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[CAR HORNS BEEPING] [BANJO TWANG] [UPBEAT OLD-TIME FIDDLE MUSIC] ♪ HEY, WELCOME BACK TO "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

I'M ROY UNDERHILL, SO GLAD YOU CAN BE WITH ME AGAIN TODAY.

NOW, I WANT TO TELL YOU, THERE ARE 621 USES FOR THE COMMON BEAD MOLDING, AND I'M GOING TO TELL YOU ABOUT EACH AND EVERY ONE, RIGHT NOW.

NOW, IT'S TRUE, YOU'LL SAY, "WELL, A BEAD MOLDING, WHAT THE HECK IS THAT?"

WELL, THE BEAD--THE CORNER, LET ME SHOW YOU WHAT I'M TALKING ABOUT.

ALL THE THINGS I'VE BEEN WORKING ON TODAY, WELL, IT'S GOT THIS BEAD ON THEM.

HERE IS A BEAD, ON THE END OF THIS CABINET.

THE CORNER IS BEADED ALL THE WAY UP AND DOWN.

YOU COME ON UP TO THE CORNER UP HERE TO THIS TOP MOLDING, HERE'S YET ANOTHER BEAD.

THIS IS CALLED AN ASTRAGAL BEAD.

AND EVEN THE TIMBER FRAME--I'VE BEEN WORKING ON SOME HEAVY BEAMS-- THESE THINGS HAVE BEADS ON THEM.

BIG OLD BEADS!

WHAT IS WITH THE BEAD?

WELL, I SHALL TELL YOU, THE VENERABLE BEAD, IT MAKES ABOUT AS MUCH SENSE AS IT DOES THAT HUMANS ARE ROUNDED OFF ON THEIR EDGES, INSTEAD OF HAVING SHARP CORNERS.

THAT'S WHAT IT'S ABOUT.

NOW, IT'S USUALLY DONE WITH A PLANE, AND WE'RE GOING TO LOOK AT A LOT OF PLANES HERE.

HERE'S A PLANE, NOW, THIS IS A PLANE THAT WE USE TO DO BEAD MOLDING.

YOU SEE THE LITTLE CUTTER DOWN THERE IN THE PROFILE.

WE JUST RUN IT ALONG, LIKE THAT.

THERE YOU GO, BEAD IT ALONG.

NOW, YOU DON'T NEED PLANES, THOUGH.

YOU DON'T HAVE TO, BUT I'M GOING TO SHOW YOU JUST HOW IMPORTANT THEY ARE IN THE WORLD OF PLANES.

THIS IS THE SET OF PLANES USED BY 3 GENERATIONS OF ENGLISH JOINERS, PEOPLE THAT JUST MADE, YOU KNOW, STAIRCASES, CHIMNEY SURROUNDS, AND SO FORTH, INTERNAL JOINERY, AND YOU LOOK HERE.

HERE ARE ALL THE OGEES, THE OVALOS, THE PLANES THAT CUT THOSE PROFILES, SIDE SNIPES, SIDE ROUNDS, RABBET PLANES.

HERE'S ALL HIS HOLLOWS AND ROUNDS THROUGH HERE, AND WHEN YOU GET TO HERE, THOUGH, RIGHT HERE, ALL THE WAY OVER, THESE ARE ALL BEADING PLANES.

THESE ARE ALL BEADING PLANES, FROM LITTLE ONES UP TO THESE BIG ONES, RIGHT HERE, THAT WOULD CUT THAT BEAD ON THE CORNER OF ANY PIECE OF WOOD THERE, ALL RIGHT?

SO, VERY IMPORTANT, 25% OF THE PLANES IN HERE, ARE BEADING PLANES, BUT AS I SAY, YOU DON'T NEED A PLANE TO CUT THE BEAD.

IN FACT, PROBABLY THE MOST COMMON THING TO USE IS THIS, RIGHT HERE.

WHAT ON EARTH?

LOOK AT THIS.

THIS IS A LITTLE SCREW!

I'VE GOT A SCREW IN THE END OF A STICK OF WOOD, AND THAT'S ALL YOU NEED, JUST A SCREW HEAD THERE.

IT'S GOT TO BE A STRAIGHT SLOT SCREW, NONE OF THESE YOU-KNOW-WHATS.

ALL RIGHT, WELL, WE'LL JUST WORK THAT ALONG, AND SEE HOW IT CUTS!

SO, HOLD IT VERY CAREFULLY, AND TRY AND KEEP IT FLAT AGAINST THERE, AND WORK THE SCREW DOWN, AND THIS TOOL IS, OF COURSE, SCREW ADJUSTABLE.

IN OTHER WORDS, WE CAN JUST PUT THAT SCREW IN AND OUT, TO MAKE A BIGGER OR SMALLER PROFILE.

NOW, OF COURSE, THIS JUST CUTS ONE ELEMENT OF THE BEAD.

IT CUTS THE UPPER ELEMENT THERE, AND THEN ON THE BOTTOM, WE CAN EVEN TAKE A JOINTER PLANE, THIS BIG PLANE, AND ROUND THAT LOWER EDGE.

THERE YOU GO.

AND THAT PROBABLY LEADS TO, WELL, THAT LEADS TO THE EXPRESSION, "IF YOU CAN'T JOINT IT, BEAD IT."

SO, WE HAD THE BEAD DOWN THERE, SO, LOOK, WE DID THAT JUST WITH A LITTLE SCREW ON THE END OF A STICK!

NOT SO BAD, ALL RIGHT.

NOW, IF WE WANT TO DO MORE OF THAT, THIS IS CALLED A SCRATCH BEAD, AND PEOPLE SAY: "OH, IT HAD A SCRATCH BEAD MOLDING AROUND IT," THAT'S HOW IT'S DONE.

HERE, HOWEVER, THIS IS UPSCALE NOW, HERE.

THIS IS A REEDER, OR A SCRATCH BEAD THAT I'VE CUT THE PROFILE IN.

I ACTUALLY COULDN'T FIND THE ONE I WAS LOOKING FOR, AND SO, I MADE THIS LITTLE CUTTER WITH A FILE.

THAT LITTLE CUTTER SITS DOWN THERE, EXPOSED BELOW THE BED OF THIS DEVICE HERE, AND IT HAS A FENCE TO KEEP IT FROM, YOU KNOW, WANDERING AROUND, KEEP IT PARALLEL TO AN EDGE.

SO, LET ME JUST SEE IF I'VE GOT THIS TIGHT ENOUGH, AND WE'LL GIVE THIS A GO.

SO, AGAIN, YOU CAN SEE--OOPS!

AAH!

WORKING OUR WAY DOWN WITH, JUST CUTTING A PAIR OF BEADS, AND WE COULD JUST KEEP MOVING THIS PAIR ACROSS, REPEATING THAT, AND THAT WOULD GIVE US WHAT WE CALL, "REEDING."

SO, REEDS, BEADS AND REEDS, AND THERE WE GO.

HA HA HA HA!

THERE WE ARE, VERY NICE.

NOW, THIS IS ACTUALLY, THIS IS GOOD FOR DOING A STOP REED RIGHT THERE.

YOU'LL SEE THAT, LOOK AT THIS, HOW PRETTY THAT IS WHEN IT SITS UP THERE, AND THE SHADOWS FALL ACROSS IT THERE.

SO, YOU CAN DO THOSE BEADS.

THE VENERABLE BEAD, YES!

NOW, OF COURSE, WE DO A LOT OF IT WITH THE PLANE, AND I'M GOING TO SHOW YOU LOTS WITH THE PLANE.

HERE'S THE PLANE, I GOT THE BEADING PLANE, AND I TELL YOU, I'LL DO A CORNER BEAD, BECAUSE IT'S THE MOST COMMON OF ALL THE BEADS.

YOU SEE IT EVERYWHERE, AND JUST TAKE IT FOR GRANTED, AND WE'LL SEE WHY WE DO IT AS WELL.

NOW, I'M GOING TO DO THE EDGE FIRST OF THIS PIECE.

WORK DOWN HERE WITH THE PLANE, I'VE GOT AGAIN JUST A SMALL--I'M NOT EVEN SURE WHAT SIZE THIS IS, LOOKS LIKE ABOUT A 3/8 OF AN INCH--BEAD, AND REGISTER IT AGAINST THE EDGE.

SO, I'M TRYING TO PUSH THE SHOULDER THERE AGAINST THE EDGE TO KEEP IT ALIGNED, AND RIGHT ON DOWN.

ALL RIGHT, SO WE'LL DO THIS FIRST, AT THE FRONT VISE, AND THEN TAKE IT TO THE REAR VISE TO DO THE RETURN, AS WE SAY.

ALL RIGHT, SO, IT STOPS ITSELF.

THERE'S A LITTLE SHOULDER RIGHT HERE, THERE, AND WHEN IT RIDES ON THAT SHOULDER, THAT JUST STOPS IT JUST FINE.

ALL RIGHT, SO, WE'VE GOT PART OF A BEAD RIGHT THERE.

LET'S DO THE REST OF IT NOW, AND TAKE IT TO THE BACK, AND THAT'S GOING TO GO IN THE END VISE, OR THE... TAIL VISE, BETWEEN DOGS, WOOF!

THERE WE ARE, SO, THAT SITS THERE.

CRANK IT UP.

AHH, VERY NICE.

ALL RIGHT, SO, NOW WE'VE GOT ONE BEAD ON ONE EDGE, AND NOW WE'RE GOING TO DO THE RETURN, AND ZOOP-A-DEE-DOOP.

THERE WE GO.

ALL RIGHT.

AND YOU CAN HEAR IT, IT JUST STOPS ITSELF.

SO, THAT'S THE RETURN BEAD.

NOW, IT LOOKS NICE, IT LOOKS NICE!

YOU'LL SEE THIS AROUND A DOOR, YOU'LL SEE THIS AROUND A WINDOW TRIM, YOU'LL SEE IT ON POSTS, AND STUFF LIKE THAT, BUT WHY?

JUST BECAUSE IT LOOKS NICE?

NO, IT'S NOT JUST THAT IT'S PRETTY, IT'S THAT IT LOOKS PRETTY OVER TIME.

IF I WERE TO, YOU KNOW-- IT'S KIND OF A COMPLICATED THING.

YOU SAY: "DOES IT LOOK GOOD?"

YEAH, IT LOOKS GOOD, THAT'S WHY PEOPLE DO IT.

ALL RIGHT, BUT LOOK HERE.

IMAGINE THAT WE HAD JUST A SQUARE CORNER.

SO, HERE WE ARE.

HERE'S A SQUARE EDGE, AND HERE IS TIME IS TAKING ITS TOLL.

TIME IS JUST KNOCKING THE HECK OUT OF THIS, AS PEOPLE GO BY.

HERE WE ARE IN THE TAVERN, AND EVERYBODY'S, YOU KNOW.

SO, JUST WITH WEAR, THAT EDGE STARTS TO GO PRETTY RATTY THERE.

SO, WE'VE LOST OUR SQUARE EDGE.

IF, HOWEVER, THE TAVERN DOOR SURROUND HAS THIS BEAD ON IT, AND HERE COMES TIME, AND THE TAVERN, AND ALL THE STUFF, AND BAR FIGHTS, AND BAM BAM BAM BAM BAM.

LOOK, THE SQUARE EDGE, THE SHARP EDGE IS STILL PROTECTED.

THAT SHARP EDGE IS PROTECTED BY THIS BEAD.

NOW, YOU'LL SAY, "WELL, YEAH, BUT IT JUST LOOKS GOOD," BUT LET ME ASK YOU THIS.

IF IT WAS SOMETHING THAT JUST LOOKED GOOD, BUT WAS MORE FRAGILE, DO YOU THINK PEOPLE WOULD DO IT?

I DON'T THINK SO.

SO, IT FUNCTIONS IN TIME.

IT'S A FUNCTIONAL BEAUTY, IT LOOKS GOOD WHEN YOU DO IT, AND IT LOOKS GOOD LONGER.

ALL RIGHT.

OH, AND SPEAKING OF WHICH, ALL RIGHT, I'M GOING TO SHOW YOU SOMETHING ABOUT THESE PLANES.

IF WE LOOK AT...

HERE'S A WHOLE BUNCH OF BEADING PLANES.

BEADING PLANES HAVE A PIECE THAT STICKS OUT, TO DO THAT LITTLE CORNER THERE, AND IT'S FRAGILE.

THAT LITTLE BIT RIGHT THERE IS FRAGILE, AND SO, IT'S REINFORCED BY BOXWOOD SET IN.

DO YOU SEE THAT DIFFERENT COLOR OF WOOD, SET IN THERE, ANGLING DOWN INTO THAT SHARP POINT OF THE BEAD?

THAT IS BOXWOOD.

THE BODY OF THE PLANE IS BEECH, A BOXWOOD SLIP IS PUT IN TO REINFORCE THAT.

AND SO, BEAD PLANES ARE TYPICALLY BOXED, WE WOULD CALL IT.

HERE'S ONE WITH JUST A STRAIGHT SLIP ON DOWN.

THERE'S JUST SUCH COOL VARIATION, THE WAY THEY DO THIS.

HERE'S ONE WHERE THE ENTIRE BEAD IS A DIAGONAL OF BOXWOOD SET DOWN IN THERE.

HERE IS BOXWOOD THAT'S KEYED IN, SO, THIS ONE'S REALLY TIGHTLY BOXED, SO, THIS WOULD LAST A LONG TIME.

BOXWOOD IS THAT EVERGREEN, AND IT'S JUST SO HARD.

THE WOOD IS INCREDIBLY HARD AND LONG-WEARING.

SO, WE HAVE BOXWOOD DOWN THERE TO REINFORCE IT.

NOW, WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU DON'T HAVE A BOXED BEAD PLANE?

THIS IS ONE THAT HAS NO BOXING IN IT, AND YOU CAN SEE.

LOOK HOW WORN IT IS, THE PROFILE'S ALMOST GONE.

THAT'S SUPPOSED TO BE A BEAD PLANE, BUT IT IS WORN, WORN DOWN.

SO, ALL RIGHT.

SO, YOU WANT BOXING IN THESE, AND THAT CAN SOMETIMES MEAN YOU NEED TO DO A LITTLE BIT OF REPAIR, A LITTLE BIT OF TUNE-UP, BUT BOXING IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF ANY BEAD PLANE.

SO BEAD, WE'VE ALSO GOT--OOP--AN ASTRAGAL, AN ASTRAGAL BEAD.

ASTRAGAL BEADS ARE BEADS THAT HAVE FLATS ON EITHER SIDE, AND THEN THEY COME UP.

SO, THEY GO ROUND, AND THEN THEY'RE FLAT ON EITHER SIDE.

SO, HERE IS ONE.

HERE'S ANOTHER ONE I NEED TO RESHAPE THE IRON.

THIS IS A BIG ONE, THIS IS A SMALLER ONE, BUT THEY'RE CALLED ASTRAGAL PLANES.

YOU CAN SEE HOW THEY WILL LEAVE A FLAT ON THE SIDE, A LITTLE BIT OF A FLAT.

SO, WE'RE GOING TO TRY THIS ONE OUT, ON THIS PIECE RIGHT HERE, AND SEE WHAT IT DOES.

SO, OHH!

AGAIN, REGISTER, THIS HAS A VERY SHARP FENCE NOW, A VERY WELL DELINEATED FENCE.

WE JUST PUSH ON THROUGH.

WHEN YOU'RE USING THESE WOODEN PLANES, NOW, A KEY THING IS THAT YOU PUSH--ONE KEY THING IS THAT YOU WANT TO GO WITH THE GRAIN, AND NOT AGAINST IT, LIKE I AM, BUT NEVERTHELESS, IS THAT YOU PUSH IN AS MUCH AS YOU PUSH DOWN.

SO, THERE WE GO, THAT LOOKS PRETTY GOOD.

NOW, WITH ANY MOLDING, YOU CAN TAKE THE SHAVINGS, AND KIND OF BURNISH IT DOWN, TO TAKE OFF THE FUZZ, AND POLISH IT A LITTLE BIT, AND THAT'S JUST TRADITIONAL.

SO, THERE IS AN ASTRAGAL BEAD.

SO, YOU CAN IMAGINE THIS AROUND THE TOP OF A BOOK CASE.

THAT, AGAIN, PROTECTS THAT SHARP EDGE JUST A LITTLE BIT.

SO, THAT'S AN ASTRAGAL, SEE?

THE BEADS JUST KEEP COMING!

IN FACT, WELL, LET ME SHOW YOU SOMETHING ELSE HERE.

WE HAVE BEEN LOOKING AT WOODEN PLANES, AND THE WOODEN PLANES ARE VERY NICE, BUT... MORE FAMILIAR, FOLKS HAVE THESE KIND OF PLANES HERE.

THIS IS THE IRON COMBINATION PLANE.

SAY, A 45, OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT, AND THEY'RE COMBINATION PLANES BECAUSE THEY USED TO COME WITH CUTTERS, LOTS OF CUTTERS.

YOU CAN SEE ALL THESE DIFFERENT CUTTERS, AND YOU CAN SEE, OVER HERE, A BUNCH OF DIFFERENT BEADING CUTTERS, RIGHT THERE.

SO, THOSE BEADS, THERE'S THE LAST ONE THERE WOULD DO WINDOW SASH.

HERE IS A BIG BEADING IRON, WE'D SAY.

THIS CUTTER, IT HAS THE CHARACTERISTIC OF ANY PLANE IRON THAT CUTS A BEAD, IN THAT IT'S A LONG SECTION.

SO, IT WOULD LIE DOWN, LIKE THAT, YOU KNOW, LIE DOWN LIKE THAT, AS IT CUTS.

SO, IT'S A MORE OBLIQUE, CUT IT'S NOT A SEMI-CIRCLE RIGHT THERE, IT'S A PARABOLA, I GUESS, AND IT HAS, IN THIS CASE, FLATS ON EITHER SIDE.

SO, THIS CAN DO AN ASTRAGAL, BUT IT ALSO HAS A PROBLEM WHEN YOU HAVE THESE LITTLE FLATS ON THE END, BUT LET ME FIT THIS IN THE PLANE HERE, JUST SO YOU CAN SEE HOW IT WORKS.

SO WE HAVE THESE SKATES THAT MOVE ON THE PLANE.

DO YOU SEE THESE SKATES, RIGHT THERE?

SO, THEY MOVE APART AS YOU PUT THIS IN, AND LOCK IT UP TO THE DEPTH ADJUSTMENT.

YOU TIGHTEN THAT, AND THEN USE THE FENCE, AND THIS WILL CUT A DECENT BEAD, ALL RIGHT?

AS IT GOES DOWN, YOU CAN SEE THAT CUTTER IS GOING TO BE SLICING AWAY AT THE WOOD, CUTTING THE BEAD.

NOW, THAT'S FINE, BUT IN THIS CONFIGURATION, IT'S GOING TO LEAVE THAT LITTLE FLAT, AND THERE'S A PLACE WHERE YOU DON'T WANT THAT.

THEY THOUGHT OF THAT, THOUGH, ALL RIGHT, I'LL SHOW YOU THE PLACE WHERE THEY DON'T WANT THAT, OR ONE USUALLY DOES NOT WANT THAT, IS HERE, IN WHAT'S CALLED MATCH BOARDING, OR TONGUE AND GROOVE.

LOOK AT TONGUE AND GROOVE, SAY IT'S IN THE BACK OF YOUR CHEST THAT YOU HAVE BUILT, OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT, AND THE REASON FOR THE TONGUE AND GROOVE IS THAT IT ALLOWS WOOD TO DO WHAT IT DOES, WHICH IS MOVE.

IT SHRINKS AND SWELLS.

SO, YOU'VE GOT SHRINKING, AND IT'S GETTING SMALLER AND PULLING APART FROM EACH OTHER, AND SWELLING IN THE SUMMER TIME, AND PULLING APART, AND THAT'S FINE.

YOU SEE THIS OPENING HERE, BUT WHAT YOU'LL OFTEN DO IS BEAD THE TONGUE SIDE, ALL RIGHT?

YOU'LL BEAD THE TONGUE SIDE SO THAT THAT MOVEMENT, IT'S MADE A LITTLE BIT NICER.

INSTEAD OF JUST A CRACK, IT'S THIS REALLY NICE BEAD THERE.

SO, IT LOOKS LIKE A DECORATIVE ELEMENT, AND IT HIDES THAT JOINT BETWEEN THE TWO PIECES OF WOOD, BUT IT STILL LETS IT EXPAND IN AND OUT, BUT WHAT YOU DON'T WANT IS A LITTLE FLAT RIGHT THERE.

YOU DON'T WANT TO GO DOWN THE CRACK AND SEE A FLAT DOWN INSIDE THERE.

SO, LET ME SHOW YOU WHAT THEY'VE DONE.

IN FACT, TELL YOU WHAT, LET ME MAKE A TONGUE AND GROOVE FIRST.

HERE, ALL RIGHT.

NOW, WE HAVE A PLANE THAT'LL DO THAT, THAT YOU'LL ENJOY.

THIS IS A SWING ARM PLANE.

THIS IS, WELL, THE NUMBER'S A 48.

THEY ALL HAVE NUMBERS ON THESE PLANES HERE.

THIS ONE HAS TWO CUTTERS, BUT ONE IS HIDDEN IN THIS CONFIGURATION.

WE SWING THIS FENCE AROUND AND IT REVEALS TWO OF THE CUTTERS.

SO, THIS SAME PLANE CAN DO-- HERE IN THIS CONFIGURATION IT WILL DO THE TONGUE.

WE SWING IT AROUND THIS WAY, AND THAT OFFSET NOW, IT WILL DO THE GROOVE, ALL RIGHT?

SO, LET'S START WITH THE GROOVE.

JUST SETTING IT ON THE END, AND RIGHT ON DOWN, YEAH.

SO, WE KEEP ON GOING, UNTIL WE BOTTOM OUT, TILL WE'VE GONE TO THE FULL DEPTH OF THE CUTTER.

ALL RIGHT?

HERE WE GO, YOU CAN HEAR IT, BUT YOU GOT TO MAKE SURE YOU HEAR IT.

THERE, ALL THE WAY ACROSS.

SO, THAT'S CUT A NICE GROOVE ALL THE WAY DOWN.

NOW WE'LL DO THE TONGUE.

YEP.

I'LL DO THE TONGUE BY SWINGING, AGAIN, THE OFFSET OF THE FENCE AROUND, EXPOSING TWO IRONS NOW.

SO, THERE'S TWO CUTTERS EXPOSED, WITH A GAP IN THE MIDDLE.

NOW, WORK IT ON DOWN.

A LITTLE SHORT GRAIN IN THERE, SO, WE'RE JUST GETTING THAT SPRAY INSTEAD OF SHAVINGS.

NEVERTHELESS, THERE WE GO, THERE'S OUR TONGUE.

ALL RIGHT, AND AGAIN, WAIT TILL YOU HEAR IT BOTTOM OUT ALL THE WAY, SO, YOU'RE ALL THE WAY DOWN.

SO, THERE'S THE TONGUE.

NOW, WE'RE GOING TO CUT A BEAD ON...

I'M GOING TO SHOW YOU THIS ONE THAT I'VE GOT HERE, I'LL BRING IT OVER.

CUT A BEAD ON ONE OF THESE ELEMENTS NOW, AND WE'RE GOING TO CUT THE BEAD ON THE TONGUE SIDE, RIGHT THERE, SEE?

NOW, IMAGINE IF I CUT THE BEAD RIGHT THERE, ON THIS SIDE.

DO YOU SEE HOW THAT WOULD MAKE THAT FALL?

THAT WOULD MAKE THAT SO WEAK.

SO, THE BEADING IS ALWAYS ON THE TONGUE SIDE.

WHAT WE NEED IS A FENCE THAT WILL GO RIGHT UP AGAINST THIS SHOULDER HERE, AND NOT HAVE THAT LITTLE FLAT.

SO, WE WANT SHOULDER, BEAD, AND THAT'S IT, NOT SHOULDER, FLAT, BEAD, AND SO FORTH.

IN OTHER WORDS, WE DON'T WANT AN ASTRAGAL HERE.

SO, WHAT THEY'VE DONE, IS MADE ANOTHER FENCE FOR THE PLANE.

SO, HERE'S THE USUAL FENCE.

I'LL TAKE THAT OFF, WE DON'T NEED THAT FENCE, BECAUSE WE HAVE ANOTHER ONE THAT GOES ON HERE, AND IT LOOKS LIKE JUST A LONG STOP, BUT WE STILL USE THE DEPTH STOP THAT'S ON THERE.

YOU CAN SEE I'VE GOT A CUTTER DOWN INSIDE THERE, ALL RIGHT?

SEE THAT CUTTER?

SO, THAT'S READY TO DO THE WORK OF THE BEAD.

HERE'S THE DEPTH STOP THAT'LL STOP IT FROM CUTTING ANY DEEPER THAN WE WANT TO.

WE DON'T WANT TO GO ALL THE WAY THROUGH THE BOARD.

THIS IS THE PIECE THAT GOES ON NOW.

SO, THIS LOOKS LIKE A LONG SHOE, LIKE A LONG DEPTH STOP, BUT IT'S ACTUALLY A FENCE.

THIS FITS IN HERE, AND YOU CAN ALMOST HEAR IT CLICK IN, IF WE GET IT RIGHT.

YEP, THERE WE GO.

AND THAT LOCKS, SO THAT IT'S NOW FENCING ON THE COVERING OVER THE LITTLE FLAT PART OF THAT CUTTER THERE.

THAT BEAD IS CONCEALED BY THE FENCE.

SO, THE FENCE IS GOING TO RIDE AGAINST IT.

ALL RIGHT, LET'S TAKE IT ON BACK TO THE BACK HERE, AND WE'LL GO TO WORK, BECAUSE AGAIN WE GOT TO DO THIS ON THE LONG... SPACE WE HAVE BETWEEN DOGS, AND--AHH THIS IS GREAT.

THERE'S SOMETHING VERY SATISFYING ABOUT THESE BEADS AND BEADING PLANES.

ALL RIGHT, SO, HERE WE ARE.

THERE'S THAT LITTLE FENCE ON THERE.

WE DON'T HAVE THE USUAL FENCE, WE'VE GOT THIS LITTLE SHORT FENCE THAT'LL RIDE DOWN AND WE JUST WORK DOWN THE TONGUE, AND YOU CAN SEE THERE'S NO FLAT BEING CUT ON THIS SURFACE, RIGHT HERE.

IT'S JUST THE LONG BEAD.

THERE WE GO, YEAH.

NOW, YOU CAN IMAGINE, THIS IS PRETTY NICE, AND IF THE WOOD IS GOOD, IT IS NOT A TERRIBLE TASK TO DO AN ENTIRE ROOM FULL OF BOARDS LIKE THIS, THAT FIT IN WITH THEIR GROOVE, AND GIVE YOU THIS WONDERFUL BEAD BOARD LOOK, ALL THE WAY UP AND DOWN.

SO, VERY QUICKLY YOU WORK AT THE BENCH, AND DO THE ENTIRE THING, AND AGAIN, IT'S THE BEAD.

THE BEAD IS YOUR FRIEND.

NOW, WHAT IF THE BEAD KEPT GOING, AND NEVER STOPPED?, IF IT'S JUST ONE AFTER THE OTHER.

THAT WOULD BE PARALLEL, REEDS.

THAT'S WHAT I'M TALKING ABOUT.

I HAVE PLANES HERE THAT ARE CALLED BEAD AND FOLLOW, LOOK WHAT THEY HAVE IN COMMON.

THERE'S, ON THE BOTTOM OF THIS ONE, YOU CAN SEE, WELL, THIS IS THE ONE I'M GOING TO USE, SO, I'LL SHOW YOU THIS ONE.

NICELY BOXED, IT'S GOT BOXWOOD INSERTS THERE, AT THE HIGH POINTS, BUT DO YOU SEE HOW THERE'S ONE BEAD TROUGH HERE WITH NO CUTTER IN IT?

THERE'S NO CUTTER IN THIS ONE.

THERE'S ONLY A CUTTER IN THE ONE NEXT TO IT.

THAT'S THE SAME WAY THIS ONE IS.

YOU CAN'T SEE THE CUTTER AS WELL, BUT I REJECTED THIS ONE WHEN I WAS LOOKING FOR THEM, BECAUSE, AGAIN, THIS ONE IS NOT BOXED, AND SO IT WORE OUT.

I HAVE ANOTHER ONE HERE, THIS IS CALLED AGAIN THE BEAD AND FOLLOW.

IT HAS ONE CHANNEL TO ONE SIDE THAT HAS NO CUTTER.

HERE'S THE CUTTER IN THIS ONE.

THESE ALLOW YOU TO CUT PARALLEL, ONE TO THE OTHER.

SO, WE'RE GOING TO PUT A WHOLE BUNCH OF PARALLEL BEADS IN THIS.

THIS IS CALLED REEDING.

SO, WE WILL HAVE, WE WILL BE REEDING OUR WOOD.

WE HAVE TONGUES IN TREES, BOOKS IN THE RUNNING BROOKS.

"SERMONS IN STONES, AND GOOD IN EVERYTHING."

SO, HERE WE GO.

ALL RIGHT, SO, THERE WE ARE, READY WITH THAT, THE BEAD AND FOLLOW.

NOW, THIS FIRST CUT IS REALLY CRITICAL.

I'VE GOT TO MAKE SURE I'M PUSHED IN ALL THE WAY SO THAT WE HAVE A GOOD BASELINE TO START WITH, SO, I'M REALLY HOLDING IT, HOOKING THAT BOXWOOD LIP OVER.

WRONG BOXWOOD LIP.

THERE WE ARE, AND PUSHING IT IN, SO THAT I DON'T TRACK OUT.

WHAT OFTEN HAPPENS, WE'LL FEED OFF TO THE SIDE, DOWN AT THAT END.

SO, THERE WE GO, RIGHT?

SO, WE'LL GET OUR FIRST BEAD IN, AND THAT NEEDS TO BE EVENLY SPACED.

I'M A LITTLE BIT OFF, YOU CAN SEE, I DID RUN OFF, DOWN THERE.

UGH!

ALL RIGHT, THAT'S ALL RIGHT.

WE'LL WORK AT THIS END.

AND SO, HERE, NOW I'LL TAKE THE ONE WITHOUT THE CUTTER.

THIS, AGAIN, HAS NO CUTTER HERE.

I'M GOING TO PUT THAT, REGISTER THAT ON THE ONE WE JUST CUT, AND ROCK OVER BESIDE IT.

THERE WE GO, ALL RIGHT?

HERE'S ANOTHER ONE, AND SO FORTH, ACROSS.

NOW, THIS MULTIPLE OF ANYTHING, JUST GIVES YOU LOTS TO WORK WITH, AND PARTICULARLY IN 19h CENTURY... STAIR SURROUND--I'M SORRY, FIREPLACE SURROUNDS, MANTELPIECES, JUST WONDERFUL, WONDERFUL REPETITION OF THIS PATTERN IS A VERY QUICK WAY TO MAKE A DECORATIVE PIECE THERE.

SO, THERE WE GO, WE HAVE THIS WONDERFUL REEDING THERE, ALL THE WAY UP AND DOWN.

NOW, WE'RE GOING TO TAKE THIS, AND CUT IT UP.

WE'RE GOING TO CUT IT UP INTO LOTS OF LITTLE PIECES NOW, HERE WITH THE MITER BOX.

I'LL TAKE THIS END.

AND THAT'S THE FAR END, AND IT'LL WORK.

I'M JUST GOING TO PUT ONE PIECE ASIDE NOW, AND JUST SAW IT DOWN SQUARE ACROSS.

ALL RIGHT.

SO, WHAT YOU WOULD NEED IS A MITER BOX, TO DO THIS HERE.

SO, THIS, OF COURSE, WILL SWING AROUND, AND CUT THIS WAY NOW, AND LET'S SEE IF I CAN DO THAT.

I TELL YOU WHAT, LET ME CUT THIS WAY.

THAT MAKES MORE SENSE, YEAH.

NO, I'M GOING TO CUT THIS WAY.

SO, I'LL COME ON TOWARDS YOU, AND LIFT MY MITER SAW UP INTO PLACE.

AND I'M TRYING TO ALIGN THE SAW RIGHT WITH THE OUTER EDGE THERE.

YEAH, THERE WE GO, ALL RIGHT.

SO, NOW SWING AROUND THE OTHER WAY.

SO, BACK AND FORTH.

NOW, IF YOU'D USED A MITER BOX OF THE WOODEN PERSUASION, OF COURSE WE'D HAVE SEVERAL SLOTS TO GO IN, BUT THIS ONE WE SWING AROUND.

SO, NOW I'M CUTTING THAT MITER THAT ALLOWS ME TO JOIN ANY MOLDING.

AAH, THERE WE GO, ALL RIGHT.

SO, I'M GOING TO TAKE THAT, AND SET THAT RIGHT ON, SOME KIND OF CONFIGURATION THERE, ALL RIGHT?

AND WE'LL SEE WHAT WE CAN DEVELOP, SOME VERY CREATIVE STUFF.

I'VE SEEN BIG SHEETS OF THIS STUFF JUST SET AT ANGLES, BUT WHAT MOST FOLKS DO IS THESE KIND OF COOL MITER CONVERGRNCES YOU ARE ABOUT TO SEE.

SO, YOU TAKE THE NEXT ONE HERE.

SO, NOW I'VE GOT ANOTHER PIECE CUT OUT, AND SET IT NEXT TO THE ONE THAT I DID BEFORE, RIGHT?

AND WITH THOSE MITERS, DO YOU SEE WHAT'S HAPPENING?

HOW IT'S STARTING TO RETURN LIKE THAT?

SO, WE COULD DO THIS AT THE TOP OF A DOOR.

WE CAN DO 4 OF THESE HERE, LET ME GET THEM, THE FOURTH.

HERE, SO, WE HAVE A WHOLE BUNCH OF THESE TO MAKE A ROSETTE, LIKE THAT.

AND THEN WE CAN BRING IN ANOTHER MITER PIECE, AND SO THESE JUST BECOME WONDERFULLY, WONDERFULLY COMPLICATED.

THIS WOULD BE ON TOP, JUST ASTOUNDING WHAT FOLKS CAME UP WITH TO DO.

IT'S WAS REALLY A CHALLENGE FOR FOLKS TO PUT THESE MULTIPLE BEADS INTO GEOMETRIC PATTERNS AROUND THE STAIRCASE, AND GAVE EVERYBODY SOMETHING NICE TO LOOK AT.

SO, FINALLY, I PUT ONE PIECE ASIDE.

LET ME SHOW YOU WHAT ELSE THE BEAD CAN DO.

THE VENERABLE BEAD IS WONDERFUL FOR CARVING, SO, IF WE TAKE THAT LITTLE PIECE, AND JUST PUSH A GOUGE INTO IT THAT'S JUST THE RIGHT SIZE, WE CAN START DELINEATING A BEAD, JUST LIKE THAT.

SO, WORK AROUND, SO I'VE GOT A GAUGE JUST THE RIGHT SIZE TO FIT OVER THAT.

WE CAN COME BACK THIS WAY, AND THEN ROUND THAT BEAD OVER, TO WHERE WE'RE GETTING THESE KIND OF PATTERNS, AND MORE AND MORE, AND IT GETS ELABORATE.

IT'S JUST A FOUNDATION FOR CARVING, AND IT ALL IS BASED ON THAT LITTLE ROUNDED BEAD.

SO, IF I HAVE ONE BIT OF ADVICE FOR YOU, IT'S THIS: BEAD IT, JUST BEAD IT.

MAY THE GRAIN BE WITH YOU.

IT'S ROY UNDERHILL, HERE IN "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT TIME, SO LONG.

LEARN MORE ABOUT "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP" AND TRADITIONAL WOODWORKING ON OUR WEBSITE.

YOU CAN FIND US ONLINE AT pbs.org.

[UPBEAT OLD-TIME FIDDLE MUSIC] ♪ MAJOR FUNDING FOR "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP" IS PROVIDED BY... [WIND BLOWING] [BIRD SQUAWKS] [THUNDER] [CAR ALARM BLARING] WHEN THE UNEXPECTED HAPPENS, STATE FARM HAS THE TOOLS TO GET YOU TO A BETTER STATE, PROUD SPONSOR OF "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

ROY UNDERHILL IS THE AUTHOR OF "THE WOODWRIGHT'S GUIDE: WORKING WOOD WITH WEDGE AND EDGE," AS WELL AS OTHER BOOKS ON TRADITIONAL WOODWORKING, ALL PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS AND AVAILABLE AT BOOKSTORES AND LIBRARIES.