OFFSET
0,7
COMMENTS
Theory. (Start)
1. Definitions. Let T_(9,j,0) denote the rhombus with sides of unit length (=1), interior angles given by the pair (j*Pi/9,(9-j)*Pi/9) and Area(T_(9,j,0))=sin(j*Pi/9), j in {1,2,3,4}. Associated with T_(9,j,0) are its angle coefficients (j, 9-j) in which one coefficient is even while the other is odd. A half-tile is created by cutting T_(9,j,0) along a line extending between its two corners with even angle coefficient; let H_(9,j,0) denote this half-tile. Similarly, a T_(9,j,r) tile is a linearly scaled version of T_(9,j,0) with sides of length Q^r and Area(T_(9,j,r))=Q^(2*r)*sin(j*Pi/9), r>=0 an integer, where Q is the positive, constant square root Q=sqrt(x^2-1) with x=2*cos(Pi/9); likewise let H_(9,j,r) denote the corresponding half-tile. Often H_(9,i,r) (i in {1,2,3,4}) can be subdivided into an integral number of each equivalence class H_(9,j,0). But regardless of whether or not H_(9,j,r) subdivides, in theory such a proposed subdivision for each j can be represented by the matrix M=(m_(i,j)), i,j=1,2,3,4, in which the entry m_(i,j) gives the quantity of H_(9,j,0) tiles that should be present in a subdivided H_(9,i,r) tile. The number Q^(2*r) (the square of the scaling factor) is an eigenvalue of M=(U_2)^r, where
U_2=
(0 0 1 0)
(0 1 0 1)
(1 0 1 1)
(0 1 1 1).
2. The sequence. Let r>=0, and let D_r be the r-th "block" defined by D_r={a(3*r-2),a(3*r),a(3*r+1),a(3*r+2)} with a(-2)=0. Note that D_r-3*D_(r-1)+3*D_(r-3)={0,0,0,0}, for r>=4, with initial conditions {D_k}={{0,0,0,1},{0,1,1,1},{1,2,2,3},{2,5,6,7}}, k=0,1,2,3. Let p={p_1,p_2,p_3,p_4}={-2,0,1,2} and n=3*r+p_i. Then a(n)=a(3*r+p_i)=m_(i,4), where M=(m_(i,j))=(U_2)^r was defined above. Hence the block D_r corresponds component-wise to the fourth column of M, and a(3*r+p_i)=m_(i,4) gives the quantity of H_(9,4,0) tiles that should appear in a subdivided H_(9,i,r) tile. (End)
Combining blocks A_r, B_r, C_r and D_r, from A187499, A187500, A187501 and this sequence, respectively, as matrix columns [A_r,B_r,C_r,D_r] generates the matrix (U_2)^r, which is singular for all r>0, that is, the four sequences are strictly causal.
Since U_2 is symmetric, so is M=(U_2)^r, so the block D_r also corresponds to the fourth row of M. Therefore, alternatively, for j=1,2,3,4, a(3r+p_j)=m_(4,j) gives the quantity of H_(9,j,0) tiles that should be present in a H_(9,4,r) tile.
Since a(3*r+1)=a(3*(r+1)-2) for all r, this sequence arises by concatenation of fourth-column entries m_(2,4), m_(3,4) and m_(4,4) (or fourth-row entries m_(4,2), m_(4,3) and m_(4,4)) from successive matrices M=(U_2)^r.
REFERENCES
L. E. Jeffery, Unit-primitive matrices and rhombus substitution tilings, (in preparation).
LINKS
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -3).
FORMULA
Recurrence: a(n)=3*a(n-3)-3*a(n-9), for n>=12, with initial conditions {a(m)}={0,0,1,1,1,1,2,2,3,5,6,7}, m=0,1,...,11.
G.f.: x^2*(1+x+x^2-2*x^3-x^4-x^5-x^7+x^9)/(1-3*x^3+3*x^9).
MATHEMATICA
Join[{0, 0, 1}, LinearRecurrence[{0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -3}, {1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7}, 50]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Mar 29 2013 *)
CROSSREFS
KEYWORD
nonn,easy
AUTHOR
L. Edson Jeffery, Mar 15 2011
STATUS
approved