal will handle the nesting and aggregates of the measurements nicely. You just have to keep the final segment (after the last dot) of the key consistent.

Appsignal.instrument('fetch.article_fetcher') do
  10.times do
    Appsignal.instrument('fetch_single_article.article_fetcher') do
      # Fetch single article
    end
  end
end

Collecting more data per event

By default AppSignal will collect the duration of an event and send it to our servers. Since custom instrumentation is not hooked up to any framework internals you might need to pass along more data if you want event details to show up in AppSignal. This can be a descriptive title, or more specific information like the query from a database call. We already do this for ActiveRecord, Sequel, Redis, MongoDB, Sinatra, Grape, and more.

There are two helpers to allow you to instrument your code with AppSignal.

Appsignal.instrument(name, title = nil, body = nil, body_format = Appsignal::EventFormatter::DEFAULT, &block)
# and
Appsignal.instrument_sql(name, title = nil, body = nil, &block)

name argument

The name of the event that will appear in the event tree in AppSignal. Read more about event key naming.

title argument

A more descriptive title of an event, such as "Fetch current user" or "Fetch blog post comments". It will appear next to the event name in the event tree on the performance sample page to provide a little more context on what's happening.

Appsignal.instrument('fetch.custom_database', 'Fetch current user') do
  # ...
end

body argument

More details such as a database query that was used by the event.

sql = 'SELECT * FROM posts ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT 1'
Appsignal.instrument('fetch.custom_database', 'Fetch latest post', sql) do
  # ...
end

Good:

Appsignal.instrument('custom.instrument', 'Instrument stuff', 'command/dynamic/?') do
  # ...
end
Appsignal.instrument('custom.instrument', 'Instrument stuff', 'command/dynamic/?') do
  # ...
end

Bad:

Appsignal.instrument('custom.instrument', 'Instrument stuff', 'command/dynamic/123') do
  # ...
end
Appsignal.instrument('custom.instrument', 'Instrument stuff', 'command/dynamic/234') do
  # ...
end

When passing in an SQL query as the body, you can use body_format = Appsignal::EventFormatter::SQL_BODY_FORMAT to do so.

body_format argument

Body format supports formatters to scrub the given data in the body argument to remove any sensitive data from the value. There are currently two supported values for the body_format argument.

Appsignal::EventFormatter::DEFAULT value

The Appsignal::EventFormatter::DEFAULT is the default value of this argument. By default AppSignal will leave the value intact and not scrub any data from it.

Appsignal::EventFormatter::SQL_BODY_FORMAT value

The Appsignal::EventFormatter::SQL_BODY_FORMAT value will run your data through the SQL sanitizer and scrub any values in SQL queries.

We recommend you use the Appsignal.instrument_sql helper for this instead.

SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = '[email protected]' AND password = 'iamabot'
-- becomes
SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ? AND password = ?

ActiveSupport::Notifications

The method for instrumenting your code using ActiveSupport::Notifications is very similar to how AppSignal does it. Using the article fetcher example again you can see the differences are quite small.

Also see our documentation on AppSignal event formatters when using ActiveSupport::Notifications. For more information about ActiveSupport::Notifications instrumentation, see the official Rails ActiveSupport::Notifications documentation.

require "active_support"
 
class ArticleFetcher
  def self.fetch(category)
    ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("fetch.article_fetcher") do
      # Download and process the articles
    end
  end
end
 
ArticleFetcher.fetch("Latest news")

It works for nested instrumentation calls as well.

require "active_support"
 
ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("fetch.article_fetcher") do
  10.times do
    ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("fetch_single_article.article_fetcher") do
      # Fetch single article
    end
  end
end

ActiveSupport::Notifications is highly flexible, you can instrument your code any way you like. More information about ActiveSupport::Notifications can be found in the Rails API docs.