Shrinkage Fields (image restoration)

Shrinkage fields is a random field-based machine learning technique that aims to perform high quality image restoration (denoising and deblurring) using low computational overhead.

Method

The restored image $x$ is predicted from a corrupted observation $y$ after training on a set of sample images $S$.

A shrinkage (mapping) function ${f}_{{\pi }_{i}}\left(v\right)={\sum }_{j=1}^{M}{\pi }_{i,j}\exp \left(-{\frac {\gamma }{2}}{\left(v-{\mu }_{j}\right)}^{2}\right)$ is directly modeled as a linear combination of radial basis function kernels, where $\gamma$ is the shared precision parameter, $\mu$ denotes the (equidistant) kernel positions, and M is the number of Gaussian kernels.

Because the shrinkage function is directly modeled, the optimization procedure is reduced to a single quadratic minimization per iteration, denoted as the prediction of a shrinkage field ${g}_{\mathrm {\Theta } }\left({\text{x}}\right)={\mathcal {F}}^{-1}\left\lbrack {\frac {{\mathcal {F}}\left(\lambda {K}^{T}y+{\sum }_{i=1}^{N}{F}_{i}^{T}{f}_{{\pi }_{i}}\left({F}_{i}x\right)\right)}{\lambda {\check {K}}^{\text{*}}\circ {\check {K}}+{\sum }_{i=1}^{N}{\check {F}}_{i}^{\text{*}}\circ {\check {F}}_{i}}}\right\rbrack ={\mathrm {\Omega } }^{-1}\eta$ where ${\mathcal {F}}$ denotes the discrete Fourier transform and $F_{x}$ is the 2D convolution ${\text{f}}\otimes {\text{x}}$ with point spread function filter, ${\breve {F}}$ is an optical transfer function defined as the discrete Fourier transform of ${\text{f}}$, and ${\breve {F}}^{\text{*}}$ is the complex conjugate of ${\breve {F}}$.

${\hat {x}}_{t}$ is learned as ${\hat {x}}_{t}={g}_{{\mathrm {\Theta } }_{t}}\left({\hat {x}}_{t-1}\right)$ for each iteration $t$ with the initial case ${\hat {x}}_{0}=y$, this forms a cascade of Gaussian conditional random fields (or cascade of shrinkage fields (CSF)). Loss-minimization is used to learn the model parameters ${\mathrm {\Theta } }_{t}={\left\lbrace {\lambda }_{t},{\pi }_{\mathit {ti}},{f}_{\mathit {ti}}\right\rbrace }_{i=1}^{N}$.

The learning objective function is defined as $J\left({\mathrm {\Theta } }_{t}\right)={\sum }_{s=1}^{S}l\left({\hat {x}}_{t}^{\left(s\right)};{x}_{gt}^{\left(s\right)}\right)$, where $l$ is a differentiable loss function which is greedily minimized using training data ${\left\lbrace {x}_{gt}^{\left(s\right)},{y}^{\left(s\right)},{k}^{\left(s\right)}\right\rbrace }_{s=1}^{S}$ and ${\hat {x}}_{t}^{\left(s\right)}$.

Performance

Preliminary tests by the author suggest that RTF₅ obtains slightly better denoising performance than ${\text{CSF}}_{7\times 7}^{\left\lbrace \mathrm {3,4,5} \right\rbrace }$, followed by ${\text{CSF}}_{5\times 5}^{5}$, ${\text{CSF}}_{7\times 7}^{2}$, ${\text{CSF}}_{5\times 5}^{\left\lbrace \mathrm {3,4} \right\rbrace }$, and BM3D.

BM3D denoising speed falls between that of ${\text{CSF}}_{5\times 5}^{4}$ and ${\text{CSF}}_{7\times 7}^{4}$, RTF being an order of magnitude slower.

Advantages

• Results are comparable to those obtained by BM3D (reference in state of the art denoising since its inception in 2007)
• Minimal runtime compared to other high-performance methods (potentially applicable within embedded devices)
• Parallelizable (e.g.: possible GPU implementation)
• Predictability: $O(D\log D)$ runtime where $D$ is the number of pixels
• Fast training even with CPU

Implementations

• A reference implementation has been written in MATLAB and released under the BSD 2-Clause license: shrinkage-fields

See also

• Random field
• Discrete Fourier transform
• Convolution
• Noise reduction
• Deblurring

References

• Schmidt, Uwe; Roth, Stefan (2014). Shrinkage Fields for Effective Image Restoration (PDF). Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2014 IEEE Conference on. Columbus, OH, USA: IEEE. doi:10.1109/CVPR.2014.349. ISBN 978-1-4799-5118-5.