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Mao Wenlong

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Mao Wenlong
毛文龍
Born10 February 1576
Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang
Died24 July 1629(1629-07-24) (aged 53)
Lüshunkou District, Dalian, Liaoning
Other namesZhennan (振南)
OccupationGeneral
In this Chinese name, the family name is Mao.

Mao Wenlong (Chinese: 毛文龍; pinyin: Máo Wénlóng; 10 February 1576 – 24 July 1629), courtesy name Zhennan, was a Chinese military general of the Ming dynasty, best known for commanding an independent detachment based in Dongjiang, a strategically important island in the Yellow Sea that defended the coastal corridor into the Ming vassal state Joseon, where he engaged harassing naval and amphibious battles against the Manchu-led Later Jin (which later became the Qing dynasty). He was also known for excelling in artillery warfare and successfully incorporating Western-style tactics into the Chinese military.

Mao later fell victim to power struggles with the newly appointed governor Yuan Chonghuan, who had him summarily executed upon the latter's arrival to take over the command of Liaodong. His death effectively destroyed the morale of his old subordinates, many of whom mutinied and defected two years later, and led to the de facto collapse of the Dongjiang defensive line. This eventuated in the Qing invasion of Joseon at the end of 1636, allowing the Qing forces to eliminate further threat in the rear, and paved the way for Qing's successful invasion and conquest of China proper two decades later.

Early life

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Mao was born into a merchant family in Hangzhou and reported worked as a fortuneteller in his youth. When he was 29, he became an adopted son to a childless paternal uncle in Anshan so he travelled north for Liaodong.[1] Along the way he visited a maternal uncle in the capital Beijing, who recommended him to Li Chengliang. He joined the Ming military and participated in a military selection exam in late 1605, in which he ranked sixth among the recruits.[2] For his military talents in terrain analysis,[3] Mao was promoted to the rank of an officer, and became the commander of Aiyang in 1608.

Mao did not gain any further promotion for over a decade, prompting him to even consider discharge from military service.[4] However, in 1619 a new governor named Xiong Tingbi (熊廷弼) was appointed, who ordered Mao to conduct scorched earth operations in border areas in response to increasing Jurchen incursions,[5] allowing him to gain a long-waited promotion the following year.[6] After Xiong was impeached and removed in political struggles, the new governor Yuan Yingtai (袁應泰) reassigned Mao to manage logistics at the Shanhai Pass, where he gained another promotion for works involving gunpowder production.[7]

Career against Jurchens

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In 1621, Later Jin forces invaded Liaodong and defeated the Ming garrisons in the Battle of Shen-Liao, capturing the strategic cities of Shenyang and Liaoyang. Over 100 of Mao's relatives in Anshan was massacred by the Jurchens,[8] prompting him to sign up to a recruitment call by the Liaodong governor Wang Huazhen (王化貞) to organize a volunteer detachment operating in territories at the Jurchen's rear.

Later in July, Mao led 197 men into Later Jin territories and attacked the Changshan Islands and various other islands along a 2,000-li stretch of coast line, capturing several enemy officers.[9] His detachment arrived at Zhenjiang (modern day Dandong) on July 14, and attacked the city at night, capturing several Manchu nobles, ambushing and killing the Jurchen commanders who was returning from raids on the surrounding towns. The success of this Battle of Fort Zhenjiang led to numerous other fortresses surrendering to Mao,[10][11] but his forces were still forced to retreat after no Ming reinforcements were send to bolster up defenses against Jurchen counterattacks.[12][13]

After forcing to give up Zhenjiang, Mao started to based his operations on Pi Island (the modern day Ka Island) and Tieshan to recruit refugees into his troops. In June 1622, Mao was appointed the General Commander of the Liao Region (平遼將軍總兵官) by the Ming court,[14] and in February the next year was promoted to Governor and Marshal with a sword of state granted by Tianqi Emperor as proof of authority.[15] Under Mao's management, Dongjiang became an sizable settlement hosting hundreds of thousands of refugees who were displaced by the Jurchen invasion.[16] Mao would then launch repeated raids into Jurchen-controlled Liaodong, at the same time trading with the Koreans and the Europeans, making Dongjiang a strategic threat to the Later Jin's flank.[17]

In summer of 1623, after receiving reports that Nurhaci was planning on attacking the Ming dynasty,[18] Mao sent four divisions to attack the Later Jin from four different fronts,[19] which forced the Jurchens to abandon their campaign. Mao's divisions also managed gain a foothold on the southern Liaodong Peninsula, recruiting over 4,000 militiamen from the refugees[20] and successfully recapturing the towns of Jīnzhou and Lüshun and large quantities of Later Jin weaponries.[20][21] In September, Mao received reports that Nurhaci was planning to attack the defensive line around Shanhai Pass,[22] so he led 30,000 men to raid the old Later Jin capital Hetu Ala, annihilating all the Jurchen defenders[20] and forcing Nurhaci to turn back east with 40,000 troops.[23] before withdrawing. In October, Mao's forces again utilized the civilians' hatred towards the Jurchen invaders and recaptured the towns of Fuzhou and Yongning.[24]

In the beginning of 1624, the Jurchens traversed across sea ice and attacked Lüshun with over 10,000 troops. Mao's troops managed to withstand the siege and defeated the attacks using an ambush.[25] Nurhaci then sent an emissary to discuss peace deal,[26] but Mao arrested the messenger and handed him to the Ming court.[27]

In January 1625, Wu Zhiwang (武之望), the Governor of the Deng-Lai, appealed to have a canal built between Jīnzhou and Lüshun, and pressured the local garrisons to start the construction project without considering the military situation.[28] The news got leaked to the Later Jin, who attacked and captured the two towns, killing Mao's commanders Zhang Pan (張盤) and Zhu Guochang (朱國昌) who were in charge of the canal construction. Mao responded by sending troops to cut off the Later Jin supply line,[29] causing the enemy to retreat and recapturing the lost towns.[30] However, Governor Wu took the opportunity to send in his own men into Lüshun and claimed the achievements for himself, but withdrew from the garrison in winter in fear of another Jurchen attack and suggested to the Ming court to abandon defense altogether.[31] Mao argued for regarrison[32] and gained the support of the Minister of Defense Wang Zaijin (王在晉) and other officials,[31] who praised Mao's garrisons in Dongjiang as an "offshore Great Wall (海外長城)[33]". Tianqi Emperor himself also praised Mao for his work "making the barbarians troubled and unable to head west[34]". Nurhaci sent messengers in attempt to convince Mao to defect, but Mao steadfastly refused.[35]

In January 1626, Nurhaci attacked Ningyuan (modern day Xingcheng), and Mao sent troops to attack Haizhou and Shenyang (which was Later Jin's capital), preventing the Jurchens' from fully committed to their invasion westwards.[36][37] In June, Nurhaci again sent messengers trying to turn Mao to his side, but Mao reported the letter to the Ming court[38] and in August organized an assassination attempt when received reports from Geng Zhongming (who was serving as a spy in Shenyang) that Nurhaci was visiting a hot spring, but the latter escaped the attempt.[39]

Execution

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After Nurhaci died in late August 1626, his eighth son Hong Taiji inherited the throne. Hong Taiji changed his father's way of ruling to a more ethnically tolerant policy and started recruiting Han Chinese into the ranks of Later Jin, which helped solidifying the Jurchens' control of Lower Manchuria and thus reduced the success rate of Mao's raids. Meanwhile, Tianqi Emperor died in late September 1627 and was succeeded by his overambitious half-brother Chongzhen Emperor, whose impatience led him to have unrealistic expectations. In early 1628, after purging Wei Zhongxian and restoring the Donglin control within the Ming court, Chongzhen appointed Yuan Chonghuan (who was previously removed by Wei's party) as the new Minister of Defense.[40] In July, Yuan boasted to Chongzhen that he could "recover the Liao region in five years",[41] which pleased Chongzhen enough to grant him a sword of state as a proof of supreme authority.[42][43]

However, Yuan soon decided that Mao Wenlong, who also held a sword of state granted by the late Tianqi Emperor, was becoming a problem for him.[44][45][46] Mao was already impeached by other government ministers as his garrisons in Dongjiang were getting too costly for the Treasury, and there were accusations of insubordination and corruption against his officers. After Mao refused to let Yuan appoint officials to audit the finance of his troops in early 1629, Yuan decided to get rid of Mao.[47]

On June 1, 1629, Yuan arrived in Lüshun to discuss matters with Mao, but after three days of negotiation Mao still refused to let Yuan appoint and manage the logistics of his garrison. Yuan then trying to convince Mao to retire, who rejected the offer citing that he was more experienced to deal with the affairs of Liaodong and Joseon.[48] Two days later, Yuan pretended to invite Mao to review an archery training, and had him seized and his uniform stripped off. When Mao protested, Yuan presented his own sword of state and announced that Mao had "twelve crimes",[49] and then had him summarily executed in front of the whole camp.

To prevent rioting and mutiny among the Dongjiang troops, Yuan then announced that Mao would be the only one to answer for the accused crimes, and all others will be exempted from any charges. Yuan then appointed the command to Mao's deputy Chen Jisheng (陳繼盛), and increased Dongjiang's budget to 180,000 taels of silver. He then organized a proper burial for Mao.

Aftermath

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The Later Jin celebrated the news of Mao's death, with "drinking parties" being reportedly organized.[50] Hong Taiji immediately organized a raid through the Yan Mountains later that year, completely circumventing Yuan's heavily invested Shanhai Pass-Ningyuan-Jinzhou defensive line. This attack, known as the Jisi Incident, was the first time the Later Jin forces successfully invaded the North China Plain, with the Jurchens ransacking and looting virtually unchallenged to the outskirts of Beijing. Following that, the Jurchens no longer had any concerns committing to invading westwards,[51] and also successfully invaded the Korean peninsula in 1636.

In his report to the Emperor, Yuan justified his decision to execute Mao with the accusations of latter refusing to accept supervisors, overbudgeting, misreporting of manpower, and killing civilians as falsified enemy kills.[52] Chongzhen Emperor grew suspicious over Yuan's claims, but accepted the situation and did not enquire any further.[53][54] The matter of the Mao Wenlong affair was however brought up again months later after the humiliating Jisi Incident, and became a major factor for Yuan's own impeachment, prosecution and execution by a thousand cuts the following year.

Mao's old subordinates, whose loyalty to the Ming dynasty largely relied on their personal affiliation to Mao, were disheartened and lost faith in the cause against the Jurchens. Many of them mutinied and defected within just a few years, among them Kong Youde, Geng Jingzhong and Shang Kexi, who were instrumental in the Qing conquest of China two decades later.

Political criticisms

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Mao is sometimes blamed for the Later Jin invasion of Joseon. He was known for operating against the Later Jin dynasty from bases within the Joseon dynasty, a Ming ally at that time. When the Later Jin forces mounted a punitive expedition into Joseon, Mao ordered a general retreat of all Ming forces. This angered many Beijing merchants who had previously traded with the Korean peninsula.

Mao never dared to drag major Later Jin cities into war even when there was a strategic advantage in doing so. In this way Mao was able to bring to bear the influence of many powerful Ming officials against Yuan Chonghuan (1584–1630), a fellow Ming military commander.

Mao engaged in widespread smuggling using the Ming marine corps, contributing heavily to the booming economy of northern China. He was eventually caught for smuggling and executed by Yuan Chonghuan, a fellow military commander who had been conferred the imperial sword of absolute authority by the last Ming emperor.[55] It is believed that Mao's death led in part to an economic downturn in the Ming dynasty.

See also

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Further reading

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References

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  1. ^ 《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷4天启五年九月初四日具奏：“臣草野微贱，元年有亲伯毛得春，系海州卫试百户也，无嗣承袭。”
  2. ^ 《明季北略》卷2《毛文龙入皮岛》：“九月，兵巡道白某考武举，文龙列名第六。”
  3. ^ 《毛总戎墓志铭》：“尝密走关宁，觇其山川形势，捬髀咨嗟。”
  4. ^ 《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷4天启五年九月初四日具奏：“因自叹曰：‘愿乘长风破万里浪，此志竟负却矣！盍者归以承寡母菽水欢。’正欲南旋。”
  5. ^ 《熊襄愍公集》卷3《申明还兵情由疏》：“密遣守备毛文龙等安置诸毒，以待其来。”
  6. ^ 《毛大将军海上情形》：“熊公甫拔之都阃。”
  7. ^ 《表忠录·毛将军文龙传》：“经略袁应泰命文龙造火药山海关。”
  8. ^ 《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷5天启六年二月初六日塘报：“遂将毛总兵有原驻鞍山堡内毛文仪等一百余名口，一门老幼，绑献奴酋诛戮，抄屠一方甚惨。”
  9. ^ 《皇明通纪集要》卷45。
  10. ^ 《明史纪事本末补遗》卷4《毛帅东江》：“文龙率乌合之众二百人，涉海三千里，镇江既复，宽、叆一带城堡相继降，数百里之内，望风归附。”《满文老档》太祖第24册天命六年七月：“汤站堡人执汤站堡守堡以献，险山堡人亦执险山堡以献，毛文龙执永奠守堡以去，长奠守堡自愿往投。”
  11. ^ 《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷1。
  12. ^ 《满文老档》太祖第24册天命六年七月：“命四贝勒、都堂栋鄂额驸率兵三千，往剿镇江一带之叛民，并谕曰：‘其首恶者杀之，余众编户携归。’谕毕遣之。是夜思之，惟恐有不妥，二十七日，又遣阿敏贝勒、达尔汉侍卫率兵二千往援。”
  13. ^ 《枫窗脞语·朝鲜颂毛碑文》：“奴酋惮之，阴使人抵义州府郑遵，谋杀公。遵密告于废王，王许之。”
  14. ^ 《大明熹宗实录》卷23天启二年六月。
  15. ^ 《大明熹宗实录》卷31天启三年二月。
  16. ^ 《燃藜室记述》卷21《废主光海君故事本末》：“明朝升毛文龙为总兵、都督，赐尚方剑、玺书，仍开府于椵岛，号东江镇。辽民来投者日众，前后数十万口。”
  17. ^ 《三朝辽事实录》卷10。
  18. ^ 《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷2天启三年七月二十二日塘报：“据投来顺民李连功等供称：老憨暗传四王子与八王子，李佟二附马，准于七月初六、十九二日，直要叩关。”
  19. ^ 《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷2天启三年七月二十二日塘报：“职随于六月十八日，率领参谋生员葛应贞、旗鼓都司时可达、游击尤景和、沈世魁等马步家丁八千余员名，于二十八日亲至镇江、汤站、凤-{}-凰-{}-城等处安营下寨，以图进剿。其千家庄进兵，则令游击朱家龙、任大镇、杨模等；其凤-{}-凰-{}-城进兵，则令游击王辅、王承鸾、郑继魁等；其昌城进兵，则令游击曲承恩等；其满浦进兵，则令参将易承惠、都司林茂春等。”
  20. ^ a b c 《三朝辽事实录》卷13。
  21. ^ 《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷2天启三年八月初二日塘报：“既得扼要，则西南之双岛，正南之旅顺口，东之三犋牛，皆为我有。自城南之一百二十里，俱可屯聚兵粮，招抚屯种。”
  22. ^ 《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷2天启三年十月初□日塘报：“据哨探千总马成功禀称：探听奴酋兵马不多，只说九月中准要往西寇关。”
  23. ^ 《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷2天启三年十月初□日塘报：“及得斩获，细鞫生擒，供吐奴贼于十五日，在辽阳新城，正欲往西，闻梆声传至，即统达贼四万余，前来老寨救应。”
  24. ^ 《三朝辽事实录》卷13：“守金州都司张盘，探得复州奴贼摽掠恣淫，于三年十月初五日夜半领兵袭之，奴众奔窜，永宁等堡俱下。”
  25. ^ 《明史纪事本末补遗》卷4《毛帅东江》：“建州兵又率万骑来攻旅顺，奇兵奋起，建骑不能下，遣使招降盘，即斩以殉，于是围益急。盘设伏南北两山夹攻，建州兵大败而去。”
  26. ^ 《三朝辽事实录》卷13：“七月初二，忽有奴酋咨文移龙求和，又接李永芳手札，将龙在辽族属未遭屠戮者尽行优待，诱龙同叛，中分土地。”
  27. ^ 《三朝辽事实录》卷13：“连奴酋来使暨李永芳恶札星夜差官缄封护送进呈。”
  28. ^ 《三朝辽事实录》卷14：“登抚前议城南至旅顺口一百三十里，三面距海，唯北面狭束东西，相距仅十里许，挑断此地，引海水以图自固……已经覆议允行。”
  29. ^ 《皇明通纪集要》卷56：“已而游击林茂春等邀击其归路，擒斩有差。”
  30. ^ 《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷4天启五年二月二十三日塘报：“金州南关铺游击张盘失守间，职于初七日业差都司石成玉飞驾多船，前往金、旅收拾残兵，仍着据险。”
  31. ^ a b 《三朝辽事实录》卷15。
  32. ^ 《东江疏揭塘报节钞》卷4天启五年八月二十二日具奏：“臣又有说焉，阅邸报有张攀撤回皇城岛守冬之疏，无容再啄，不知旅顺为登莱门户，为鲜江饷道咽喉，一旦撤而之他，当冰冻之日，倘奴贼乘坚而来，绝我咽喉，守而弗去，则三千余员名之官兵，置之何地？一百三十里之膏腴，属之何人？将东江数十万之生灵，津、登往来之船只，不从此梗绝乎？臣虑及此，业遣参将李-{鑛}-防守其地，更授方略，以为御冬之机。”
  33. ^ 《大明熹宗实录》卷42天启三年十二月：“今日所恃海外长城者，非毛文龙者乎？”
  34. ^ 《大明熹宗实录》卷55天启五年正月：“使奴狼顾而不敢西向，惟尔是赖！”
  35. ^ 《满文老档》太祖第64册天命十年正月至三月：“二月初一日，遣刘维国、金盛晋遗书毛文龙。书曰：‘尔所遣之奸细，哨探等人均已被获……尔若如此与我相倚，迫使朝鲜投降，则尔之前途无量矣。尔既得罪与尔帝，已不能回明，而朝鲜又不容尔，我能置尔于不顾乎？尔向何处？倘若尔因派遣奸细，收纳逃人而恐我责备于尔，各为其主效力，岂有复存恶念之理乎？尔若降我，岂不亦如此效力与我乎？古之韩信弃楚霸王而归汉，胡敬德弃刘武周而降唐，因其降而成大功，留美名与后世，有何人谓其不忠于君而归叛他主？’”
  36. ^ 《东江塘报疏揭节抄》卷5天启六年正月二十日塘报眉批：“东兵之进而捣沈阳以覆其巢，攻海州以遏其归者，已先奴一日而发，亦綦神速矣。”
  37. ^ 《皇明续纪三朝法传全录》卷15。
  38. ^ 《枣林杂俎》和集《丛赘·毛文龙》：“天启丙寅六月，金人遗毛文龙书曰：‘古国家兴亡，皆天运循环。其将亡也，必灾异屡降，各处兵起。其将兴也，必天默护佑，动而成功。南朝运终，死数未尽，天使丧亡，将军岂能救之乎？良禽择木而栖，贤臣择主而事。韩信、陈平弃楚而归汉，刘整、吕文焕弃宋而归元，此皆默识天时，择主而事，名垂后世。自古天生帝王，不念仇隙，只论功德。管仲，桓公之仇也，不杀用相之，遂成霸业。敬德，太宗之仇也，不杀而将之，以有天下。今将军纵竭力办事，君臣皆迷，反受祸患。南朝气运已尽，时势已尽，悔之不及。’”
  39. ^ 《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷5天启六年九月初二日具奏：“随于本月初四日，差千总石景选、毛永科带兵一百五十名，前往细探。老奴背果患疮，带兵下营狗儿岭汤泉洗疮。石景选、毛永科兵少粮微，不忍失此机会，即于对岭高山顶上，初十黑夜，枪炮喊呐，以寒奴胆。奴贼惊恐，次早上船顺水西去。此石景选、毛永科差回确报也。”
  40. ^ 《明实录·崇祯实录》（卷一）：“罢蓟辽督师王之臣。命袁崇焕为兵部尚书，兼右副都御史，督师蓟辽、登莱、天津，移驻关门。”
  41. ^ 《明实录·崇祯实录》（卷一）：“癸酉，召廷臣及督师尚书袁崇焕于平台。上慰劳甚，至问边关何日可定？崇焕应曰：‘臣期五年为陛下肃清边陲’。慷慨请兵械转饷。且曰：‘边臣效命，动忧掣肘；吏部用人，兵部指挥，户部措饷，言路持论，皆与边臣尽相呼，应始可成功’。上曰：‘然’。”
  42. ^ 《明季北略》（卷4）：“崇焕应曰臣请五年为陛下肃清边陲。上曰：五年灭敌，朕不吝封侯之赏。时四辅臣钱龙锡等侍立。俱奏曰：崇焕肝胆、意气、识见、方略，种种可嘉，真奇男子也。上悦。赐茶果瓜饼而退，焕出，朝臣问五年之期，当有定算否？焕曰：上期望甚迫，故以五年慰圣心。识者曰：主上英明，后且按期责效，崇焕不旋踵矣。时期议忧毛文龙难驭，大学士钱龙锡，过崇焕语及之，遂定计出，癸未赐崇焕尚方剑。”
  43. ^ 《明史》（卷259）：“帝悉從之，賜崇煥酒饌而出。崇煥以前此熊廷弼、孫承宗皆為人排構，不得竟其志，上言：‘恢復之計，不外臣昔年以遼人守遼土，以遼土養遼人，守為正著，戰為奇著，和為旁著之說。法在漸不在驟，在實不在虛，此臣與諸邊臣所能為。至用人之人，與為人用之人，皆至尊司其鑰。何以任而勿貳，信而勿疑？蓋馭邊臣與廷臣異，軍中可驚可疑者殊多，但當論成敗之大局，不必摘一言一行之微瑕。事任既重，為怨實多，諸有利於封疆者，皆不利於此身者也。況圖敵之急，敵亦從而間之，是以為邊臣甚難。陛下愛臣知臣，臣何必過疑懼，但中有所危，不敢不告’。”
  44. ^ 《明实录·崇祯实录》（卷一）：“时朝仪忧毛文龙难驭。大学士钱龙锡遇崇焕，语及之。遂定计出。”
  45. ^ 《明史》（卷259）：“崇煥始受事，即欲誅毛文龍。”“方崇煥在朝，嘗與大學士錢龍錫語，言及毛文龍可用则用之，不可用去之不难。”。
  46. ^ 《明季北略》（卷4）：“崇焕应曰臣请五年为陛下肃清边陲。上曰：五年灭敌，朕不吝封侯之赏。时四辅臣钱龙锡等侍立。俱奏曰：崇焕肝胆、意气、识见、方略，种种可嘉，真奇男子也。上悦。赐茶果瓜饼而退，焕出，朝臣问五年之期，当有定算否？焕曰：上期望甚迫，故以五年慰圣心。识者曰：主上英明，后且按期责效，崇焕不旋踵矣。时期议忧毛文龙难驭，大学士钱龙锡，过崇焕语及之，遂定计出，癸未赐崇焕尚方剑。先是降将李永芳，献策于大清主曰：兵入中国，恐文龙截后，须通书崇焕，使杀文龙，佯许还辽。大清主从之。崇焕答书密允，复以告病回籍，乃寝。至是，再任，思杀文龙，则辽可得。”
  47. ^ 《明史》（卷259）：“工科給事中潘士聞劾文龍糜餉殺降，尚寶卿董茂忠請撤文龍，治兵關、寧。兵部議不可，而崇煥心弗善也，嘗疏請遣部臣理餉。文龍惡文臣監製，抗疏駁之，崇煥不悅。及文龍來謁，接以賓禮，文龍又不讓，崇煥謀益決。”
  48. ^ 《明史》（卷259）：“至是，遂以閱兵為名，泛海抵雙島，文龍來會。崇煥與相燕飲，每至夜分，文龍不覺也。崇煥議更營制，設監司，文龍怫然。崇煥以歸鄉動之，文龍曰：「向有此意，但惟我知東事，東事畢，朝鮮衰弱，可襲而有也。」崇煥益不悅。”
  49. ^ 《明史》（卷259）：崇焕因诘文龙违令数事，文龙抗辩。崇焕厉色叱之，命去冠带絷缚，文龙犹倔强。崇焕曰：“尔有十二斩罪，知之乎？祖制，大将在外，必命文臣监。尔专制一方，军马钱粮不受核，一当斩。人臣之罪莫大欺君，尔奏报尽欺罔，杀降人难民冒功，二当斩。人臣无将，将则必诛。尔奏有牧马登州取南京如反掌语，大逆不道，三当斩。每岁饷银数十万，不以给兵，月止散米三斗有半，侵盗军粮，四当斩。擅开马市于皮岛，私通外番，五当斩。部将数千人悉冒己姓，副将以下滥给札付千，走卒、舆夫尽金绯，六当斩。自宁远还，剽掠商船，自为盗贼，七当斩。强取民间子女，不知纪极，部下效尤，人不安室，八当斩。驱难民远窃人参，不从则饿死，岛上白骨如莽，九当斩。辇金京师，拜魏忠贤为父，塑冕旒像于岛中，十当斩。铁山之败，丧军无算，掩败为功，十一当斩。开镇八年，不能复寸土，观望养敌，十二当斩。”
  50. ^ 《明季北略》卷5《袁崇焕通敌射满桂》。
  51. ^ 《三朝辽事实录》卷11。
  52. ^ 清·张廷玉《明史》（卷二五九）：崇焕上言：“文龙一匹夫，不法至此，以海外易为乱也。其众合老稚四万七千，妄称十万，且民多，兵不能二万，妄设将领千。今不宜更置帅，即以继盛摄之，于计便。”
  53. ^ 《明史》（卷259）：“崇煥雖誅文龍，慮其部下為變，增餉銀至十八萬。崇煥言：「東江一鎮，牽制所必資。今定兩協，馬軍十營，步軍五，歲餉銀四十二萬，米十三萬六千。」帝頗以兵減餉增為疑，以崇煥故，特如其請。”
  54. ^ 《崇祯长编》（附录·四）：“臣自到任，即收拾关宁兵马，未暇及此，每章奏必及之，收其心翼其改也。至关宁之营制定而此事可为矣。于是乎设文臣以监之，其不以道臣而以饷臣者，令其将若兵有所利而无所疑也。又严海禁以窘之，文龙禁绝外人，以张继善横绝旅顺不许一人入其军。臣改贡道于宁远者，欲借此为间，皆所以图文龙矣。赖皇上天纵神武，一一许臣，自去年十二月臣安排已定，文龙有死无生矣。为文龙者，束身归命于朝廷，一听臣之节制，其能为今是非，则有生无死。”
  55. ^ Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). "Mao Wên-lung" . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.
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