Chlorophyta

A) *Gonium pectorale* B) *Eudorina elegans*
C) *Pleodorina californica* D) *Volvox carteri*

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Divisio: Chlorophyta

Subdivisiones = Subphyla: Chlorophytina – Prasinophytina

Classes: Chlorodendrophyceae – Chlorophyceae – Chloropicophyceae – Mamiellophyceae – Nephrophyceae – Pedinophyceae – Picocystophyceae – Pyramimonadophyceae – Trebouxiophyceae – Ulvophyceae

Genera (classis, ordo, familia incertae sedis): †Asphaltinella – Chloremys – †Colonella – Ovillaria – Paramastix – Pseudostichococcus – Smithsoniella – Sphaerosiphon – Uvella

Name

Chlorophyta Reichenbach, 1834: 5.

References

Primary references

Reichenbach, H.G.L. 1834. Das Pflanzenreich in seinen natürlichen Classen und Familien: entwickelt und durch mehr als Tausend in Kupfer gestochene übersichtliche-bildliche Darstellungen für Anfänger und Freunde der Botanik erläutert. pp. [i]–iv, [1]–62. Leipzig: Verlag der Expedition des Naturfreundes. online Reference page. : 5

Additional references

Broady, P.A., Flint, E.A., Nelson, W.A., Cassie Cooper, V., De Winton, M.D. & Novis, P.M. 2012. 23. Phyla Chlorophyta and Charophyta: green algae. Pp. 347-381 in: Gordon, D.P. (ed.) 2012. New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume 3. Kingdoms Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, New Zealand. Reference page. Reference page.
Leliaert, F., Smith, D.R., Moreau, H., Herron, M.D., Verbruggen, H., Delwiche, C.F. & De Clerck, O. 2012. Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 31(1): 1–46. DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2011.615705 PDF Reference page.
Leliaert, F., Tronholm, A., Lemieux, C., Turmel, M., DePriest, M.S., Bhattacharya, D., Karol. K.G., Fredericq, S., Zechman, F.W. & Lopez-Bautista, J.M. 2016. Chloroplast phylogenomic analyses reveal the deepest-branching lineage of the Chlorophyta, Palmophyllophyceae class. nov. Scientific Reports 6(25637): 1–13, 6 figs. DOI: 10.1038/srep25367 Reference page.
Lopes dos Santos, A., Pollina, T., Gourvil, P., Corre, E., Marie, D., Garrido, J.L., Rodríguez, F., Noël, M.-H., Vaulot, D. & Eikrem, W. 2017. Chloropicophyceae, a new class of picophytoplanktonic prasinophytes. Scientific Reports 7(14019): 1–20, 7 figs, 3 tables. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12412-5 Reference page.
Škaloud, P., Rindi, F., Boedeker, C. & Leliaert, F. 2018. Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Freshwater flora of central Europe. Bd 13. Chlorophyta: Ulvophyceae (Krienitz, L. ed.). pp. [i]–ii, [1]–288, 182 figs. Berlin: Springer Spektrum. Reference page.

Links

Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2020. Chlorophyta. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed 2020-02-06.
Chlorophyta – Taxon details on AlgaeBase.

Vernacular names

Boarisch: Greahoing
беларуская: Зялёныя водарасці
Deutsch: Grünalgen
English: Green algae
español: Algas Verdes
eesti: Rohevetiktaimed
français: Algues Vertes, Chlorophytes
magyar: Valódi zöldmoszatok
íslenska: Grænþörungar
italiano: Alghe Verdi, Clorofite
日本語: 緑藻植物門（緑色植物門）
한국어: 녹조식물문
Lëtzebuergesch: Gréngalgen
lietuvių: Žaliadumbliai
македонски: Зелени алги
Nederlands: Groenwieren
norsk: grønnalger
polski: Zielenice
português: Algas Verdes, Clorófita
română: Alge verzi
русский: Зелёные водоросли
svenska: grönalger
ไทย: สาหร่ายสีเขียว
Türkçe: Yeşil algler
українська: Зелені водорості
中文: 绿藻门

For more multimedia, look at Chlorophyta on Wikimedia Commons.

Alternative classifications

Reichenbach (1828)

Reichenbach, H. G. L. (1828). Conspectus Regni Vegetabilis, [1]

Regni Vegetabilis

Classis III. Chlorophyta
- Ordo I. Algae
- Ordo II. Musci
- Ordo III. Filices

Blackman & Tansley (1902)

From Blackman, F.E. et Tansley, A.G. (1902). A revision of the classification of the green algae. New Phytology, 1: 17–24, 67-77- 89-96, 114-120, 133-144, 163-168, 189-192, 213-220, 258-264.

Green Algae

Class Chlorophyceae (Isokontae)
- Series Protococcoideae
- Series Siphoneae
- Series Ulotrichales
- Series Ulvales
Class Stephanokontae
- Series Oedogoniales
Class Conjugatae
Class Heterokontae
- Series Chloromonadales
- Series Confervales
- Series Vaucheriales
Class Glaucophyceae

Pascher et al. (1913-1936)

From Die Süsswasser-Flora: Deutschlands, Österreichs und der Schweiz (oder Die Süsswasser-flora Mitteleuropas), [2].

[see Algae]

Chlorophyceae
- Volvocales = Phytomonadinae [vol. 4, by Pascher, 1927]
- Tetrasporales [vol. 5, by Lemmermann, 1915]
- Protococcales [vol. 5, by Brunnthaler, 1915]
- Ulotrichales [vol. 6, by Heering, 1914]
- Mikrosporales [vol. 6, by Heering, 1914]
- Oedogoniales [vol. 6, by Heering, 1914]
- Siphonocladiales [vol. 7, by Heering, 1921]
- Siphonales [vol. 7, by Heering, 1921]
- Desmidiaceae [vol. 8]
- Zygnemales [vol. 9, by Borge & Pascher, 1913; 2nd ed. by Czurda, 1932]

Pascher (1914)

Pascher, A. (1914). Über Flagellaten und Algen. Ber. dt. Bot. Ges., 32: 136–160, [3].

Chlorophyta [p. 158]
- Chlorophyceae
  - dikontae-tetrakontae
  - Oedogoniales
- Conjugatae

Pascher (1931)

Pascher, A. 1931. Systematische Übersicht über die mit Flagellaten in Zusammenhang stehenden Algenreihen und Versuch einer Einreihung dieser Algenstämme in die Stämme des Pflanzenreiches. Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt. Zweite Abteilung 48: 317–332. Biblioteca Digital. Reference page.

Chlorophyta [p. 327]
- Chlorophyceae
- Conjugatae
Charophyta

Smith (1938)

Cryptogamic Botany, vol. 1, [4].

Division Chlorophyta

Class 1. Chlorophyceae

Order 1. Volvocales

Family 1. Chlamydomonadaceae
Family 2. Volvocaceae

Order 2. Tetrasporales
Order 3. Ulotrichales

Family 1. Ulotrichaceae
Family 2. Microsporaceae
Family 3. Cylindrocapsaceae
Family 4. Chaetophoraceae
Family 5. Protococcaceae
Family 6. Coleochaetaceae
Family 7. Trentepohliaceae

Order 4. Ulvales

Family 1. Ulvaceae
Family 2 Schizomeridaceae

Order 5. Schizogoniales

Family Schizogoniaceae

Order 6. Cladophorales

Family 1. Cladophoraceae
Family 2. Sphaeropleaceae

Order 7. Oedogoniales

Family Oedogoniaceae

Order 8. Zygnematales

Family 1. Zygnemataceae
Family 2. Mesotaeniaceae
Family 3. Desmidiaceae

Order 9. Chlorococcales

Family 1. Chlorococcaceae
Family 2. Endosphaeraceae
Family 3. Characiaceae
Family 4. Protosiphonaceae
Family 5. Hydrodictyaceae
Family 6. Oöcystaceae
Family 7. Scenedesmaceae

Order 10. Siphonales

Family 1. Bryopsidaceae
Family 2. Caulerpaceae
Family 3. Halicystaceae
Family 4. Codiaceae
Family 5. Derbesiaceae
Family 6. Vaucheriaceae
Family 7. Phyllosiphonaceae

Order 11. Siphonocladiales

Family 1. Valoniaceae
Family 2. Dasycladaceae

Class 2. Charophyceae

Order Charales

Family Characeae

Huber-Pestalozzi's Das Phytoplankton des Süßwassers (1961-1983)

Huber-Pestalozzi, G. (ed.). Das Phytoplankton des Süßwassers. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, Werke.

[See Algae]

[Theil 5, 1961, von Huber-Pestalozzi:]

XI. Klasse: Chlorophyceae
- Order Volvocales
  - Unterordnung Polyblepharidineae
  - Unterordnung Chlamydomonadineae
  - Unterordnung Volvocineae
- Ordnung Tetrasporales
- Ordnung Chlorococcales (= Protococcales)
- Ordnung Ulotrichales
- Ordnung Siphonales
- Ordnung Siphonocladiales
- Ordnung Conjugales (Conjugatae)
- Ordnung Charales (Charophyta)

[Teil 6, 1972, von Fott:]

Chlorophyta
- 1. Klasse: Chlorophyceae
  - Ordnung Volvocales [Band 5, 1961, von Huber-Pestalozzi]
  - Ordnung Tetrasporales [Band 6, 1972, von Fott]
  - Ordnung Chlorococcales [Band 7.1, 1983, von Komarek und Fott]
  - Ordnung Ulotrichales [Band 7.2, not published]
  - Ordnung Siphonales
  - Ordnung Siphonocladales
- 2. Klasse: Conjugatophyceae [Band 8.1, 1982, von Förster]
  - Ordnung Mesotaeniales
  - Ordnung Zygnematales
  - Ordnung Desmidiales
- 3. Klasse: Charophyceae
  - Ordnung Charales

Christensen (1962)

Christensen, T. 1962. Alger. In: Böcher, T.W., Lange, M. & Sørensen, T. (eds.) Botanik. Bind II. Systematisk botanik. Nr. 2. pp. [1]–178. København: I kommission hos Munksgaard. Reference page.

"Alger"

Eucaryota
- Aconta
- Contophora
  - Chlorophyta

Round (1963)

Round, F.E. (1963). The taxonomy of the Chlorophyta. British Phycological Bulletin, 2 (4): 224–235. [5].

Eucaryota

Contophora
- Chlorophyta

Bourrelly (1966-1970)

Bourrelly, P. Les algues d'eau douce. Initiation à la systématique. Éditions Boubée.

Tome I. Les algues vertes, 1966, [6]. Réimpressions revues et augmentées, 1972, 1990. Compléments, 1988, [7].
Tome II. Les algues jaunes et brunes. Chrysophycées, Phéophycées, Xanthophycées et Diatomées, 1968, [8]. Réimpression revue et augmentée, 1981.
Tome III. Les algues bleues et rouges. Les Eugléniens, Péridiniens et Cryptomonadines, 1970, [9]. Réimpression revue et augmentée, 1985, [10].

[Tome I:]

Chlorophytes (= Chlorophycophytes)
- Class 1. Euchlorophycées
  - Order 1. Volvocales
    - Suborder 1. Pyramimonadinées
    - Suborder 2. Volvocinées
    - Suborder 3. Pédinomonadinées
  - Order 2. Tétrasporales
  - Order 3. Chlorococcales
- Class 2. Ulotrichophycées
  - Order 4. Ulotrichales
  - Order 5. Ulvales
  - Order 6. Chaetophorales
  - Order 7. Trentépohliales
  - Order 8. Oedogoniales
  - Order 9. Sphaeropléales
  - Order 10. Siphonocladales
  - Order 11. Siphonales
  - Order 12. Dichotomosiphonales
- Class 3. Zygophycées
  - Order 13. Zygnémales
- Class 4. Charophycées
  - Order 14. Charales

[Tome III:]

Chlorophytes
- Prasinophycées
  - Pyramimonadales (= Prasinovolvocales Chadefaud)
  - Pédinomonadales
  - Halosphaerales (= Prasinococcales Chadefaud)
  - Prasinocladales
- Chlorophycées
- Zygophycées
- Charophycées

Fott (1971)

Fott, B. (1971). Algenkunde. 2nd ed. VEB Fischer, Jena, 581 pp., [11], [12].

Chlorophyta

Class Chlorophyceae

Suborder Chlorosarcineae
Suborder Ulotrichineae
Suborder Oedogoniineae
Suborder Chaetophorineae

Order Siphonocladales
Order Bryopsidales

Class Conjugatophyceae (Conjugatae)
Class Charophyceae

Round (1971)

Round, F.E. (1971). "The taxonomy of the Chlorophyta, 2". Brit. phycol. J. 6 (2): 235–264, [13].

"green algae"
- Euglenophyta
- Prasinophyta
- Charophyta
- Chlorophyta
  - Zygnemaphyceae (= Conjugatophyceae; orders Mesotaeniales, Zygnematales, Gonatozygales, Desmidiales)
  - Oedogoniophyceae (order Oedogoniales)
  - Bryopsidophyceae
    - Hemisiphoniidae (orders Cladophorales, Sphaeropleales, Acrosiphoniales)
    - Cystosiphoniidae (orders Dasycladales, Siphonocladales, Chlorochytriales)
    - Eusiphoniidae (orders Derbesiales, Codiales, Caulerpales, Dichotomosiphonales, Phyllosiphonales)
  - Chlorophyceae
    - orders Chlamydomonadales, Volvocales, Polyblepharidales, Tetrasporales, Chlorodendrales, Chlorosarcinales, Chlorococcales
    - orders Ulotrichales, Codiolales, Ulvales, Prasiolales, Cylindrocapsales, Microsporales
    - orders Chaetophorales, Coleochaetales, Trentepohliales, Pleurococcales, Ulvellales

Pickett-Heaps (1975)

Pickett-Heaps, J.D. (1975). Green Algae. Structure, Reproduction and Evolution in Selected Genera. Sinauer Assoc., Stamford, CT; 606 pages.

green algae

Stewart & Mattox (1975)

Stewart, K. D. & Mattox, K. R. (1975). Comparative cytology, evolution and classification of the green algae with some consideration of the origin of other organisms with chlorophylls A and B, [14].

“Green algae”

Stewart & Mattox (1978)

Stewart, K. D. & Mattox, K. R. (1978). Structural evolution in the flagellated cells of green algae and land plants. BioSystems 10 (1–2): 145–152.

Chlorophyta

A. Pascher's Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa (1978-)

From Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa (or Freshwater Flora of Central Europe), 2nd ed., Adolf Pascher. Some volumes not published.

[See Algae]

Chlorophyta
- "Phytomonadina" [Bd. 9, 1983, von Ettl]
  - Prasinophyceae
  - Chlorophyceae [p.p.]
    - Dunaliellales
  - Chlamydophyceae [p.p.]
    - Chlamydomonadales
    - Volvocales
- Chlamydophyceae [p.p.] [Bd. 10, 1988, von Ettl & Gartner]
  - Tetrasporales
  - Chlorococcales
- Chlorophyceae [p.p.]
  - Gloeodendrales [Bd. 10, 1988, von Ettl & Gartner]
  - Chlorellales [Bd. 11]
  - Protosiphonales [Bd. 11]
  - Stichococcales [Bd. 12]
  - Microsporales [Bd. 12]
  - Chaetophorales [Bd. 13]
  - Trentepohliales [Bd. 13]
  - Chlorosphaerales [Bd. 13]
- Codiolophyceae [Bd. 12]
  - Ulotrichales
  - Monostromatales
- Oedogoniophyceae [Bd. 14, 1985, von Mrozinska]
  - Oedoginiales
- Bryopsidophyceae [Bd. 15]
  - Cladophorales
  - Sphaeropleales
- Conjugatophyceae
  - Zygnemales [Bd. 16, 1984, von Kadlubowska]
  - Mesotaeniaceae and Desmidiales [Bd. 17]
- Charophyceae [Bd. 18, 1997, von Krause]

Ettl (1981)

Ettl, H. (1981). Die neue Klasse Chlamydophyceae, eine natürliche Gruppe der Grünalgen (Chlorophyta). Pl. Syst. Evol. 137, 107–126, [15].

Chlorophyta

Chlamydophyceae
Chlorophyceae
- Dunaliellales
- Chlorellales
- Protosiphonales
- certain filamentous orders
Prasinophyceae
Codiolophyceae
Oedogoniophyceae
Bryopsidophyceae
Zygnemaphyceae

Mattox & Stewart (1984)

Mattox, K. R. & Stewart, K. D. 1984. Classification of the green algae: a concept based on comparative cytology. Pp. 29‐72, In Irvine, D. E. G. & John, D. M. (eds.), The systematics of Green Algae. The Systematics Association, Special Vol. 27, Academic Press, London.

Chlorophyta
- Micromonadophyceae Mattox & Stewart [similar to Prasinophyceae; Tetraselmidiales transferred to Pleurastrophyceae]
- Charophyceae Rabenhorst
- Ulvophyceae Mattox & Stewart
- Pleurastrophyceae Mattox & Stewart
  - Tetraselmidiales
  - Pleurastrales
- Chlorophyceae Wille in Warming

Bold & Wynne (1985)

Bold, H.C. & Wynne, M.J. (1985). Introduction to the algae: structure and reproduction (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, [16].

Chlorophyta, Chlorophyceae (16 orders)
Charophyta, Charophyceae (1 order)
- Charales

van den Hoek, Stam & Olsen (1988)

van den Hoek, C., Stam, W.T., and Olsen, J.L. (1988). The emergence of a new chlorophytan system, and Dr. Kornmann’s contribution thereto. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 42: 339–383, [17].

Chlorophyta

Class Prasinophyceae
Class Chlamydophyceae
Class Ulvophyceae (orders Codiolales, Ulvales, Cladophorales, Bryopsidales, Dasycladales)
Class Pteurastrophyceae (?)
Class Chlorophyceae s.s. (orders Cylindrocapsales, Oedogoniales, Chaetophorales)
Class Zygnematophyceae
Class Trentepohhophyceae
Class Charophyceae (orders Klebsormidiales, Coleochaetales, Charales)

Melkonian in Margulis et al. (1990)

Melkonian, M., 1990. 32. Phylum Chlorophyta: Introduction to the Chlorophyta. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, D.J. Chapman (ed.). Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, p. 597-599. See Brands, S.J. (1989-2015), [18].

Kingdom Protoctista

Section IV: Phyla with flagellated stages and complex sexual cycles
- Phylum 32. Chlorophyta
  - Class Prasinophyceae
  - Class Chlorophyceae
  - Class Ulvophyceae
  - Class Charophyceae
  - Chlorophyte orders of uncertain affinities
    - Order Pedinomonadales
    - Order Microthamniales
    - Order Prasiolales
    - Order Trentepohliales

van den Hoek, Stam & Olsen (1992)

van den Hoek, C., Stam, W.T. & Olsen, J.L. (1992). The Chlorophyta: Systematics and phylogeny. In: Stabenau, H. (Ed.), Phylogenetic Changes in Peroxisomes of Algae: Phylogeny of Plant Peroxisomes. pp. 330-368. University of Oldenburg, Germany, [19].

Chlorophyta

van den Hoek, Mann and Jahns (1995)

van den Hoek, C., Mann, D. G., & Jahns, H. M. (1995): Algae. An Introduction to Phycology. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, [20].

Chlorophyta

Class Prasinophyceae (orders Mamiellales, Pseudocourfeldiales, Pyramimonadales, Chlorodendrales)
Class Chlorophyceae (orders Volvocales [including the Tetrasporales], Chlorococcales, Chaetophorales, Oedogoniales)
Class Ulvophyceae (orders Codiolales, Ulvales)
Class Cladophorophyceae (order Cladophorales)
Class Bryopsidophyceae (orders Bryopsidales, Halimedales)
Class Dasycladophyceae (order Dasycladales)
Class Trentepohliophyceae (order Trentepohliales)
Class Pleurastrophyceae (orders Pleurastrales
Incertae sedis (order Prasiolales)
Class Klebsormidiophyceae (orders Klebsormidiales, Coleochaetales)
Class Zygnematophyceae (order Zygnematales, Desmidiales)
Class Charophyceae (order Charales)

[In a note added in proof, an alternative classification is presented for the class Chlorophyceae:]

Class Chlamydophyceae (orders Volvocales, Chlorococcales, Chaetophorales)
Class Oedogoniophyceae (order Oedogoniales)
Class Chlorophyceae (order Chlorellales)

Reviers (2002-2003)

Reviers, B. de (2002-2003). Biologie et phylogénie des algues. Tome 1, 352 p. Tome 2, 255 p. Paris: Belin.

[Note: (*) indicates divisions and classes classified as “algae” at a given time; some non-algal groups not listed]

Eukaryota

Regnum Plantae (or Primoplastobiota)
- Subregnum Glaucobionta
  - Divisio, phylum Glaucophyta (or Glaucocystophyta) (*)
- Subregnum Rhodobionta
  - Divisio, phylum Rhodophyta (*)
- Subregnum Viridiplantae (or Chlorobionta)
  - Branch of Chlorophyta (*)
    - Classis “Prasinophyceae” (paraphyletic) (*)
    - Classis Pedinophyceae (*)
    - Classis “Ulvophyceae” lato sensu (paraphyletic) (*)
    - Classis Chlorophyceae stricto sensu (*)
    - Classis Trebouxiophyceae (*)
  - Branch of Streptophyta
    - “Streptophycophytes” (paraphyletic)
      - Classis Mesostigmatophyceae (*)
      - Classis Zygnematophyceae (*)
      - Classis Chlorokybophyceae (*)
      - Classis Klebsormidiophyceae (*)
      - Classis Coleochaetophyceae (*)
      - Classis Charophyceae (*)
    - Embryophyta (extant classes)

Lewis & McCourt (2004)

Lewis, L.A. & McCourt, R.M. 2004. Green algae and the origin of land plants. American Journal of Botany 91(10): 1535–1556. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535 Reference page.

Division Chlorophyta (green algae sensu stricto)
- Subdivision Chlorophytina
  - Class Chlorophyceae (chlorophytes)
    - Order Chlamydomonadales (+ some Chlorococcales + some Tetrasporales + some Chlorosarcinales)
    - Order Sphaeropleales (sensu Deason, plus Bracteacoccus, Schroederia, Scenedesmaceae, Selanastraceae)
    - Order Oedogoniales
    - Order Chaetopeltidales
    - Order Chaetophorales
    - Incertae Sedis (Cylindrocapsa clade, Mychonastes clade)
  - Class Ulvophyceae (ulvophytes)
    - Order Ulotrichales
    - Order Ulvales
    - Order Siphoncladales/Cladophorales
    - Order Caulerpales
    - Order Dasycladales
  - Class Trebouxiophyceae (trebouxiophytes)
    - Order Trebouxiales
    - Order Microthamniales
    - Order Prasiolales
    - Order Chlorellales
  - Class Prasinophyceae (prasinophytes)
    - Order Pyramimonadales
    - Order Mamiellales
    - Order Pseudoscourﬁeldiales
    - Order Chlorodendrales
    - Incertae sedis (Unnamed clade of coccoid taxa)
Division Charophyta (charophyte algae and embryophytes)
- Class Mesostigmatophyceae (mesostigmatophytes)
- Class Chlorokybophyceae (chlorokybophytes)
- Class Klebsormidiophyceae (klebsormidiophytes)
- Class Zygnemophyceae (conjugates)
  - Order Zygnematales (ﬁlamentous conjugates and saccoderm desmids)
  - Order Desmidiales (placoderm desmids)
- Class Coleochaetophyceae (coleochaetophytes)
  - Order Coleochaetales
- Subdivision Streptophytina
  - Class Charophyceae (reverts to use of GM Smith)
    - Order Charales (charophytes sensu stricto)
  - Class Embryophyceae (embryophytes)

Pombert et al. (2005)

Pombert, J.-F. et al. (2005). The Chloroplast Genome Sequence of the Green Alga... Mol. Biol. Evol. 22(9) 1903–1918, [21].

Chlorophyta

Class Prasinophyceae T. A. Chr. ex Ø. Moestrup & J. Throndsen
Class Chlorophyceae Wille
Class Trebouxiophyceae T. Friedl
Class Ulvophyceae K. R. Mattox & K. D. Stewart

Adl et al. (2012)

Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., Le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnow, A. & Spiegel, F.W. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59(5): 429–514. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x . [Erratum: 60(3): 321. DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12033 .] Reference page.

Eukaryota

Archaeplastida Adl et al. 2005
- Glaucophyta Skuja 1954 (Glaucocystophyta Kies & Kremer 1986)
- Rhodophyceae Thuret 1855, emend. Rabenhorst 1863 (Rhodophyta Wettstein 1901, Rhodoplantae Saunders & Hommersand 2004) emend. Adl et al. 2005
- Chloroplastida Adl et al. 2005 (Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith 1981)
  - Chlorophyta Pascher 1914, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004
    - Ulvophyceae Mattox and Stewart 1984 (P)
    - Trebouxiophyceae Friedl 1995 (Pleurastrophyceae Mattox et al. 1984, Microthamniales Melkonian 1990)
    - Chlorophyceae Christensen 1994
      - Incertae sedis Chlorophyceae: Carteria, Cylindrocapsa, Hafniomonas, Mychanastes, Treubaria, Trochiscia
    - Pedinophyceae Moestrup 1991, emend. Fawley, Zechman & Buchheim in Adl et al. 2012
    - Nephroselmis Stein 1878 (Nephroselmidophyceae Cavalier-Smith 1993, emend. Yamaguchi 2011)
    - Mamiellophyceae Marin & Melkonian 2010
    - Prasinophytae Cavalier-Smith 1998, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004 (Micromonadophyceae Mattox & Stewart 1984) (P)
    - Chlorodendrophyceae Fritsch 1917
    - Palmophyllales Zechman et al. 2010
  - Charophyta Migula 1897, emend. Karol et al. 2009 (Charophyceae Smith 1938, Mattox & Stewart 1984)
    - Chlorokybus Geitler 1942 (Chlorokybophyceae Lewis & McCourt 2004) (M)
    - Mesostigma Lauterborn 1894 (Mesostigmatophyceae Marin & Melkonian 1999, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004; Mesostigmata Turmel et al. 2002) (M)
    - Klebsormidiophyceae van den Hoek et al. 1995
    - Phragmoplastophyta Lecointre & Guyander 2006
      - Zygnematophyceae van den Hoek et al. 1995, emend. Hall et al. 2009
      - Coleochaetophyceae Jeffrey 1982
      - Streptophyta Jeffrey 1967
        Charophyceae Smith 1938, emend. Karol et al. 2009 (Charales Lindley 1836; Charophytae Engler 1887)
        
        Embryophyta Engler 1886, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004 (Cormophyta Endlicher 1836; Plantae Haeckel 1866)

[Notes: M, monotypic group with only one described species; P, paraphyletic group; R, ribogroup assembled from phylogenetic studies.]

Leliaert et al. (2012)

Leliaert, F., Smith, D.R., Moreau, H., Herron, M.D., Verbruggen, H., Delwiche, C.F. & De Clerck, O. 2012. Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 31(1): 1–46. DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2011.615705 PDF Reference page.

Viridiplantae
- Chlorophyta
  - core chlorophytes
  - prasinophytes (paraphyletic)
- Streptophyta
  - charophytes
  - Embryophyta (land plants)

Ruggiero et al. (2015)

Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M.D. & Kirk, P.M. 2015. A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 . [Correction in 10(6): e0130114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130114 .] Reference page.

Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom Plantae [= Archaeplastida]
  - Subkingdom Biliphyta
    - Phylum Glaucophyta
      - Class Glaucophyceae
        Order Glaucocystales
    - Phylum Rhodophyta
  - Subkingdom Viridiplantae
    - Infrakingdom Chlorophyta
      - Phylum Chlorophyta
        Subphylum Chlorophytina
        Class Chlorodendrophyceae
        Order Chlorodendrales
        
        Class Chlorophyceae
        Order N.N. (e.g., Chlorangiopsidaceae)
        
        Order Chaetopeltidales
        
        Order Chaetophorales
        
        Order Chlamydomonadales [= Volvocales]
        
        Order Oedogoniales
        
        Order Sphaeropleales
        
        Class Pedinophyceae
        Order Marsupiomonadales
        
        Order Pedinomonadales
        
        Order Scourfieldiales
        
        Class Trebouxiophyceae
        Order Chlorellales
        
        Order Microthamniales
        
        Order Phyllosiphonales
        
        Order Prasiolales
        
        Order Trebouxiales
        
        Class Ulvophyceae
        Order Bryopsidales
        
        Order Cladophorales
        
        Order Dasycladales
        
        Order Oltmansiellopsidales
        
        Order Scotinosphaerales
        
        Order Trentepohliales
        
        Order Ulotrichales
        
        Order Ulvales
        
        Subphylum Prasinophytina
        Class Mamiellophyceae
        Order Dolichomastigales
        
        Order Mamiellales
        
        Order Monomastigales
        
        Class Nephrophyceae [= Nephroselmidophyceae]
        Order Nephroselmidales
        
        Class Pyramimonadophyceae
        Order Palmophyllales
        
        Order Prasinococcales
        
        Order Pseudoscourfieldiales
        
        Order Pyramimonadales
    - Infrakingdom Streptophyta
      - Superphylum Charophyta
        Phylum Charophyta
        Class Charophyceae
        Order Charales
        
        Class Chlorokybophyceae
        Order Chlorokybales
        
        Class Coleochaetophyceae
        Order Chaetosphaeridiales
        
        Order Coleochaetales
        
        Class Conjugatophyceae [= Zygnematophyceae]
        Order Desmidiales
        
        Order Zygnematales
        
        Class Klebsormidiophyceae
        Order Klebsormidiales
        
        Class Mesostigmatophyceae
        Order Mesostigmatales
      - Superphylum Embryophyta
        Phylum Anthocerotophyta
        
        Phylum Bryophyta
        
        Phylum Marchantiophyta
        
        Phylum Tracheophyta