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USA:s federala distriktsdomstolar

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USA:s federala distriktsdomstolar (engelska: United States district court) är den lägsta domstolsinstansen i det federala rättsväsendet i mål som berör federal jurisdiktion och lagstiftning. Varje federal distriktsdomstol är skapad genom lag stiftad av USA:s kongress och härleder sin domsrätt från artikel 3 i USA:s konstitution.

Åtal i federal distriktsdomstol kan väckas av federal åklagare eller hans biträden; för grövre brott krävs dock att åtalet godkänns av en åtalsjury.[1] Avgöranden från en federal distriktsdomstol kan i de flesta fall överklagas till en federal appellationsdomstol.

Det absoluta flertalet ärenden som behandlas i amerikanska domstolar, i såväl civilrätt och straffrätt, behandlas däremot i delstatliga domstolar som dömer under respektive delstats lagstiftning.[2]

Beslut i distriktsdomstol kan överklagas till appelationsdomstol och slutligen till USA:s högsta domstol.

Distriktsdomstolarna

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I varje delstat finns minst en federal distriktsdomstol. Det samma gäller för det federala distriktet District of Columbia och det självstyrande territoriet Puerto Rico.[3]

Delstater med stor befolkning eller stor yta kan ha flera distriktsdomstolar. Kalifornien, New York och Texas, som alla är stora till ytan och har en stor befolkning, har vardera fyra federala distriktsdomstolar.[4][5][6]

Distriktsdomstolarnas jurisdiktion utgår från artikel III i USA:s konstitution, som klargör att domstolsmakten ska vila hos USA:s högsta domstol och de underordnade domstolar som kongressen från tid till annan inrättar.

Domstolarna inrättas därefter i United States Code. I den övergripande paragrafen 28 U.S.C. § 41 inrättas appelationsdomstolarnas domsagor (engelska: circuits).[7] Inrättandet av distriktsdomstolar, deras domstolsdistrikt liksom distriktens indelning i divisioner, är sedan reglerade i särskilda paragrafer för varje delstat (se tabell nedan). United States Code anger också domstolarnas rätt att döma på olika rättsområden, framför allt i 28 U.S.C. §§ 1330–1369 samt i 28 U.S.C. § 3231.[3]

Personal

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Det finns 645 ordinarie domartjänster i de 50 delstaterna samt ytterligare 15 i District of Columbia och 7 på Puerto Rico.[3] En federal distriktsdomare utses av USA:s president efter erhållande av senatens råd och samtycke (i praktiken godkännande) och kan endast avsättas genom riksrätt som inleds i representanthuset.[3]

Vid varje domstol finns anställda magistratsdomare (engelska: magistrate judge) som bistår de ordinarie domarna i rutinärenden, exempelvis utfärdande av arresteringsorder, beslut om husrannsakan, inledanade plädering och fastställande av borgen. Magistratsdomare fäller dock inga slutliga avgöranden i själva rättsprocessen. En magistratsdomares beslut kan bestridas av en part och kan överprövas av en ordinare federal domare om det skulle vara i sak felaktigt.[8]

Till varje federal distriktsdomstol finns det en chefsnotarie (engelska: clerk), en tillhörande federal åklagare (som leder det federala åklagarämbetet inom domstolens juridiska distrikt[9]), en tillhörande U.S. Marshal (som ansvarar för domstolen och dess personals säkerhet, verkställande av beslut samt leder avdelningen för United States Marshals Service inom det juridiska distriktet[10]), övervakare för dömda med villkorlig dom samt övrig personal.[3]

Bildgalleri

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Lista över federala distriktsdomstolar

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Nedan redovisas distriktsdomstolar i delstater, federala distrikt och territorier. Indelningen regleras i United States Code, dels genom inrättandet av appelationsdomstolarnas domsagor[7] och dels i särskilda paragrafer för varje delstat. De senare redovisas som noter i tabellen nedan.

Under rubriken Överinstans redovisas den appelationsdomstol som distriktsdomstolen tillhör. Patenträtt samt ett fåtal andra undantagna ärendetyper överklagas i stället till appelationsdomstolen för den federala domsagan, United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.

Då prejudicerande rättsfall är en central rättskälla i amerikansk rätt redovisas även den förkortning som används för respektive distriktsdomstol i samband med referat till domstolens domar.

Sigill Namn Delstat / Område Säte Inrättad Överinstans Noter
US District Court for the District of Columbia

D.D.C.

District of Columbia (federalt distrikt) Washington, D.C. 1863 D.C. Circuit [11]
United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama

M.D. Ala.

Alabama Montgomery 1839 Eleventh Circuit [12]
United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama

N.D. Ala.

Alabama Birmingham 1824 Eleventh Circuit [12]
United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama

S.D. Ala.

Alabama Mobile 1824 Eleventh Circuit [12]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas

E.D. Ark.

Arkansas Little Rock 1851 Eighth Circuit [13]
United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas

W.D. Ark.

Arkansas Fort Smith 1851 Eighth Circuit [13]
United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida

M.D. Fla.

Florida Orlando 1962 Eleventh Circuit [14]
United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida

N.D. Fla.

Florida Tallahassee 1847 Eleventh Circuit [14]
United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida

S.D. Fla.

Florida Miami 1847 Eleventh Circuit [14]
United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia

M.D. Ga.

Georgia Macon 1926 Eleventh Circuit [15]
United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia

N.D. Ga.

Georgia Atlanta 1848 Eleventh Circuit [15]
United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia

S.D. Ga.

Georgia Savannah 1848 Eleventh Circuit [15]
United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois

C.D. Ill.

Illinois Springfield 1979 Seventh Circuit [16]
United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois

N.D. Ill.

Illinois Chicago 1855 Seventh Circuit [16]
United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois

S.D. Ill.

Illinois East St. Louis 1855 Seventh Circuit [16]
United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana

N.D. Ind.

Indiana South Bend 1928 Seventh Circuit [17]
United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana

S.D. Ind.

Indiana Indianapolis 1928 Seventh Circuit [17]
United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa

N.D. Iowa

Iowa Cedar Rapids 1882 Eighth Circuit [18]
United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa

S.D. Iowa

Iowa Des Moines 1882 Eighth Circuit [18]
United States District Court for the Central District of California

C.D. Cal.

Kalifornien Los Angeles 1966 Ninth Circuit [4][19]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of California

E.D. Cal.

Kalifornien Sacramento 1966 Ninth Circuit [4][20]
United States District Court for the Northern District of California

N.D. Cal.

Kalifornien San Francisco 1886 Ninth Circuit [4][21]
United States District Court for the Southern District of California

S.D. Cal.

Kalifornien San Diego 1886 Ninth Circuit [4]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky

E.D. Ky.

Kentucky Lexington 1901 Sixth Circuit [22]
United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky

W.D. Ky.

Kentucky Louisville 1901 Sixth Circuit [22]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana

E.D. La.

Louisiana New Orleans 1881 Fifth Circuit [23]
United States District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana

M.D. La.

Louisiana Baton Rouge 1971 Fifth Circuit [23]
United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana

W.D. La.

Louisiana Shreveport 1881 Fifth Circuit [23]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan
E.D. Mich. 		Michigan Detroit 1863 Sixth Circuit [24]
United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan
W.D. Mich. 		Michigan Grand Rapids 1863 Sixth Circuit [24]
United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi
N.D. Miss. 		Mississippi Oxford 1838 Fifth Circuit [25]
United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi
S.D. Miss. 		Mississippi Jackson 1838 Fifth Circuit [25]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri
E.D. Mo. 		Missouri Saint Louis 1857 Eighth Circuit [26]
United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri
W.D. Mo. 		Missouri Kansas City 1857 Eighth Circuit [26]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
E.D.N.Y. 		New York New York City (Brooklyn) 1865 Second Circuit [5]
United States District Court for the Northern District of New York
N.D.N.Y. 		New York Syracuse 1814 Second Circuit [5][27]
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
S.D.N.Y. 		New York New York City (Manhattan) 1814 Second Circuit [5][28]
United States District Court for the Western District of New York
W.D.N.Y. 		New York Buffalo 1900 Second Circuit [5][29]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina
E.D.N.C. 		North Carolina Raleigh 1872 Fourth Circuit [30]
United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina
M.D.N.C. 		North Carolina Greensboro 1927 Fourth Circuit [30]
United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina
W.D.N.C. 		North Carolina Charlotte 1872 Fourth Circuit [30]
United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio
N.D. Ohio 		Ohio Cleveland 1855 Sixth Circuit [31]
United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio
S.D. Ohio 		Ohio Columbus 1855 Sixth Circuit [31]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma
E.D. Okla. 		Oklahoma Muskogee 1906 Tenth Circuit [32]
United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma
N.D. Okla. 		Oklahoma Tulsa 1925 Tenth Circuit [32]
United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma
W.D. Okla. 		Oklahoma Oklahoma City 1906 Tenth Circuit [32]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
E.D. Pa. 		Pennsylvania Philadelphia 1818 Third Circuit [33]
United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
M.D. Pa. 		Pennsylvania Harrisburg 1901 Third Circuit [33]
United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania
W.D. Pa. 		Pennsylvania Pittsburgh 1818 Third Circuit [33]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee
E.D. Tenn. 		Tennessee Knoxville 1802 Sixth Circuit [34]
United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee
M.D. Tenn. 		Tennessee Nashville 1839 Sixth Circuit [34]
United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee
W.D. Tenn. 		Tennessee Memphis 1802 Sixth Circuit [34]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas
E.D. Tex. 		Texas Tyler 1857 Fifth Circuit [6]
United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas
N.D. Tex. 		Texas Dallas 1879 Fifth Circuit [6]
United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas
S.D. Tex. 		Texas Houston 1902 Fifth Circuit [6]
United States District Court for the Western District of Texas
W.D. Tex. 		Texas San Antonio 1857 Fifth Circuit [6]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia
E.D. Va.) 		Virginia Alexandria 1819 Fourth Circuit [35]
United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia
W.D. Va. 		Virginia Roanoke 1819 Fourth Circuit [35][36]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington
E.D. Wash. 		Washington Spokane 1905 Ninth Circuit [37]
United States District Court for the Western District of Washington
W.D. Wash. 		Washington Seattle 1905 Ninth Circuit [37]
United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia
N.D. W. Va. 		West Virginia Martinsburg 1901 Fourth Circuit [38]
United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia
S.D. W. Va. 		West Virginia Charleston 1901 Fourth Circuit [38]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin
E.D. Wis. 		Wisconsin Milwaukee 1870 Seventh Circuit [39]
United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin
W.D. Wis. 		Wisconsin Madison 1870 Seventh Circuit [39]
United States District Court for the District of Alaska
D. Alaska 		Alaska Anchorage 1959 Ninth Circuit [40]
United States District Court for the District of Arizona
D. Ariz. 		Arizona Phoenix 1912 Ninth Circuit [41]
United States District Court for the District of Colorado
D. Colo. 		Colorado Denver 1876 Tenth Circuit [42]
United States District Court for the District of Connecticut
D. Conn. 		Connecticut New Haven 1789 Second Circuit [43]
United States District Court for the District of Delaware
D. Del. 		Delaware Wilmington 1789 Third Circuit [44]
United States District Court for the District of Hawaii
D. Haw. 		Hawaii Honolulu 1959 Ninth Circuit [45]
United States District Court for the District of Idaho
D. Idaho 		Idaho Boise 1890 Ninth Circuit [46]
United States District Court for the District of Kansas
D. Kan. 		Kansas Kansas City 1861 Tenth Circuit [47]
United States District Court for the District of Maine
D. Me. 		Maine Portland 1820 First Circuit [48]
United States District Court for the District of Maryland
D. Md. 		Maryland Baltimore 1789 Fourth Circuit [49]
United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
D. Mass. 		Massachusetts Boston 1789 First Circuit [50]
United States District Court for the District of Minnesota
D. Minn. 		Minnesota Minneapolis 1858 Eighth Circuit [51]
United States District Court for the District of Montana
D. Mont. 		Montana Missoula 1889 Ninth Circuit [52]
United States District Court for the District of Nebraska
D. Neb. 		Nebraska Omaha 1867 Eighth Circuit [53]
United States District Court for the District of Nevada
D. Nev. 		Nevada Las Vegas 1865 Ninth Circuit [54]
United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire
D.N.H. 		New Hampshire Concord 1789 First Circuit [55]
United States District Court for the District of New Jersey
D.N.J. 		New Jersey Newark 1789 Third Circuit [56]
United States District Court for the District of New Mexico
D.N.M. 		New Mexico Albuquerque 1910 Tenth Circuit [57]
United States District Court for the District of North Dakota
D.N.D. 		North Dakota Bismarck 1889 Eighth Circuit [58]
United States District Court for the District of Oregon
D. Ore. 		Oregon Portland 1859 Ninth Circuit [59]
United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island
D.R.I. 		Rhode Island Providence 1790 First Circuit [60]
United States District Court for the District of South Carolina
D.S.C. 		South Carolina Charleston 1965 Fourth Circuit [61]
United States District Court for the District of South Dakota
D.S.D. 		South Dakota Sioux Falls 1889 Eighth Circuit [62]
United States District Court for the District of Utah
D. Utah 		Utah Salt Lake City 1894 Tenth Circuit [63]
United States District Court for the District of Vermont
D. Vt. 		Vermont Burlington 1791 Second Circuit [64]
United States District Court for the District of Wyoming
D. Wyo. 		Wyoming Cheyenne 1890 Tenth Circuit [65]
United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico
D.P.R. 		Puerto Rico (territorium) San Juan 1966 First Circuit [66]

Se även

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Referenser

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  1. ^ Supreme Court of the United States, red (2024). ”Rule 7. The Indictment and the Information”. Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. Michigan Legal Publishing Ltd. Läst 25 september 2024 
  2. ^ ”Comparing Federal & State Courts” (på engelska). uscourts.gov. Administrative Office of the United States Courts. https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/court-role-and-structure/comparing-federal-state-courts. Läst 12 juni 2021. 
  3. ^ [a b c d e] ”Lower Courts” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. U.S. Government Publishing Office. https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=384h6UoqM8c=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 12 juni 2021. 
  4. ^ [a b c d e] 28 U.S.C. § 84
  5. ^ [a b c d e] 28 U.S.C. § 112
  6. ^ [a b c d e] 28 U.S.C. § 124
  7. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 41
  8. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 636
  9. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 547
  10. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 566
  11. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 88
  12. ^ [a b c] 28 U.S.C. § 81
  13. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 83
  14. ^ [a b c] 28 U.S.C. § 89
  15. ^ [a b c] 28 U.S.C. § 90
  16. ^ [a b c] 28 U.S.C. § 93
  17. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 94
  18. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 95
  19. ^ ”The 1960s” (på engelska). www.cacd.uscourts.gov. United States District Court for the Central District of California. https://www.cacd.uscourts.gov/newsworthy/historical-decades/1960s. Läst 26 januari 2025. 
  20. ^ ”About The Federal Court” (på engelska). www.caed.uscourts.gov. United States District Court for the Eastern District of California. https://www.caed.uscourts.gov/caednew/index.cfm/about-the-federal-court/. Läst 26 januari 2025. 
  21. ^ ”History of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California” (på engelska). www.cand.uscourts.gov. United States District Court for the Northern District of California. https://www.cand.uscourts.gov/about/northern-district-history/. Läst 26 januari 2025. 
  22. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 97
  23. ^ [a b c] 28 U.S.C. § 98
  24. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 102
  25. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 104
  26. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 105
  27. ^ ”Court/District History” (på engelska). www.nynd.uscourts.gov. United States District Court for the Northern District of New York. https://www.nynd.uscourts.gov/courtdistrict-history. Läst 26 januari 2025. 
  28. ^ ”About the District” (på engelska). www.nysd.uscourts.gov. United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. https://www.nysd.uscourts.gov/about. Läst 26 januari 2025. 
  29. ^ ”Court/District History” (på engelska). www.nywd.uscourts.gov. United States District Court for the Western District of New York. https://www.nywd.uscourts.gov/courtdistrict-history-0. Läst 26 januari 2025. 
  30. ^ [a b c] 28 U.S.C. § 113
  31. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 115
  32. ^ [a b c] 28 U.S.C. § 116
  33. ^ [a b c] 28 U.S.C. § 118
  34. ^ [a b c] 28 U.S.C. § 123
  35. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 127
  36. ^ ”Court History” (på engelska). www.vawd.uscourts.gov. United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia. https://www.vawd.uscourts.gov/court-information/court-information/. Läst 26 januari 2025. 
  37. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 128
  38. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 129
  39. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 130
  40. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 81A
  41. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 82
  42. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 85
  43. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 86
  44. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 87
  45. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 91
  46. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 92
  47. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 96
  48. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 99
  49. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 100
  50. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 101
  51. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 103
  52. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 106
  53. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 107
  54. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 108
  55. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 109
  56. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 110
  57. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 111
  58. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 114
  59. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 117
  60. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 120
  61. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 121
  62. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 122
  63. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 125
  64. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 126
  65. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 131
  66. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 119

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