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Myocarditis often causes chest pain and breathlessness, which usually resolve without treatment. In severe cases, however, it can trigger heart damage. Inflammation signals that the immune system's activity is raised, but how myocarditis specifically comes about is unclear. "Arguably, it isn't a single disease," says Tevfik Ismail, a cardiologist at King's College London, who has advised the UK Health Security Agency on the issue, but spoke to New Scientist Scientist in a personal capacity. Myocarditis is also linked to other vaccines, medicines and to covid-19 itself, but regardless of cause , it is more common in males and younger people. In December 2021, work led by a team at the University of Oxford looked at the prevalence of myocarditis after a covid-19 vaccine in more than 42 million people aged 13 or over in England. Males under 40 were most at risk. There were an additional 12 myocarditis events. per 1 million males in the 28 days after a second Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, as well as an additional 13 events after a third jab (medRxiv, doi.org/hnmn). Among ⭐️this group, myocarditis was more common after the vaccines than it was after covid-19 itself, which caused an additional seven myocarditis cases. This contradicts an August 2021 US study, in which myocarditis after covid-19 was six times more likely than it was post-vaccination. Unfortunately, varying myocarditis definitions make it difficult to compare country- to-country data, says Ismail. Although the cases have been mainly linked to mRNA vaccines, the Oxford study also reported an additional 14 myocarditis events after a second Oxford/AstraZeneca dose, which is based on a different technology. It is therefore unclear whether the cases are linked to the spike protein or perhaps to a more universal vaccine component. what does 'this group' refer to?
