Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dwóh₁

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Numeral

Proto-Indo-European cardinal numbers

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Cardinal : *dwóh₁     Ordinal : *h₂énteros     Adverbial : *dwís     Fractional : *sēmi     Prefix : *dwi-

*dwóh₁

1. two

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*dwóh₁	*dwéh₂h₁(e)
genitive	*?	*?
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	—	*dwóh₁	—
vocative	—	*dwóh₁	—
accusative	—	*dwóh₁	—
genitive	—	*?	—
ablative	—	*?	—
dative	—	*?	—
locative	—	*?	—
instrumental	—	*?	—
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	—	*dwéh₂h₁(e)	—
vocative	—	*dwéh₂h₁(e)	—
accusative	—	*dwéh₂h₁(e)	—
genitive	—	*?	—
ablative	—	*?	—
dative	—	*?	—
locative	—	*?	—
instrumental	—	*?	—
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	—	*dwóy(h₁)	—
vocative	—	*dwóy(h₁)	—
accusative	—	*dwóy(h₁)	—
genitive	—	*?	—
ablative	—	*?	—
dative	—	*?	—
locative	—	*?	—
instrumental	—	*?	—

Derived terms

• *dwi- (compounds)
  • >? *(h₁)wi-
    • ⇒ *(h₁)wí-ter-o-s (“further apart”), *(h₁)wí-ter-o-m (adverbial accusative)
      • >? Latin: vitricus
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *witaras (< *(h₁)wi-tor-o-s)
        • Proto-Slavic: *vъtorъ (“second”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *wiþrą (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)wítaras, *(H)wítaram
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(H)wítaras, *(H)wítaram
          • Sanskrit: वितर (vitará), वितरम् (vitarám, “further apart; further, again”)
        • Proto-Iranian: *(H)wítarah, *(H)wítaram
          • Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (vītar^əm, “further”)
• *dwi-gʰo-
  • Proto-Albanian: *duaigā (< *dwoy-gʰ-eh₂)
    • Albanian: degë (“(forked) branch”)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dweigas
    • Proto-Slavic: *dvigъ (“branch”)
      • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *dvigati (“to lift”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *twīgą (“(forked) branch; twig”) (see there for further descendants)
• *dwí-k-ō
  • Proto-Germanic: *twihô
    • Proto-West Germanic: *twihō (“doubt”) (see there for further descendants)
• *dwi-pl-o-s (“double”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *twīflaz (“doubt”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: διπλόος (diplóos), δῐπλᾱ́ς (diplā́s)

      Attic Greek: δῐπλοῦς (diploûs)

      Ionic Greek: δῐπλέος (dipléos)

      • Greek: διπλός (diplós), δίπλα (dípla)
  • Proto-Italic: *dwiplos
    • Latin: duplus (see there for further descendants)
• *dwi-pl-o-m
  • >? Milyan: 𐊗𐊂𐊆𐊓𐊍𐊚 (tbiplẽ)
• *dwís (adverb)
• *dwis-éh₂
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: διά (diá), δια- (dia-) — as prefix, διαί (diaí) — Poetic, ζά (zá) — Aeolic, δι’ (di’) — apocopic
      • Greek: για (gia), διά (diá)
• *dwi-sk-
  • Proto-Germanic: *twisk(j)a- (“twofold”)
    • Old Saxon: twisk
    • Old High German: zuiski, zwisk
      • Middle High German: zwisc(h)
        • ⇒ German: zwischen
• *dwi(s)-k-to- ?
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: δισσός (dissós), δίχα (díkha), διχθά (dikhthá)
• *dwis-no-
  • Proto-Germanic: *twinaz (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *dwinos
    • Latin: bīnus (see there for further descendants)
• *(d)wi-tyo- (with dissimilation *d…t > *(h₁)…t)
  • Proto-Italic: *witjom
    • Latin: vitium (see there for further descendants)
• *dwoy-
  • ⇒ Hittite: 𒋫𒄿𒊌𒀀 (tāiuga, “two-year-old”)
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: *երկե- (*erke-)
      • ⇒ Old Armenian: երկերիւր (erkeriwr)
  • *dwoy-os
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dwajas
      • Proto-Slavic: *dъvojь
      • Lithuanian: dveji
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: δοιός (doiós)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwayás
      • Sanskrit: द्वय (dvayá)
  • *dwoy-om
    • Hittite: 𒆗 (tān)
    • >? Luwian: 𔑢𔗬𔐤𔔂 (tu-wa-na)
  • *dwoy-o-mṓi-
    • Hittite: 𒁕𒈠𒄿 (dam(m)ai-), 𒋫𒈠𒄿 (tāmai-, “second, other”)

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *duwō (see there for further descendants)
• Anatolian:
  • Hittite: 𒋫 (ta-)
  • Luwian: 𔑢𔗬 (tuwa), 𔓯𔖩 (i-zi-)
  • Milyan: 𐊗𐊂𐊆 (tbi)
  • Lycian: 𐊋𐊂𐊆 (kbi)
• Proto-Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: երկու (erku), երկ (erk) — attested once
    • Armenian: երկու (erku), երկուս (erkus), երկուք (erkukʻ)
  • Old Armenian: կրկին (krkin) (exact path of derivation disputed)
    • Armenian: կրկին (krkin)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *duwō (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *duwo (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *twai (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *dúwō (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwáH (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *duō (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Tocharian:
  • Tocharian A: wu, we
  • Tocharian B: wi

Further reading

• Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN