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Moms Turn Activists in Japanese Crisis
Still, some experts worry that groups like Ms. Osaku's could cause the Japanese public to overreact. "There is no conclusive evidence about the effects of long-term exposure to low-level radiation on human health," says Genichiro Wakabayashi, lecturer at Kinki University's atomic-energy research institute. "It would be more harmful for children if they had to wear masks and long-sleeved shirts and to stay indoors in the middle of summer."
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By MARIKO SANCHANTA And MITSURU OBE
See Corrections & Amplifications below:
KASHIWA, Japan�|Yuki Osaku worried about the welfare of her 1-year-old and 3-year-old boys after a series of explosions rocked Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear-plant complex in mid-March. But her parents and husband told her she was overreacting�|their suburb of Tokyo is 124 miles away from the stricken plant.
Kyodo /Landov
Mothers from Fukushima prefecture met with an education ministry official in Tokyo this month.
"I felt like I was alone and no one felt the same way that I did. The Japanese media kept saying that everything was OK," says Ms. Osaku, 33 years old.
"I finally put out a message on Mixi and got so many responses," she added, referring to a Japanese social-networking site.
Fueled by online networking, mothers like Ms. Osaku are now putting increased pressure on Japanese officials at the national and local level to better protect their children. On Thursday, one small group gathered in Tokyo to protest�|the latest in a handful of similar demonstrations by mothers�|attracting considerable media attention.
Also on Thursday, the government, in an acknowledgment of one complaint that radiation around wastewater-processing facilities is too high, said levels there should be brought down to meet official guidelines. Government officials in recent weeks have disclosed elevated levels in hot spots a considerable distance from the plant. Elevated radiation was discovered recently in Kanagawa prefecture, about 186 miles south of the plant, in the form of contaminated tea leaves.
Still, some experts worry that groups like Ms. Osaku's could cause the Japanese public to overreact. "There is no conclusive evidence about the effects of long-term exposure to low-level radiation on human health," says Genichiro Wakabayashi, lecturer at Kinki University's atomic-energy research institute. "It would be more harmful for children if they had to wear masks and long-sleeved shirts and to stay indoors in the middle of summer."
Japan Real Time
The Geiger Club: Mothers Bust Silent Radiation Consensus Fukushima School Rule: Dosimeters for Kids Japan Bows to Parent Pressure Over Radiation Concerns Airborne radiation levels are within their average prequake range in most of Japan and at elevated but unalarming levels in some communities in Fukushima prefecture and the areas immediately surrounding it. The big exception is the city of Fukushima, 37 miles from the stricken plant, which on Wednesday had airborne radiation levels of about 1.5 microsieverts per hour, 30 to 40 times the usual average.
For the general public, the government sets a limit of one millisievert a year for exposure to nuclear plants or other man-made sources of radiation. The average person world-wide receives radiation totaling 2.4 millisieverts per year, or 2,400 microsieverts, from all sources�| from natural sources to radon, but not from exposure from X-rays and airplane flights, according to Japanese officials.
Agency France-Presse/Getty Images
A Tokyo girl holding a petition asking the education ministry to protect children from radioactive contamination in May.
Akiko Matsuoka, a mother of two girls, lives in Kashiwa, which has higher-than-normal airborne radiation levels of around 0.3 to 0.4 microsieverts per hour, according to city officials, one of the highest in the Tokyo metropolitan region. "I was very concerned about the situation and I didn't have anyone to talk to," she said. "I found people online. They wanted to create an online petition; I volunteered to do it."
Ms. Matsuoka, who works in the computer industry, says she aims to leave the country this summer with her family, to work in Australia.
Local officials and researchers say it is unclear whether the elevated radiation is due to the initial radiation leaks from the Fukushima Daiichi, to secondary radiation from a downstream sludge facility, or both.
Ms. Osaku hasn't let her sons, Takuma and Yuuma, play outside since mid-March because of radiation levels. She bought a $600 personal dosimeter last month. Her boys have stopped drinking milk and the family buys imported food. She said her friends do the same, causing friction between them and other mothers who think they are overreacting�|and making them and their children social outcasts in a society that values conformity.
"They think I am a monster parent," says Ikue Sakai, 27, who has two sons ages three and six, and also bought a dosimeter. "I keep getting asked by other parents, 'Why don't you just move? What do you want?' "
"This is what it's like in Japan," says Ms. Osaku. "If one person does something different, everyone else looks at us like we're strange."
The American Academy of Pediatrics' general policy statement on radiation disasters and children states that kids do have a greater risk of harm after radiation exposure compared with adults. One factor is that they inhale a greater volume of air per minute than adults, so are likely receive more exposure to radioactive gas. Also, because nuclear fallout settles to the ground, children may be exposed to a greater concentration of radioactive particles in their air space. They appear to experience more health problems, such as radiation-induced cancer, when exposed to the same dose of radioactivity as adults, according to a report by the AAP's committee on environmental health.
Ms. Osaku and her friends circulated an online petition, which garnered 10,000 signatures, demanding the local government take more action. They met with the Kashiwa City deputy mayor on June 2, and have asked that radiation levels in school be measured daily. But they say there has been little progress. "They just listened to us and made no commitment," says Ms. Osaku.
The Kashiwa City government measured radiation levels at all schools and pre-schools in their district over three days, from June 6 and 8 and found the elevated readings.
"We don't have radiation experts here, and we have convened a panel of experts now," says Tsutomu Komiyama, the spokesman for Kashiwa City government. "The important thing is to stay calm and to make sure we have the proper information. I have a small child. too. I understand how they feel."
In Koto ward in eastern Tokyo, Ayako Ishikawa, a 33-year-old mother of three formed a citizens group, Protect Children in Koto, with other mothers. A survey the group conducted last month showed that radiation levels exceeded 0.2 microsieverts per hour near a sludge-treatment facility, one of two such facilities in the city of Tokyo.
Radiation levels around the city's other sludge-treatment facilities, located across the Tokyo Bay in Ota, also were found to be elevated. These facilities gather and incinerate solid waste from wastewater-treatment plants all over the city. Ms. Ishikawa suspects that radioactive fallout was washed away into the sewage, collected in the sludge treatment facilities, and then released back into the atmosphere. Koto ward officials don't believe radiation is being released from the plant.
Corrections & Amplifications
A previous version of this article incorrectly said the city of Fukushima on Wednesday had airborne radiation levels of about 1.5 millisieverts per hour.
Write to Mariko Sanchanta at [email protected] and Mitsuru Obe at [email protected]
�|Shirley Wang in New York contributed to this article.