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Vyper smart contract language

This is a very simplified implementation of https://github.com/ethereum/vyper by Vitalik Buterin under MIT licence. I have focused on including setup instructions for both macOS and using Docker including troubleshooting tips. I have created Vyper smart contracts and associated Unit Tests. I have summarised Vyper benefits and usage.

TODO

Install PyEnv
Clone the Vyper repo and install Vyper
```
pyenv global 3.6.2
mkdir -p ~/code/clones && cd ~/code/clones
git clone https://github.com/ethereum/vyper.git;
cd vyper; 
make; make test;
```
- Troubleshooting
  - Refer to my fork with detailed setup instructions in README_MAC.md https://github.com/ltfschoen/vyper

Clone this repo

cd ~/code/clones;
git clone https://github.com/ltfschoen/vyper-test;

Install dependencies. Fix any incompatibilities
```
pip3 install -r requirements.txt
```

Compile a Vyper contract

vyper contracts/auctions/simple_open_auction.v.py

Option 1: Run Deployment Script to Deploy the Vyper Smart Contract to Truffle's built-in blockchain

Install Node Version Manager and switch to the latest version of Node.js (i.e. v9.8.0)
```
nvm use v9.8.0
```
Install Truffle
```
npm install -g truffle
```
Create new terminal tab in root of the project directory and run
```
truffle develop --log
```
Modify scripts/main.py by changing web3 = Web3(provider_ipc) (used for a Geth Node) to web3 = Web3(provider_http) (used for Truffle) instead
Run the script
```
python3 scripts/main.py
```

Output after deploying the contract shown in the Truffle logs

$ truffle develop --log
Truffle Develop started at http://localhost:9545/

Accounts:
(0) ...
(1) ...

Private Keys:
(0) ...
(1) ...

Mnemonic: ...

develop:testrpc personal_listAccounts +0ms
develop:testrpc eth_accounts +8ms
develop:testrpc eth_accounts +7ms
develop:testrpc personal_listAccounts +6ms
develop:testrpc eth_gasPrice +5ms
develop:testrpc eth_estimateGas +12ms
develop:testrpc net_version +48ms
develop:testrpc net_version +6ms
develop:testrpc eth_sendTransaction +7ms
develop:testrpc  +52ms
develop:testrpc   Transaction: 0x3d29ae2796e9b94f59d7830062f081fff4f9811c0869e659e2faa4efe7370ccf +0ms
develop:testrpc   Contract created: 0x8cdaf0cd259887258bc13a92c0a6da92698644c0 +0ms
develop:testrpc   Gas usage: 273163 +0ms
develop:testrpc   Block Number: 1 +0ms
develop:testrpc   Block Time: Fri Apr 20 2018 13:01:53 GMT+1000 (AEST) +0ms
develop:testrpc  +0ms
develop:testrpc eth_getTransactionReceipt +5ms
develop:testrpc eth_getTransactionReceipt +11ms
develop:testrpc eth_getBlockByNumber +29ms
develop:testrpc eth_call +13ms
develop:testrpc eth_getBlockByNumber +30ms
develop:testrpc eth_call +13ms

Option 2: Run Deployment Script to Deploy the Vyper Smart Contract to Geth Private Network

Start a Geth Node and View its Logs
- https://github.com/ltfschoen/geth-node
Run the script
```
python3 scripts/main.py
```

Example Terminal Output

$ python3 scripts/main.py

OS Platform: darwin
Web3 provider: <web3.main.Web3 object at 0x10ebb6160>
Initializing chain from provided state
ABI: %s [{'name': '__init__', 'outputs': [], 'inputs': [{'type': 'address', 'name': '_beneficiary'}, {'type': 'int128', 'name': '_bidding_time'}], 'constant': False, 'payable': False, 'type': 'constructor'}, {'name': 'bid', 'outputs': [], 'inputs': [], 'constant': False, 'payable': True, 'type': 'function', 'gas': 76241}, {'name': 'end_auction', 'outputs': [], 'inputs': [], 'constant': False, 'payable': False, 'type': 'function', 'gas': 56101}, {'name': 'beneficiary', 'outputs': [{'type': 'address', 'name': 'out'}], 'inputs': [], 'constant': True, 'payable': False, 'type': 'function', 'gas': 543}, {'name': 'auction_start', 'outputs': [{'type': 'int128', 'name': 'out'}], 'inputs': [], 'constant': True, 'payable': False, 'type': 'function', 'gas': 573}, {'name': 'auction_end', 'outputs': [{'type': 'int128', 'name': 'out'}], 'inputs': [], 'constant': True, 'payable': False, 'type': 'function', 'gas': 603}, {'name': 'highest_bidder', 'outputs': [{'type': 'address', 'name': 'out'}], 'inputs': [], 'constant': True, 'payable': False, 'type': 'function', 'gas': 633}, {'name': 'highest_bid', 'outputs': [{'type': 'int128', 'name': 'out'}], 'inputs': [], 'constant': True, 'payable': False, 'type': 'function', 'gas': 663}, {'name': 'ended', 'outputs': [{'type': 'bool', 'name': 'out'}], 'inputs': [], 'constant': True, 'payable': False, 'type': 'function', 'gas': 693}]
Address: %s b'\xd6\xf0\x84\xee\x15\xe3\x8cO~\t\x1f\x8d\xd0\xfeo\xe4\xa0\xe2\x03\xef'
Contract Instance: %s <ethereum.tools.tester.ABIContract object at 0x1105aa5c0>
Contract Instance with Web3: %s <ethereum.tools.tester.ABIContract object at 0x1105aa5c0>
Accounts: %s 0x487F2778Ec7D0747d6E26AF80148Ec471a08b339
Default Account: %s 0x487F2778Ec7D0747d6E26AF80148Ec471a08b339
Unlocked Default Account: %s True
Deployed Contract Tx Hash: %d b'\tk\xfb.k\xe5\x94\x1f\x152\xb3\x14d\x1dN6T\xf5\x97v(d\xa4\xd6DW\x93\xf2r\xe1\xe7\xfc'
Mined Transaction Receipt: %s AttributeDict({'blockHash': HexBytes('0x74c26c73f9021c8aae1a6df1e283c13a2045f3c3a2b9aab1689307b1bc40c12b'), 'blockNumber': 3755, 'contractAddress': '0xc071ef1FE2f3d9b8D59C4106391b7fe417593cfa', 'cumulativeGasUsed': 273163, 'from': '0x487f2778ec7d0747d6e26af80148ec471a08b339', 'gasUsed': 273163, 'logs': [], 'logsBloom': HexBytes('0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'), 'root': '0xb5b377e641e9850d2f10d631251b5431a4f34a7745aafddca52b7654fb7bb60f', 'to': None, 'transactionHash': HexBytes('0x096bfb2e6be5941f1532b314641d4e3654f597762864a4d6445793f272e1e7fc'), 'transactionIndex': 0})
Transaction Receipt: %s AttributeDict({'blockHash': HexBytes('0x74c26c73f9021c8aae1a6df1e283c13a2045f3c3a2b9aab1689307b1bc40c12b'), 'blockNumber': 3755, 'contractAddress': '0xc071ef1FE2f3d9b8D59C4106391b7fe417593cfa', 'cumulativeGasUsed': 273163, 'from': '0x487f2778ec7d0747d6e26af80148ec471a08b339', 'gasUsed': 273163, 'logs': [], 'logsBloom': HexBytes('0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'), 'root': '0xb5b377e641e9850d2f10d631251b5431a4f34a7745aafddca52b7654fb7bb60f', 'to': None, 'transactionHash': HexBytes('0x096bfb2e6be5941f1532b314641d4e3654f597762864a4d6445793f272e1e7fc'), 'transactionIndex': 0})
Contract Instance: %s <web3.utils.datatypes.Contract object at 0x10f151a20>
Called Getter method of beneficiary from Deployed Contract Instance: %s 0x487F2778Ec7D0747d6E26AF80148Ec471a08b339
Called Getter method of auction_end from Deployed Contract Instance: %s 1524192662

Option 3: INCOMPLETE (DOES NOT WORK YET) - Deploy Vyper contract to Ganache CLI / TestRPC

Create separate terminal tab and start virtual EVM and start Ganache CLI

ganache-cli \
    --account="0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001, 2471238800000000000" \
    --account="0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002, 4471238800000000000" \
    --unlock "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" \
    --unlock "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" \
    --blocktime 0 \
    --deterministic true \
    --port 9545 \
    --hostname localhost \
    --seed 'blah' \
    --debug true \
    --mem true \
    --mnemonic 'something' \
    --db './db/chain_database' \
    --verbose \
    --networkId=1000 \
    --gasLimit=7984452 \
    --gasPrice=20000000000;

Run the script
```
python3 scripts/main.py
```

Run Unit tests
- Troubleshooting
  - Recursively deleting the pycache folder created in both the tests/ subdirectory and the tests/auctions/ subdirectory, and the .pytest_cache folder in the project root directory, and then running find . -name '*.pyc' -delete just to be sure all the cache files had been removed from all subdirectories. Add export PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=1 into ~/.bash_profile so Python cache files would no longer be generated.
```
python3 -m pytest -v
```
Troubleshooting
- Refer to fork with Troubleshooting steps

Chapter 1 - Setup WITH Docker

Install and Run Docker
Fork my repo https://github.com/ltfschoen/vyper

Terminal #1 - Clone the fork

cd ~;
git clone https://github.com/ltfschoen/vyper;
cd vyper;

Terminal #1 - Build the custom DockerfileMac. This allows file changes in the Docker container to be synchronised with your host machine and vice versa.
```
docker build -t vyper:1 . -f DockerfileMac
```
Terminal #2 - Create another Bash terminal window/tab in the same folder
Terminal #2 - Open the directory in a Text Editor or IDE
Terminal #1 - Start a shell session in the Docker container that you just created.
```
docker run -it -v $(pwd):/code vyper:1 /bin/bash
```
Terminal #1 (within Docker Container shell session) - Compile a Vyper contract
```
vyper examples/crowdfund.v.py
```
Make changes to examples/crowdfund.v.py in the Text Editor. The changes will also be reflected in the Docker Container.
Terminal #1 - Repeat the previous command to try and re-compile the Vyper contract
Follow steps in Chapter 0 to clone my repo and make the files accessible in the container

Chapter 2 - Docker Containers and Images (Show/Delete)

List all Docker containers
```
docker ps -a
```
Stop all running containers.
```
docker stop $(docker ps -aq)
```
Remove a specific Docker container
```
docker rm <CONTAINER_ID>
```
Remove a docker container
```
docker rm $(docker ps -aq)
```
Remove all Docker images
```
docker rmi $(docker images -q)
```

Chapter 3 - About Vyper

Vyper Online Compilter (to bytecode or LLL) https://vyper.online/
Vyper Features (vs Solidity)
- Asserts instead of Modifiers
  - Pros
    - No arbitrary pre-conditions, no post-conditions
    - No arbitrary state changes
    - Less execution jumps for easier auditability
- No Class Inheritance
- No Function or Operator Overloading
  - Pros
    - Safer since mitigates funds being stolen
- No Recursive Calling or Infinite-length Loops
  - Pros
    - Avoids gas limit attacks since gas limit upper bound may be set
- .v.py File Extension so Python syntax highlighting may be used
- All Vyper syntax is valid Python 3 syntax, but not all Python 3 functionality is available in Vyper
- Reference
  - http://viper.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
Vyper Syntax where Files .v.py are a Smart Contract
- Class-like with:
  - Contract State Variables
    - Usage: Permanently stored in contract Storage
    - Example
      storedData: int128
    - Access
      self.storedData
  - Validations
    - assert
      - Failure to pass results in the method to throw an error and the transaction is reverted
  - Objects
    - block - Object available within Vyper contract providing info about block at time of calling
    - msg
      - Object built-in that provides information about the message caller whenever a method in the contract is called
      - msg.sender to access public address of the caller of a method
        
        WARNING: If calling contract from outside it works correctly, but for subsequent internal function calls it will reference the contract itself instead of the sender of the transaction
      - msg.value to access amount of ether a user sends
  - Types, Visibility, Getters
    - address
    - bool
    - timedelta seconds
    - timestamp time
      - block.timestamp - Current Time
    - wei_value lowest denominator
  - Functions
    - Usage:
      - Executable units in contract
      - Internally or Externally
      - Visibility-and-getters differ toward other contracts
      - Decorated with @public or @private
        
        Default is @private which is only accessible to methods in same contract
        
        @public callable by external contracts
        
        @public function creates a Getter function accessible with call self.get_beneficiary(some_address)
      - Security Structure functions that interact with other contracts (i.e. they call functions or send Ether) into three phases:
        
        Check Conditions
        
        Performing Actions (potentially changing conditions)
        
        Interacting with other Contracts
        
        WARNING: If these phases are mixed up, the other contract could call back into the current contract and modify the state or cause effects (Ether payout) to be performed multiple times. If functions called internally include interaction with external contracts, they also have to be considered interaction with external contracts.
    - Example
      @public @payable def bid(): // Function // ...
  - Events
    - Usage
      - Searchable by Clients and Light Clients since Events are logged in specially indexed data structures
      - Declared before global declarations and Function definitions
    - Example
      Payment: event({amount: int128, arg2: indexed(address)}) total_paid: int128 @public def pay(): self.total_paid += msg.value log.Payment(msg.value, msg.sender)
  - Structs
    - TODO

Chapter 4 - Unit Tests

pip3 install ethereum==2.3.1 pytest pytest-cov pytest-runner
python setup.py test
pytest -v --full-trace --setup-show

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 25 Commits
contracts/auctions		contracts/auctions
scripts		scripts
tests		tests
.gitignore		.gitignore
.travis.yml		.travis.yml
LICENSE		LICENSE
README.md		README.md
requirements.txt		requirements.txt
setup.cfg		setup.cfg
setup.py		setup.py
truffle-config.js		truffle-config.js

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README

Vyper smart contract language

Table of Contents

Chapter 0 - Setup WITHOUT Docker

Chapter 1 - Setup WITH Docker

Chapter 2 - Docker Containers and Images (Show/Delete)

Chapter 3 - About Vyper

Chapter 4 - Unit Tests

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README

Vyper smart contract language

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Chapter 0 - Setup WITHOUT Docker

Chapter 1 - Setup WITH Docker

Chapter 2 - Docker Containers and Images (Show/Delete)

Chapter 3 - About Vyper

Chapter 4 - Unit Tests

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