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List of Brazilian Nobel laureates and nominees

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Since 1901, the Nobel Prize and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel have been awarded to a total of 965 individuals and 27 organizations as of 2023.[1]

While numerous notable Brazilians have been nominated for the prize,[2][3] to date, no individual has received a Nobel Prize while concurrently being a Brazilian citizen. One Nobel Prize recipient, the biologist Peter Medawar[a] (who won the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Australian virologist Frank Macfarlane Burnet), was born a Brazilian citizen but renounced his Brazilian citizenship at the age of 18, long before receiving the prize.[4][5]

Additionally, a number of Brazilians and Brazilian-based organizations were members of organizations at the time those organizations won a Nobel Prize, such as Sérgio Trindade and Carlos Nobre, members of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) when it was awarded the prize in 2007.[6]

Laureates

[edit]

Individuals

[edit]

A single individual has won the Nobel Prize who ever held Brazilian citizenship; however, he was not a Brazilian citizen at the time the award was granted:

Year Image Laureate Born Died Field Citation
Citizens
1960 Peter Medawar[a] 28 February 1915
Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2 October 1987
London, United Kingdom
Physiology or Medicine "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance."
(awarded together with Australian virologist Frank Macfarlane Burnet)

Organizations

[edit]

The following Brazilians and Brazilian-based organizations were affiliated with laureate organizations at the time they were awarded the prize:

Nominations

[edit]

Nominees

[edit]

Since 1909, Brazilians have started to receive nominations for the prestigious Swedish prize in different categories. The following list are the nominees with verified nominations from the Nobel Committee and recognized international organizations. There are also other purported nominees whose nominations are yet to be verified since the archives are revealed 50 years after,[14] among them:

Image Nominee[33] Born Died Years Nominated Citation Nominator(s)
Physics
César Lattes 11 July 1924
Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
8 March 2005
Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
1949 "for his pioneering discovery and researches of the pion, a composite subatmic particle made of a quark and an antiquark."[34] Walter Scott Hill Rodríguez
(1903–1987)
 Uruguay
James Holley Bartlett
(1904–2000)
 United States
1951 Gleb Wataghin
(1899–1986)
 Italy
1952 Marcel Schein
(1902–1960)
 United States
1952, 1953, 1954 Leopold Ružička
(1887–1976)
  Switzerland
David Bohm[g] 20 December 1917
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States
27 October 1992
London, United Kingdom
1958 "for his causal and deterministic interpretation of quantum theory (now known as De Broglie–Bohm theory)."[36] H. Nakano (?)
 Japan
Chemistry
René Wurmser[h] 4 September 1890
Paris, France
9 November 1993
Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris, France
1942 "for his research on blood preservation and transfusion."[37] Jean Baptiste Perrin[i]
(1870–1942)
 France
Fritz Feigl[j] 15 May 1891
Vienna, Austria
23 January 1971
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1955 "for his development of spot analysis (spot test) and luminol."[38] R. Strebinger (?)
 Austria
1957 Felix Machatschki
(1895–1970)
 Austria
1962 R. Belcher (?)
 United Kingdom
1963, 1966 Hanns Malissa
(1920–2010)
 Austria
1963, 1969 Friedrich Hecht
(1903–1980)
 Austria
1966, 1967, 1969 P. W. West (?)
 United States
1967 Ami Glasner (?)
 Israel
Johanna Döbereiner 28 November 1924
Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
5 October 2000
Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1995, 1997 "for her research on the effectivity of using nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soybean farming."[39][40]
Physiology or Medicine
Carlos Chagas 9 July 1879
Oliveira, Minas Gerais, Brazil
8 November 1934
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1913 "for his discovery of a new trypanosome disease (thyroidite parasitaire)."[41] Pirajá da Silva
(1873–1961)
 Brazil
1921 "for his research on malaria and paludism, and the discovery of Trypanozoma cruzi.[41] Hilário de Gouvêa
(1843–1929)
 Brazil
Antônio Cardoso Fontes 6 October 1879
Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
27 March 1943
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1934[k] "for his work on the ultravirus of the tubercle bacillus."[42] Michel Weinberg
(1868–1940)
 France
Adolfo Lutz 18 December 1855
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
6 October 1940
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1938 "for his work on tropical diseases (lepra, sporotrichosis, yellow fever, malaria) and their transmission." Octávio Coelho de Magalhães
(1880–1972)
 Brazil
Manuel de Abreu 4 January 1894
São Paulo, Brazil
30 January 1962
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1946 "for his introduction of collective radiology photography: abreugraphy."[43] Ugo Pinheiro Guimarães
(1901–1992)
 Brazil
Arnaldo de Moraes
(1893–1961)
 Brazil
Alfredo Monteiro
(1893–1961)
 Brazil
Henrique Roxo
(1877–1969)
 Brazil
1951 "for his development of a collective systematic X-ray photography."[43] António Egas Moniz
(1874–1955)
 Portugal
1953 No motivation given. Francisco R. d'Ovidio (?)
 Brazil
Literature
Henrique Coelho Neto 21 February 1864
Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
28 November 1934
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1933 O Rajá de Pendjab (1898)
O Morto, Memórias de um Fuzilado (1898)
Theatro, vol. I–V (1897–1909)
Mano, Livro da Saudade (1924)[44]
Hjalmar Hammarskjöld
(1862–1953)
 Sweden
20 members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
Flávio de Carvalho 10 August 1899
Barra Mansa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
4 June 1973
Valinhos, São Paulo, Brazil
1939 A Cidade do Homem Nu (1930)
Dança do Deus Morto (1933)[45]
Paul V. Shaw (?)
 Brazil
Manoel Wanderley
(prob. Manuel Bandeira (1886–1968))
Brazil Brazil 1941 [46] Francisco de Aquino Correia
(1885–1956)
 Brazil
Pietro Ubaldi* 18 August 1886
Foligno, Perugia, Italy
29 February 1972
São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969 A Grande Síntese (1932–35)
Ascensio Uma (1951)
Ascese Mística (1983)
Academia Santista de Letras
1964 João de Freitas Guimarães (?)
 Brazil
1968 [l]
Erico Verissimo 17 December 1905
Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
28 November 1975
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
1963 As Aventuras do Avião Vermelho (1936)
O Tempo e o Vento
(1949–1961)
Noite (1954)
O Senhor Embaixador (1965)
Jean Roche
(1901–1992)
 France
1968 [l]
Alceu Amoroso Lima 11 December 1893
Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
14 August 1983
Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1965 Mitos de Nosso Tempo (1943)
O Existencialismo e Outros Mitos de Nosso Tempo (1951)
Meditações Sobre o Mundo Interior (1953)
O Humanismo Ameaçado (1965)[47]
Academia Mineira de Letras
Carlos Drummond de Andrade 31 October 1902
Itabira, Minas Gerais, Brazil
17 August 1987
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1967 Sentimento do Mundo (1940)
A Rosa do Povo (1945)
As Impurezas do Branco (1973)
O Amor Natural (1992)[48]
Gunnar Ekelöf
(1907–1968)
 Sweden
1969 Artur Lundkvist
(1906–1991)
 Sweden
Jorge Amado 10 August 1912
Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil
6 August 2001
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
1967 O País do Carnaval (1931)
Jubiabá (1935)
Capitães da Areia (1937)
Terras do Sem Fim (1945)
Gabriela, Cravo e Canela (1958)
Tieta do Agreste (1977)
Farda Fardão Camisola de Dormir (1978)[49]
Sociedade Brasileira de Autores Teatrais
Fred P. Ellison
(1922–2004)
 United States
Earl William Thomas
(1915–1981)
 United States
1967, 1968 Brazilian Writers Association
1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 Antônio Olinto
(1919–2009)
 Brazil
1968, 1969 Jean Subirats (?)
 France
1969 Joracy Camargo
(1898–1973)
 Brazil
Vitorino Nemésio
(1901–1978)
 Portugal
1969, 1971 Laurent Versini
(1932–2021)
 France
1970 Marcos Almir Madeira
(1916–2003)
 Brazil
Gerardo Melo Mourão 8 January 1917
Ipueiras, Ceará, Brazil
9 March 2007
Humaitá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1979 O País dos Mourões (1963)
Peripécia de Gerardo (1972)
Valete de Espadas (1986)
O Bêbado de Deus (2000)[50]
Ferreira Gullar 10 September 1930
São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
4 December 2016
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2002 A Luta Corporal (1954)
Poema Sujo (1976)
Barulhos (1987)
Indagações de Hoje (1989)[51]
Brazilian Academy of Letters
Ariano Suassuna 16 June 1927
João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
23 July 2014
Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
2012 O Auto da Compadecida (1955)
A Caseira e a Catarina (1962)
O Santo e a Porca (1964)
A Pedra do Reino (1971)[52][53]
Cássio Cunha Lima
(b. 1963)
 Brazil
Moniz Bandeira 30 December 1935
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
10 November 2017
Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Brazil
2015 Retrato e Tempo (1960)
O Feudo – A Casa da Torre de Garcia d'Ávila (2001)
Formação do Império Americano (2005)[54]
Brazilian Writers Union
Lygia Fagundes Telles 19 April 1918
São Paulo, Brazil
3 April 2022
São Paulo, Brazil
2016 Ciranda de Pedra (1955)
Antes do Baile Verde (1970)
As Meninas (1973)
Seminário dos Ratos (1998)[55]
Carlos Nejar 11 January 1939
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
2017 Livro de Silbion (1963)
Ordenações (1971)
Árvore do Mundo (1977)
A Idade da Eternidade (2001)[56]
Brazilian Academy of Letters
Emanuel Medeiros Vieira 31 March 1945
Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
29 July 2019
Brasília, Brazil
2018 Sexo, Tristeza e Flores (1976)
Um Dia Estarás Comigo no Paraíso (1985)
No Altiplano: Contemplando o Comandante Ernesto (2000)
Olhos Azuis – Ao Sul do Efêmero (2009)[57]
International Writers Association
Deonísio da Silva 1948
Siderópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
2022 Avante, Soldados: Para Trás (1992)
Teresa D'Ávila (1997)
Goethe e Barrabás (2008)
Stefan Zweig Deve Morrer (2012)[58]
Academia Internacional de Escritores Basileiros
Peace
Sebastião de Magalhães Lima 30 May 1850
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
7 December 1928
Lisbon, Portugal
1909 No motivation given.[59] Feio Terenas
(1850–1920)
 Portugal
José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco 20 April 1845
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
10 February 1912
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1911 "for his efforts to secure Brazil's borders through several boundary settlements and to solve the conflicts between Brazil and its neighboring countries, and also for participating in the Brazilian abolitionist movement and directly engaging in 27 arbitration treaties."[60] Gonzalo de Quesada y Aróstegui
(1868–1915)
 Cuba
  • Carlos Peixoto
    (1845–1928)
     Brazil
  • J. de Medeinos (?)
     Brazil
Érico da Gama Coelho 7 March 1849
Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
26 November 1922
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1916 No motivation given.[61] Alcindo Guanabara
(1865–1918)
 Brazil
Raimundo Teixeira Mendes 5 January 1855
Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
28 June 1927
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1924 "for his role as the leader of 'Eglis positiviste' in Brazil."[62] Joaquim Luís Osório (?)
 Brazil
Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute founded on 21 October 1838 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1924 No motivation given.[63] Clóvis Beviláqua
(1859–1944)
 Brazil
Afrânio de Melo Franco 25 February 1870
Paracatu, Minas Gerais, Brazil
1 January 1943
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1935 "for his role as mediator in the conflict between Colombia and Peru."[m][64] Elihu Root (1845–1937) et al.[n]
 United States
1935, 1937 Carlos Concha Cárdenas
(1888–1944)
 Peru
1937
1938[o]
Oswaldo Aranha 15 February 1894
Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
27 January 1960
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1948 "for his peace efforts when he was serving as Brazilian ambassador to the United States, and for his work while serving as president of the United Nations General Assembly."[65] members of the Costa Rican Government
Americano Jorge (?)
 Brazil
Enrique García Sayán
(1905–1978)
 Peru
Edwin Borchard
(1884–1951)
 United States
Philadelpho Azevedo
(1894–1951)
 Brazil
83 members of the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies
40 members of the Brazilian Senate
Carlos Saavedra Lamas
(1878–1959)
 Argentina
Cordell Hull (1871–1955)
 United States
Henrique Vasconcellos Brazil Brazil 1952 "for his books on World Government."[66] Saulo Ramos
(1929–2013)
 Brazil
Josué de Castro 5 September 1908
Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
24 September 1973
Paris, France
1953 "for his work on increase in population and access to food through his book Geography of Hunger (1952)."[67]
Richard Acland
(1906–1990)
 United Kingdom
Aneurin Bevan
(1897–1960)
 United Kingdom
1963 "for his book The Geography of Hunger (1952)."[67] Lewis Silkin
(1889–1972)
 United Kingdom
1965 "for his efforts in the pursuit of a world at peace, a world freed from war, and a world freed from hunger."[67]
1964 "for his outstanding service to the establishment of permanent peace and towards the abolishment of hunger."[67] Gilbert McAllister
(1906–1964)
 United Kingdom
1965 "for his relentless work to eradicate hunger."[67] R. B. Vieilleville (?)
 France
1970 "for his active part in all organizations working for world peace."[67] John Boyd Orr
(1880–1971)
 United Kingdom
1973 [68] David Wismark (?)
 Sweden
Raul Fernandes 24 October 1877
Valença, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
6 January 1968
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1953, 1954 "for his contribution in establishing The International Court of Justice."[69] Haroldo Valladão
(1901–1987)
 Brazil
1953 Sousa Arruda (?)
 Brazil
Cândido Rondon 5 May 1865
Santo Antônio do Leverger, Mato Grosso, Brazil
19 April 1958
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1953 "for promoting peace in the territorial dispute between Colombia and Peru and working with the Indian Protection Service."[70] Emily Greene Balch
(1867–1961)
 United States
Álvaro Pereira de Sousa Lima
(1890–1968)
 Brazil
Damião Peres
(1889–1976)
 Portugal
Jean Silvandre
(1896–1960)
 France
1957 "for his outstanding devotion to protect the Indians of Brazil, and his contribution to creating peace in the conflict between Peru and Columbia, concerning Leticia."[70] Nereu Ramos
(1888–1958)
 Brazil
"for his splendid work for the civilization of Indians in Brazil, in addition he did much for cordiality and world peace as in de conflicts of Leticia between Peru and Colombia."[70] Mario Faria[p] (?)
 Brazil
"for his outstanding work for the civilization of Indians in Brazil, among whom he had lived for many years and having done much for cordiality and world peace as in the conflicts of Leticia between Peru and Columbia."[70] Henry P. De Vries
(1911–1986)
 United States
"for his activities in favour of the Indians of Brazil and for promoting peace while acting as a president of the Arbitration Committee in the conflict between Columbia and Peru, concerning Leticia."[70] Raul Jobim Bittencourt
(1902–1985)
 Brazil
"for his lengthy work in Brazil where he demonstrated extraordinary qualities by helping to ensure Peace."[70] Damião Peres
(1889–1976)
 Portugal
"for his extraordinary humanitarian work on behalf of the indigenous people in Brazil, and his efforts to restore peace during the conflicts of Leticia between Peru and Columbia."[70] Cesar Salay (?)
 Cuba
Hélder Câmara 7 February 1909
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
27 August 1999
Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
1970 "for his work to promote development as a foundation for peace and his belief that progress must be made in a non-violent way."[71] Brendan Corish
(1918–1990)
 Ireland
14 members of the Irish Parliament
Cláudio Villas-Bôas 8 December 1916
Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
1 March 1998
São Paulo, Brazil
1971,[q] 1972, 1973[68] "in recognition of their lifelong struggle to save the Indians in Amazonia, and their unique achievements in approaching and pacifying primitive tribes and protecting them in Brazil's first national park."[72][73] Alan Lennox-Boyd
(1904–1983)
 United Kingdom
Orlando Villas-Bôas 12 January 1914
Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, Brazil
12 December 2002
São Paulo, Brazil
Abdias do Nascimento 14 March 1914
Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
23 May 2011
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1978 "for his important contributions to black civil rights and Afro-Brazilian culture for several decades in Brazil through art and education."[74] Gerardo Melo Mourão
(1917–2007)
 Brazil
2004 "for his dedications to combat racism in the diverse realms of social and political activism as well as culture and the arts." Institute of Racial and Environmental Advocacy[r]
2009 "for his major contributions to Négritude and Pan-African movements, and for his efforts to end and resist racial discrimination in Brazil."[75] Clóvis Brigagão[s] (?)
 Portugal
Chico Xavier 2 April 1910
Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, Brazil
30 June 2002
Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
1981, 1982 "for his contributions to Spiritist movement and for his outstanding charity towards the poor in Brazil."[76][77]
Dulce de Souza Pontes, S.M.I.C. 26 May 1914
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
13 March 1992
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
1988, 1992 "for her tireless caring of the poor and defending the rights of workers in Bahia."[78][77] José Sarney (b. 1930)
 Brazil
Paulo Evaristo Arns, O.F.M. 14 September 1921
Forquilhinha, Santa Catarina, Brazil
14 December 2016
São Paulo, Brazil
1989 "for his courageous struggle and relentless opposition against the Brazilian military dictatorship and its human rights abuses."[77]
Paulo Freire 19 September 1921
Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
2 May 1997
São Paulo, Brazil
1993 "for helping people both through his philosophy and his practice of critical pedagogy."[79]
Herbert de Souza 3 November 1935
Bocaiúva, Minas Gerais, Brazil
9 August 1997
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1994 "for having carried out various activities in defense of human rights and action against economic injustices and government corruption."[77]
52 Brazilian women (part of the 1000 PeaceWomen)[t] began in 2003 in Bern, Switzerland 2005 "in recognition of women's efforts and visibility in promoting peace all over the world."[81] Ruth-Gaby Vermont-Mangold
(b. 1941)
  Switzerland
Zilda Arns Neumann 25 August 1934
Forquilhinha, Santa Catarina, Brazil
12 January 2010
Port-au-Prince, Haiti
2005 being part of the 1000 PeaceWomen
2006 "for her humanitarian work on behalf of Pastoral da Criança."[77]
Augusto Boal 16 March 1931
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2 May 2009
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2008 "for the importance of his work, considerably helping expand the use and practice of Theatre of the Oppressed techniques for the benefit of many oppressed people and communities."[82]
Flávio Duncan 12 September 1979
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2012 "in recognition of his social engagements and innovative projects benefitting thousands of youths and children."[83][84]
Gaetano Brancati Luigi[u] Italy 2015 "for his work in sowing the culture of peace on all continents."[77][85]
Maria da Penha 1 February 1945
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
2017 "for her courageous commitment to end domestic violence against women."[77][86]
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 27 October 1945
Caetés, Pernambuco, Brazil
2018 "for throughout his social commitments to trade unions and as a politician, he has developed public policies to overcome hunger and poverty in his country."[87][88][89] Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
(b. 1931)
 Argentina
Luiz Gabriel Tiago 2018 "for his social actions in Brazil and abroad on behalf of his enterprise, Pontinho de Luz."[90][91] Célio Celli de Oliveira Lima (?)
 Brazil
Raoni Metuktire c. 1932
Kapot Indigenous Territory, Mato Grosso, Brazil
2020 "for a lifetime of work protecting the Amazon rainforest."[92][93] Darcy Ribeiro Foundation
Moura Ribeiro 28 September 1953
Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
2020 "for his application of humanistic capitalism in the judicial activity."[94][95] Ricardo Sayeg
(b. 1967)
 Brazil
Alysson Paolinelli 10 July 1936
Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brazil
2021 "for his efforts, as an agronomist, to reduce hunger in the country and in the world."[96][97] Durval Dourado Neto (?)
 Brazil
Economic Sciences
Celso Furtado 26 July 1920
Pombal, Paraíba, Brazil
20 November 2004
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2004 "for his research on development and underdevelopment and on the persistence of poverty in peripheral countries throughout the world – a key contribution to economic structuralism."[98][99]

Nominators

[edit]

The following list of Brazilian-based organizations and individuals became nominators of various candidates, local and international, for the Nobel Prize.[100]

Image Nominator Born Died Nominee Motivation Year
Nominated
Physics
Carlos Chagas 9 July 1879
Oliveira, Minas Gerais, Brazil
8 November 1934
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Donald William Kerst
(1911–1993)
 United States
"for the development of the betatron, a novel type of particle accelerator used to accelerate electrons." 1947[101]
Physiology or Medicine
Braut P. Lewe Carlos Finlay
(1833–1915)
 Cuba
"for work on the transmission of yellow fever." 1912[102]
Pirajá da Silva 28 January 1873
Camamu, Bahia, Brazil
1 March 1961
São Paulo, Brazil
Carlos Chagas
(1879–1934)
 Brazil
"for his discovery of a new trypanosome disease (thyroidite parasitaire)." 1913[103]
Hilário de Gouvêa 23 September 1843
Caeté, Minas Gerais, Brazil
25 October 1923
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
"for his research on malaria and paludism, and the discovery of Trypanozoma cruzi." 1921[104]
C. S. de Magalhães Patrick Manson
(1844–1922)
 United Kingdom
"for his work in the field of tropical medicine." 1921[105]
J. A. Pupo Constantin Levaditi
(1874–1953)
 Romania
"for his work on experimental syphilis." 1924[106]
Martin Ficker 17 November 1868
Sohland an der Spree, Saxony, Germany
22 November 1950
São Paulo, Brazil
Hermann Rein
(1898–1953)
 Germany
"for his work on blood circulation." 1936[107]
Octávio Coelho de Magalhães 31 January 1880
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
16 June 1972
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Adolfo Lutz
(1855–1940)
 Brazil
"for his work on tropical diseases (lepra, sporotrichosis, yellow fever, malaria) and their transmission." 1938[108]
Flamínio Fávero 26 October 1895
São Paulo, Brazil
12 February 1982
São Paulo, Brazil
Walter Bradford Cannon
(1871–1945)
 United States
"for his research on the secretion of adrenalin and its relation to the sympathetic nervous system." 1941[109]
Franklin de Moura Campos 26 October 1896
Tietê, São Paulo, Brazil
4 October 1962
São Paulo, Brazil
1941[110]
Luciano Gualberto 14 January 1883
Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
21 September 1959
São Paulo, Brazil
1941[111]
Renato Locchi 7 May 1896
Anhembi, São Paulo, Brazil
21 May 1978
São Paulo, Brazil

1941[112]

António Egas Moniz
(1874–1955)
 Portugal
"for his research on surgical treatment of functional mental disorders and diagnosis of brain tumors by means of arterial encephalography." 1949[112]
L. da Cunha Motta Brazil Brazil Harry Goldblatt
(1891–1977)
 United States
"for his experimental method of producing hypertension through renal ischemia." 1941[113]
Irvine Page
(1901–1991)
 United States
"for his studies on experimental arterial hypertension."
Antônio de Almeida Prado 13 June 1889
Itu, São Paulo, Brazil
7 June 1965
São Paulo, Brazil
Walter Bradford Cannon
(1871–1945)
 United States
"for his research on the secretion of adrenalin and its relation to the sympathetic nervous system." 1941[114]
António Egas Moniz
(1874–1955)
 Portugal
"for his work on surgical treatment of mental disorders and on cerebral angiography." 1950[114]
Henrique Roxo 4 July 1877
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
17 February 1969
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Manuel de Abreu
(1894–1962)
 Brazil
"for his introduction of collective radiology photography: abreugraphy." 1946[115]
Alfredo Pereira Monteiro 15 May 1891
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
9 February 1961
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1946[116]
Arnaldo de Moraes 28 August 1893
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
6 April 1961
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1946[117]
Ugo Pinheiro Guimarães 12 March 1901
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
29 December 1992
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1946[118]
Agenor Porto Brazil Brazil Bernardo Alberto Houssay
(1887–1971)
 Argentina
"for his discovery of the physiological role of the anterior hypophysis in carbohydrate metabolism and diabetes, work on heart sounds, the relation of the kidney to hypertension, work on the adrenal glands, thymus, thyreoidea and snake venom." 1946[119]
"for his work on endocrine secretion, role of the kidney in arterial hypertension, and work on snake venom." 1947[119]
Ernesto de Sousa Campos 21 September 1882
Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
1 January 1970
São Paulo, Brazil
António Egas Moniz
(1874–1955)
 Portugal
"for his research on surgical treatment of functional mental disorders and diagnosis of brain tumors by means of arterial encephalography." 1949[120]
Jayme Periera 1949[121]
Raul Carlos Briquet 8 February 1887
Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
5 September 1953
São Paulo, Brazil
Edwin Joseph Cohn
(1892–1953)
 United States
"for his research on the fractionation of plasma proteins, and their therapeutic use." 1950[122]
Francisco d'Ovidio Manuel de Abreu
(1894–1962)
 Brazil
No motivation given. 1953[123]
Paulo Tibiriçá Hans Selye
(1907–1982)
 Canada
No motivation given. 1953[124]
Paulo Moreira 1953[125]
Luiz Francisco Guerra Blessmann 10 December 1891
Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
1953[126]
Literature
Imperial Academy of Fine Arts founded in 1816 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Guglielmo Ferrero
(1871–1942)
 Italy
Between Two Worlds (1913)
The Greatness and Decline of Rome, vol. 1–5 (1907–1909)
Peace and War (1933)
The Two Truths (1933–39)
1923[127]
Academia Brasileira de Letras founded on 20 July 1897 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Henrique Coelho Neto
(1864–1934)
 Brazil
O Rajá de Pendjab (1898)
O Morto, Memórias de um Fuzilado (1898)
Theatro, vol. I–V (1897–1909)
Mano, Livro da Saudade (1924)
1933[128]
Enrique Larreta
(1875–1961)
 Argentina
La Gloria de Don Ramiro (1908)
La que buscaba Don Juan (1923)
Santa Maria del Buen Aire: Drama en Tres Actos (1935)
1942[129]
Júlio Dantas
(1876–1962)
 Portugal
A Ceia dos Cardeais (1902)
La Cortina Verde (1919)
A Severa (1931)
Pecado (1951)
1951[130]
Paul V. Shaw Flávio de Carvalho
(1899–1973)
 Brazil
A Cidade do Homem Nu (1930)
Dança do Deus Morto (1933)
1939[131]
Francisco de Aquino Correia, S.D.B. 2 April 1885
Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
22 March 1956
São Paulo, Brazil
Manoel Wanderley
(prob. Manuel Bandeira (1886–1968))
1941[132]
Afonso Costa 2 August 1885
Jacobina, Bahia, Brazil
30 December 1955
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Gabriela Mistral
(1889–1957)
 Chile
Sonetos de la Muerte (1914)
Desolación (1922)
Ternura (1924)
Tala (1938) and Lagar (1954)
1942[133]
Fidelino de Figueiredo[v] 20 July 1888
Lisbon, Portugal
20 March 1967
Lisbon, Portugal
Alfonso Reyes
(1889–1959)
 Mexico
Cuestiones Estéticas (1911)
El Cazador: Ensayos y Divagaciones (1911–20)
Visión de Anáhuac (1917)
Árbol de Pólvora (1953)
1953[134]
Paulo de Medeiros Ramón Menéndez Pidal
(1869–1968)
 Spain
Crónicas Generales de España (1898)
Orígenes del Español (1926)
Flor Nueva de Romances Viejos (1928)
La España del Cid (1929)
Romancero Hispánico: Teoría e Historia (1953)
1956[135]
Brazilian PEN-Club founded on 2 April 1936 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rómulo Gallegos
(1884–1969)
 Venezuela
Doña Bárbara (1929)
Cantaclaro (1934)
Canaima (1935)
El Último Patriota (1957)
1960[136]
Academia Santista de Letras founded on 23 June 1956
Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
Pietro Ubaldi
(1886–1972)
 Italy
A Grande Síntese (1932–35)
Ascensio Uma (1951)
Ascese Mística (1983)
1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969[137]
João de Freitas Guimarães 1964[138]
Academia Mineira de Letras founded in 1919 in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil Alceu Amoroso Lima
(1893–1983)
 Brazil
Mitos de Nosso Tempo (1943)
O Existencialismo e Outros Mitos de Nosso Tempo (1951)
Meditações Sobre o Mundo Interior (1953)
O Humanismo Ameaçado (1965)
1965[139]
Sociedade Brasileira de Autores Teatrais founded on 27 September 1917 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Jorge Amado
(1912–2001)
 Brazil
O País do Carnaval (1931)
Jubiabá (1935)
Capitães da Areia (1937)
Terras do Sem Fim (1945)
Gabriela, Cravo e Canela (1958)
Tieta do Agreste (1977)
Farda Fardão Camisola de Dormir (1978)
1967[140]
Brazilian Writers Association Brazil 1967, 1968[141]
Antônio Olinto 10 May 1919
Ubá, Minas Gerais, Brazil
12 September 2009
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1967, 1968, 1969, 1970[142]
Joracy Camargo 18 October 1898
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
11 March 1973
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1969[143]
Marcos Almir Madeira 21 February 1916
Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
19 October 2003
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1970[144]
Peace
Carlos Peixoto[w] 1 June 1871
Ubá, Minas Gerais, Brazil
29 August 1917
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
José Paranhos
(1845–1912)
 Brazil
"for his efforts to secure Brazil's borders through several boundary settlements and to solve the conflicts between Brazil and its neighboring countries, and also for participating in the Brazilian abolitionist movement and directly engaging in 27 arbitration treaties." 1911[145]
J. de Medeinos[w] 1911[145]
Alcindo Guanabara 19 July 1865
Magé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
20 August 1918
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Érico da Gama Coelho
(1849–1922)
 Brazil
No motivation given.[x] 1916[146]
Joaquim Luís Osório
(prob. Osório Duque-Estrada (1870–1927))
Raimundo Teixeira Mendes
(1855–1927)
 Brazil
"for his role as the leader of 'Eglis positiviste' in Brazil." 1924[147]
Clóvis Beviláqua 4 October 1859
Viçosa do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
26 July 1944
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute
(founded in 1838)
 Brazil
No motivation given. 1924[148]
National Congress of Brazil founded on 6 May 1826 in Brasilia, Brazil Afrânio de Melo Franco
(1870–1943)
 Brazil
"for his role as mediator in the conflict between Colombia and Peru and for having furthered international economic cooperation." 1935[149]
Edmundo da Luz Pinto[y] 5 January 1898
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
15 July 1963
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1938[150]
Mário de Pimentel Brandão 9 October 1889
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
23 October 1956
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Cordell Hull
(1871–1955)
 United States
"for his efforts to improve relations between the United States and Latin America, wherein encouraged détente and a spirit of peace on the American continent through his Pan-American policy, the so-called 'Good Neighbor Policy', and for his efforts to establish a liberal economic policy and to remove international trade restrictions." 1938[151]
Philadelpho Azevedo[y] 13 March 1894
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
7 May 1951
The Hague, Netherlands
Afrânio de Melo Franco
(1870–1943)
 Brazil
"for his role as mediator in the conflict between Colombia and Peru." 1938[152]
Oswaldo Aranha
(1894–1960)
 Brazil
"for his peace efforts when he was serving as Brazilian ambassador to the United States, and for his work while serving as president of the United Nations General Assembly."
1948[152]

Americano Jorge 1948[153]
40 members of the Brazilian Federal Senate founded on 6 May 1826 in Brasilia, Brazil 1948[154]
83 members of the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies 1948[155]
Hans Jordan 3 March 1892
Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil
21 March 1967
Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Paul Harris
(1868–1947)
 United States
No motivation given. 1947[156]
Saulo Saul Ramos 22 October 1907
Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
11 August 1984
Vassouras, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Henrique Vasconcellos (?)
 Brazil
"for his books on World Government." 1952[157]
E. L. Viana[z] Josué de Castro
(1908–1973)
 Brazil
"for his work on increase in population and access to food through his book Geography of Hunger (1952)." 1953[158]
Victor Nunes Leal[z] 11 November 1914
Carangola, Minas Gerais, Brazil
17 May 1985
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1953[158]
Sousa Arruda Raul Fernandes
(1877–1968)
 Brazil
"for his contribution in establishing The International Court of Justice." 1953[159]
Haroldo Valladão 5 September 1901
São Paulo, Brazil
7 April 1987
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

1953,[160] 1954[161]

The Hague Academy of International Law
(founded in 1923)
 Netherlands
No motivation given. 1973[68]
Álvaro Pereira de Sousa Lima 23 May 1890
Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
5 May 1968
São Paulo, Brazil
Cândido Rondon
(1865–1958)
 Brazil
"for promoting peace in the territorial dispute between Colombia and Peru and working with the Indian Protection Service." 1953[162]
Nereu Ramos 3 September 1888
Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
16 June 1958
São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil
"for his outstanding devotion to protect the Indians of Brazil, and his contribution to creating peace in the conflict between Peru and Columbia, concerning Leticia." 1957[163]
Mario Faria[p] "for his splendid work for the civilization of Indians in Brazil, in addition he did much for cordiality and world peace as in de conflicts of Leticia between Peru and Colombia." 1957[164]
Raul Jobim Bittencourt 2 January 1902
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
20 March 1985
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
"for his activities in favour of the Indians of Brazil and for promoting peace while acting as a president of the Arbitration Committee in the conflict between Columbia and Peru, concerning Leticia." 1957[165]
Carlos Domingues 5 May 1896
Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
22 February 1974
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Universal Esperanto Association
(founded in 1908)
 Netherlands
"for its successful efforts in developing admirable activity in favour of international understanding and world peace." 1961, 1963[166]
Pedro Calmon 23 December 1902
Amargosa, Bahia, Brazil
16 June 1985
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

1961[167]

Habib Bourguiba
(1903–2000)
 Tunisia
"for his efforts towards a peaceful coexistence between the Arab world and Israel." 1966[167]
Carlos Dunshee de Abranches 1913
Brazil
1983
Brazil
Organization of American States
(founded in 1948)
 United States
No motivation given. 1967[168]
Moacyr de Oliveira International Labour Organization
(founded in 1919)
  Switzerland
"for its work for peace by promoting social justice." 1969[169]
Jarbas Passarinho 11 January 1920
Xapuri, Acre, Brazil
5 June 2016
Brasilia, Brazil
"for its contribution to world peace by its work for social justice." 1969[170]
Vanessa Grazziotin 29 June 1961
Videira, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Edward Snowden
(b. 1983)
 United States
"for exposing the extent of electronic surveillance of citizens across the world, wherein he has restored the fundamental principle of transparency to democracy." 2014[171][172]
Darcy Ribeiro Foundation founded in 1996 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Raoni Metuktire
(b. 1932)
 Brazil
"for a lifetime of work protecting the Amazon rainforest." 2020[173]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Medawar acquired a Brazilian citizenship by birth as dictated by the Brazilian nationality law (jus soli). He left the country, together with his parents, at the age of 14 to finish high school in the United Kingdom. At age 18, he renounced his Brazilian citizenship when he refused to be drafted in the military and after his appeal for exemption was denied. When the Nobel Committee awarded him the Prize, he was acknowledged as a British citizen. It was only after his death when he was recognized also as being a Brazilian Nobel laureate.[7][8]
  2. ^ Since 1919, the Cruz Vermelha Brasileira (founded on 5 December 1908 in Brasília, Brazil) has been a members of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies which won the 1963 Nobel Peace Prize.[9]
  3. ^ UNICEF Brazil was founded in 1950 in Brasília, Brazil.
  4. ^ Carlos Nobre (born on 27 March 1951 in São Paulo, Brazil) was one of the 127 lead authors in the fourth assessment report that created a global action framework upon which countries agreed to adopt measures to address climate change. This report led to the awarding of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.[10][11]
  5. ^ Sérgio Trindade (born: 14 December 1940 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; died: 18 March 2020 in New York City, United States) was the coordinating lead author for a chapter of an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report when it won the 2007 Peace Prize.[6]
  6. ^ Cristian Wittmann has been working with ICAN since 2004 and is the only Brazilian to participate in ICAN's Management Committee.[12][13]
  7. ^ David Bohm applied for and received Brazilian citizenship, but by law, had to give up his US citizenship; he was able to reclaim it only decades later, in 1986, after pursuing a lawsuit.[35]
  8. ^ The French biophysicist R. Wurmser was nominated while working temporarily as professor at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  9. ^ J. B. Perrin nominated R. Wurmser as his first choice and G. Bertrand as his second choice.
  10. ^ F. Fiegl immigrated to Brazil in 1940 and obtained a citizenship in 1944.
  11. ^ A. C. Fontes was nominated together with the French biologist Gaston Ramon (1886–1963).
  12. ^ a b The name of the nominator(s) of this nomination was not present in the list of nominations for 1968.
  13. ^ The conflict between Colombia and Peru erupted in 1932 when 300 Peruvians occupied the Leticia harbour. The jurisdiction over Leticia had been handed over from Peru to Colombia in 1922.
  14. ^ A. de Melo Franco alone received 43 nominations in 1935. His nomination was endorsed by Charles Hardinge (1858–1944), Hugh Lowther (1857–1944), Jan Kosters (1874–1951), George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (1888–1963), members of the Chilean Parliament, members of the Peruvian Congress, Bernard Loder (1849–1935), members of the Peruvian Congress, 3 Venezuelan members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, members of the Portuguese Government, members of the Brazilian Parliament, members of the Mexican Parliament, members of the Uruguayan Senate, members of the Ecuadorian Senate and Government, Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez (1890–1972), members of the Cuban Government, Rufus Isaacs (1860–1935), Thomas Coats (1894–1974), Charles de Visscher (1884–1973), Cecil Hurst (1870–1963), Georges Dumas (1866–1946), Cosme de la Torriente y Peraza (1872–1956), Miguel Cruchaga Tocornal (1869–1949), Juan José de Arteaga (?), Carel Daniël Asser (1866–1939), Thomas Barclay (1853–1941), Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada (1871–1939), Robert Horne (1871–1940), Bufete Dolz (?), Paul Latham (1905–1955), Pablo Desvernine (?), Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven (1865–1951), Giuseppe Motta (1871–1940), A. Anema (?), Sun Fo (1891–1973), Nicolae Titulescu (1882–1941), José Caeiro da Mata (1883–1963) and Damião Peres (1889–1976).
  15. ^ The nomination was also signed by two persons whose right to nominate was uncertain. The Brazilian ambassador to Oslo submitted the nomination.
  16. ^ a b M. Faria's nomination of Candido Mariano de Silva Rondon was joined by other professors of law at the University of Santos.
  17. ^ Claudio and Orlando Villas-Bôas was also nominated by 2 professors from the University of Paris for the 1971 Nobel Peace Prize.
  18. ^ The nomination was lead its director, Humberto Adami (b. 1958).
  19. ^ Brigagão's nomination of A. do Nascimento was endorsed by over 130 people and institutions, Brazilian and foreign. In addition to the 132 letters of endorsement from academics, politicians, university presidents, civil society organizations and dignitaries in Brazil and abroad, a petition in support of the nomination received more than 660 adhesions in less than two months.
  20. ^ The 52 Brazilian women who formed part in the 1000 PeaceWomen were Albertina Duarte Takiuti (b. 1946), Alzira Rufino (b. 1949), Ana Maria Machado (b. 1941), Ana Montenegro (1915–2006), Benedita da Silva (b. 1942), Concita Maia (b. 1951), Creuza Maria Oliveira (b. 1957), Eliane Potiguara (b. 1950), Elizabeth Teixeira (b. 1925), Elza Berquó (?), Elzita Santos de Santa Cruz Oliveira (1914–?), Eva Alterman Blay (b. 1937), Fátima Oliveira (b. 1953), Givânia Maria da Silva (?), Heleieth Saffioti (1934–2010), Helena Greco (1916–2011), Heloneida Studart (1932–2007), Mãe Hilda Jitolu (1923–2009), Jacqueline Pitanguy (b. 1946), Joênia Wapixana (b. 1974), Jurema Batista (b. 1957), Lair Guerra de Macedo (b. 1943), Leila Linhares Barsted (b. 1945), Lenira Maria de Carvalho (?), Luci Teresinha Choinacki (b. 1954), Luiza Erundina (b. 1934), Maninha Xukuru (b. 1966), Mara Régia di Perna (b. 1952), Margarida Genevois (b. 1923), Maria Amélia de Almeida Teles (b. 1944), Maria Berenice Dias (b. 1948), Maria José de Oliveira Araújo (b. 1949), Maria José Mota (b. 1944), Maria José Rosado Nunes (b. 1945), Mãe Stella de Oxóssi (1925–2018), Marina Silva (b. 1958), Mayana Zatz (b. 1947), Moema Libera Viezzer (b. 1939), Niède Guidon (b. 1933), Nilza Iraci (b. 1950), Procópia dos Santos Rosa (b. 1933), Raimunda Gomes da Silva (b. 1940), Rose Marie Muraro (1930–2014), Ruth de Souza (1921–2019), Maria Aparecida Schumaher (b. 1952), Silvia Pimentel (b. 1940), Sueli Pereira Pini (b. 1960), Therezinha Zerbini (1928–2015), Vanete Almeida (b. 1943), Zenilda Maria de Araújo (b. 1950), Zilda Arns Neumann (1934–2010) and Zuleika Alambert (1922–2012).[80]
  21. ^ Gaetano Brancati Luigi was born in Italy, but has lived in Brazil since 1949, when he was 12 years old. His family migrated from Europe to South America in search of better living conditions, because of the results of World War II.
  22. ^ F. de Figueiredo's nomination was made while he was residing in Brazil and worked as professor of Portuguese literature at the University of São Paulo.
  23. ^ a b The nomination letter for Baron José Paranhos was signed by Carlos Peixoto de Mello and J. de Medeinos, both members of the Brazilian parliament. The Nobel nomination archives only enlisted Peixoto's name as the nominator.
  24. ^ Guanabara's nomination of É. da Gama Coelho was written in telegram.
  25. ^ a b A. de Melo Franco's nomination was signed by E. da Luz Pinto and P. Azevedo whose right to nominate was uncertain. It was Brazilian ambassador to Oslo who submitted the nomination.
  26. ^ a b E. L. Viana and V. Leal nominated together Josué de Castro but E. L. Viana was the only one cited as nominator by the Nobel nomination archives.

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ Mônica Pileggi (5 October 2011). "When will Brazil have a Nobel?". Agência FAPESP. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  3. ^ "Why has no Brazilian ever won the Nobel Prize?". The Brazilian Report. 7 March 2019. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  4. ^ "Nobel Scientist Achieved Fame For His Work in Joining Nerves". New York Times. 21 October 1960. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  5. ^ "Transplant Work wins Nobel Prize". New York Times. 21 October 1960. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  6. ^ a b "International Fuel director part of Nobel Peace Prize winning team". bizjournals.com. 17 October 2007. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  7. ^ Younes-Ibrahim, Maurício (2015). "Brazilian Nephrology pays homage to Peter Brian Medawar". Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia. 37 (1): 7–8. doi:10.5935/0101-2800.20150001. PMID 25923743.
  8. ^ "Brazilian Nobel". www.brazzil.com. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  9. ^ "História da CVB" [History of the CVB]. cruzvermelha.org.br (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Cruz Vermelha Brasileira. 2017. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
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  11. ^ "Carlos Nobre – Biography". royalsociety.org. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  12. ^ "Membro da Ican, vencedora do Nobel da Paz, Cristian Wittmann irá ao Prêmio Patrícia Acioli". amaerj.org.br (in Portuguese). 17 October 2017. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  13. ^ "'Não há mãos boas para armas ruins', diz brasileiro entre os laureados com Nobel da Paz". ufmg.br (in Portuguese). 6 October 2017. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
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  18. ^ Sabine Righetti (21 June 2011). "Químico que chegou mais perto do Nobel no país morre aos 90". Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  19. ^ "Mauricio Rocha e Silva (1910-1983): o Nobel que não tivemos". jornal.usp.br (in Portuguese). 15 August 2022. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i André Bernardo (5 October 2018). "Quais brasileiros poderiam ter levado o Prêmio Nobel de Medicina?". Veja SAÚDE (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  21. ^ Elisardo C. Vasquez (2016). "The Origin and Advancement of Cardiovascular Physiology in Brazil: The Contribution of Eduardo Krieger to Research Groups". Frontiers in Physiology. 7. doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00135. PMC 4835790. PMID 27148073.
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  27. ^ Anxo Martínez (15 January 2022). "Si Nélida Piñón ganase el Nobel de Literatura se festejaría en O Salnés". Faro de Vigo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  28. ^ "Marina Colasanti: Prêmio Nobel de Literatura". Recando das Letras (in Portuguese). 5 August 2011. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  29. ^ Rita Cipriano (19 October 2019). "Chico Buarque recebeu o Camões e também merecia o Nobel". observador.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  30. ^ "Nobel de Literatura: as apostas de Adriana Lisboa". Rascunho (in Portuguese). 6 October 2020. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
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  33. ^ The (*) asterisks on the name denote the nominees were expatriates who resided or died in Brazil.
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  35. ^ Olival Freire, Jr.: Science and Exile: David Bohm, the cold war, and a new interpretation of quantum mechanics Archived 26 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, HSPS, vol. 36, Part 1, pp. 1–34, ISSN 0890-9997, 2005
  36. ^ Nomination archive – David Bohm Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  37. ^ Nomination archive – René Wurmser Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  38. ^ Nomination archive – Fritz Feigl Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
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  41. ^ a b Nomination archive – Carlos Chagas Archived 2014-10-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  42. ^ Nomination archive – Antonio C Fontès Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  43. ^ a b Nomination archive – Manoel de Abreu Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  44. ^ Nomination archive – Enrique Neto Archived 2022-09-28 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  45. ^ Nomination archive – Flávio de Carvalho Archived 2022-09-29 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  46. ^ Nomination archive – Manoel C Wanderley Archived 2022-09-29 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  47. ^ Nomination archive – Alceu Amoroso Lima Archived 2022-09-28 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  48. ^ Nomination archive – Carlos Drummond de Andrade Archived 2022-09-28 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
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  50. ^ Naná DeLuca (11 January 2022). "Poeta, Gerardo Mello Mourão foi correspondente da Folha na China". Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
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  128. ^ Nomination archive – 20 members of the Brasilian Academy Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
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  155. ^ Nomination archive – 83 members of the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
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  163. ^ Nomination archive – Nerev Ramos Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  164. ^ Nomination archive – Mario Faria Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nbelprize.org
  165. ^ Nomination archive – Raul Bittencourt Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
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  168. ^ Nomination archive – Carlos A Dunschee de Abranches Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  169. ^ Nomination archive – Moacyr de Oliveira Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  170. ^ Nomination archive – Jarbas Gonçalves Passarinho Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
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