Jump to content

Iskandar of Johor

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Iskandar I
  • إسكندر
Al-Mutawakkil Alallah (The Leaner on God)
Yang di-Pertuan Agong VIII
Reign26 April 1984 – 25 April 1989
Installation15 November 1984
PredecessorAhmad Shah
SuccessorAzlan Shah
Sultan of Johor
Reign11 May 1981 – 22 January 2010
PredecessorIsmail
SuccessorIbrahim
Born(1932-04-08)8 April 1932
Istana Semayam, Johor Bahru, Johor, Unfederated Malay States
Died22 January 2010(2010-01-22) (aged 77)
Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
Burial23 January 2010
Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
Spouse
Josephine Ruby Trevorrow (Khalsom binti Abdullah)
​
​
(m. 1956; div. 1962)​
​
(m. 1961)​
Issue
Names
Tunku Mahmood Iskandar ibni Tunku Ismail
Regnal name
Baginda Almutawakil Alallah Sultan Iskandar ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail
HouseHouse of Temenggong
FatherSultan Ismail Ibni Almarhum Sultan Ibrahim Al-Masyhur
MotherSultanah Ungku Tun Aminah Binti Ungku Ahmad
ReligionSunni Islam

Sultan Iskandar ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail[1][2][3] (Jawi: المتوكل على ﷲ سلطان إسكندر الحاج ابن المرحوم سلطان إسماعيل الخالدي; 8 April 1932 – 22 January 2010) was Sultan of Johor, succeeding his father Sultan Ismail upon the latter's death in 1981. He reigned as the eighth Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the constitutional monarch of Malaysia, from 1984 to 1989. Sultan Iskandar's reign as Sultan of Johor lasted almost 29 years until his death in 2010.

His children are married into the different royal houses of Malaysia. His eldest daughter Tunku Kamariah married the Tengku Laksamana of Selangor, Tengku Sulaiman Shah. His successor and eldest son Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar married Raja Zarith Sofiah of the Perak Royal Family. His daughter Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah married the heir apparent of Pahang, now Sultan Abdullah. His younger son Tunku Abdul Majid married a member of the Kedah Royal Family, Tunku Teh Mazni.

As was the case with his grandfather, Sultan Ibrahim,[4] Sultan Iskandar's independent mindset resulted in strained relations with the Malaysian federal government on numerous occasions. This was most prevalent during his time as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong,[5] as there were a number of notable public incidents involved Sultan Iskandar.[6] Nevertheless, Sultan Iskandar was reputed to show great concern to his subjects, and was held in high esteem by many of his subjects–particularly the Malays and Orang Aslis.[7] His time as the Sultan of Johor was marred by accusations of violence and brutality. Sultan Iskandar was notorious for his bad temper which often resulted in violent episodes of rage and brutality to members of his staff and the general public. The 1992 Gomez incident surrounding the Sultan eventually culminated in the removal of "legal immunity" for members of the royal family.

Sultan Iskandar is reputed to have been a staunch disciplinarian, with willingness to occasionally voice personal opinions on governmental issues. On the personal side, subjects who approached the Sultan in his later years described him as a person with a warm[8] and generous personality.[9] However, past critics had also argued that Sultan Iskandar was a person with a turbulent temper.[10][11] These claims were made by citing records of notorious incidents,[12] which include an experience of being disinherited from being the Tunku Mahkota of Johor (or Crown Prince in English) by his father, in 1961, as well as a series of alleged criminal acts occurring between the 1970s and the 1990s which were published in the press and provoked widespread moral outrage within the Malaysian public.[13][14]

During his younger days as a prince,[15] Iskandar was commonly known by his first name, "Mahmood"[16][17] or his full name "Mahmood Iskandar". He largely discontinued the use of his first name after he became Sultan in 1981,[18] although some people occasionally referred to him by his full name.[19][20]

Early life

[edit]

Sultan Iskandar (known as Tunku Mahmood Iskandar[γ] until 1981) was the third and eldest surviving son of Sultan Ismail, (he had two older brothers, both of whom died in infancy)[citation needed] and was born on at 11:30 a.m. 8 April 1932 in the Istana Semayam, Johor Bahru.[21] Mahmood received his primary and lower secondary education in Ngee Heng Primary School and the English College Johore Bahru (now Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar) in Johor Bahru. In 1952, he was sent to Australia for higher secondary education at Trinity Grammar School. After completing high school in 1953, Mahmood travelled to the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom, where he was enrolled in the Upper Chine School for three years.[22]

Sultan of Johor

[edit]
The Royal family of Johor on celebrating the birthday of Dr Heah Hock Chye in 1956. From left: Tunku Mahmood Iskandar, Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sultanah Aminah, Che Khalsom binti Abdullah (Josephine Ruby Trevorrow, wife to Tunku Mahmood Iskandar), Tunku Maimunah, Sultan Ismail of Johor.

Mahmood returned to Malaysia in 1956 upon completing his studies, and briefly served as a cadet officer in the Johor Civil Service,[23] taking charge of affairs in District Affairs, Land and Treasury departments until his appointment as the Tunku Mahkota of Johor in May 1959.[7] Mahmood was appointed the Tunku Mahkota of Johor from 1959 to 1961, and Raja Muda of Johor from 1966 to 1981, by Sultan Ismail. On 29 April 1981, he was re-appointed as the Tunku Mahkota shortly before his father's death.[24]

On 10 May 1981, Mahmood was appointed as the Regent of Johor following the death of his father, and was sworn in as Sultan a day later, shortly before his father was buried.[25] In turn, his younger brother, Tunku Abdul Rahman (not to be confused with Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia's first prime minister), formerly the Tunku Mahkota of Johor for twenty years under Sultan Ismail, was demoted to a lower position, the Tunku Bendahara of Johor, a post which he held until his death in 1989.[10] In the same year on 12 December, Sultan Iskandar was appointed as the Chancellor of the University of Technology Malaysia.[26] Unlike the other preceding Sultan of Johors who had their own coronation ceremony, he did not have one.[27]

Under the council of rulers, the elective monarchy system of Malaysia, Sultan Iskandar was elected on 9 February 1984 as the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong, shortly before his predecessor's term expired on 26 April 1984. He succeeded the Sultan of Pahang as the Yang-Di Pertuan Agong on 26 April.[28] A royal investiture was held shortly after that, in which he donned the traditional suit of the Agong, whereby he was officially installed.[29] Sultan Iskandar served in the capacity as the Yang-Di Pertuan Agong until 1989, being succeeded by the Sultan of Perak.[30] As the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Sultan Iskandar was automatically designated under constitutional provisions as the Supreme Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces, holding the rank of the Marshal of the Royal Malaysian Air Force, Admiral of the Fleet of the Royal Malaysian Navy and Field Marshal of the Army.[31]

On 8 April 2006, the Sultan appointed his grandson Tunku Ismail Idris—the son of the Tunku Mahkota then—as the Raja Muda during an investiture in conjunction with his birthday. The rank of Raja Muda denoted that Ismail Idris was second in the line of succession to the Johorean royal throne.[32]

State affairs

[edit]

Sultan Iskandar held annual open house events either at the Istana Bukit Serene, his official residence, or at the Istana Besar.[33] On these days, the Sultan and his eldest son, the Tunku Mahkota, held special sessions whereby Johoreans came up to pay their respects to him.[34] The Sultan also bestowed honorary awards on distinguished Malaysians from his annual birthday honours list on his birthday.[35] As a matter of convention, the state government made 8 April a state public holiday to mark his birthday.[36][37]

Shortly before he became Agong in April 1984, Sultan Iskandar issued a proposal for the Orang Aslis to be referred to as the "Bumiputera Asli" (literally, Original Sons of the Soil). The proposal was made as Sultan Iskandar suggested that the Orang Aslis maintained a distinct identity from the Malays as the majority of them were not Muslims. The proposal was subsequently scrapped, and the government made subsequent attempts to assimilate the Orang Aslis with the mainstream Malay society.[38] After his inauguration as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, he donated his Agong's salary to various scholarship boards that were open to Malaysians of all races.[39]

Steps to the main hall of Istana Besar, Johor Bahru

Sultan Iskandar issued a decree in 2007 which only allowed residences and properties owned by the Sultan and the Tunku Mahkota to be called Istana, while properties belonging to other members of the royal family are to be known as "Kediaman". The terms "Istana" and "Kediaman" are translated as "Palace" and "Residences" in English, respectively.[40] The following December, Sultan Iskandar gave his endorsement for the state government to pass a law which would ban Muslims in the state from practising Yoga, citing that Hindu elements in the exercise went against Islamic teachings. Applications to seek the Sultan's consent came from the state religious council, who acted under the instructions of the National Fatwa Council.[41][42]

Sultan Iskandar graced the official landmark opening of the Sultan Iskandar customs, immigration and quarantine complex on 1 December 2008, in the presence of the Tunku Mahkota and several key cabinet ministers. The complex was named in honour of the Sultan,[43] who expressed optimism for its success during his opening speech.[44][45]

Foreign relations

[edit]

Since his ascension to the throne, Sultan Iskandar fostered particularly close ties with Singapore, by developing a personal rapport with top Singaporean leaders. This practice was also taken up by his sons, the Tunku Mahkota and Tunku Aris Bendahara.[46] Media reports highlighted the particularly warm reception which leaders of both countries received whenever they visited each other's domains,[47][48] particularly in July 1988, when Sultan Iskandar's visit to Singapore marked[49] the first official visit by any Yang di-Pertuan Agong since 1957.[50][51] Between these years, Sultan Iskandar has been awarded or been given the following awards by Singaporean political leaders:

Relations with Singapore soured after the International Court of Justice ruled in Singapore's favour following a long legal battle over the sovereignty of Pedra Branca. At the inaugural session of the 12th Johor State Assembly in 2008, the Sultan stated his continued support of Malaysia's claim to Pedra Branca, and vowed to find legal means to retrieve the island's sovereignty.[54]

Sultan Iskandar also fostered a fairly close relationship with the Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, particularly during his days as the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong.[55] In 2006, they were again seen together in public, after Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah made a state visit to Johor to express his interest in the Iskandar Development Region.[56]

Controversies

[edit]

Succession

[edit]

Prior to being the Sultan or Agong, and even during the 1980s and early 1990s, Mahmood's reputation was marred by a number of controversial incidents which received occasional attention from the media. One of these earliest incidents was the loss of his status as Mahkota in 1961—a position which his father, Sultan Ismail, appointed him to two years earlier, citing reasons of alleged misbehaviour[6] after confidential reports accusing him of incarcerating a policeman reached the Sultan.[57] Iskandar's younger brother, Abdul Rahman (Tunku Mahkota of Johor)[58] was appointed as the Tunku Mahkota in favour of him. Nevertheless, in 1966, Mahmood Iskandar was appointed the Raja Muda—which put him second in line to the throne.[59] In April 1981, Mahmood was reinstated as Mahkota shortly before his father's death the following month and was subsequently installed as the Sultan of Johor,[60] under the orders of his father.[25]

However, some eyewitnesses challenged the legitimacy of Mahmood's reappointment as the Mahkota, by arguing that they witnessed Sultan Ismail already having lapsed into coma at the time of his appointment as the regent.[57] Records stated that Sultan Ismail lapsed into a coma on 8 May, three days before his death.[61] Relations with the Menteri Besar of Johor, Othman Saat deteriorated when the latter questioned Iskandar's legitimacy to the throne, which led to an incident which saw the Sultan issuing an order to the Menteri Besar to vacate his office within 24 hours, shortly after Sultan Ismail's death, citing that he needed that office space for himself. The Menteri Besar heeded his order, though the Sultan did not move in as he had said.[62] Othman Saat subsequently resigned the following year as the Menteri Besar.[6]

Criminal misconduct

[edit]

In 1972, Mahmood was charged with assault for using chemical mace on two men for overtaking his car and was convicted for his offence the following year.[63] A year later, reports surfaced of another similar attack on a young couple, when Iskandar, together with his bodyguard, attacked them after they allegedly offended him. Another incident took place at about this time when Mahmood restrained two policemen in a dog kennel for a day after they had angered him.[64]

Five years later, Mahmood was charged and convicted for manslaughter[65] for shooting and killing a man near his private helicopter, whom he took to be a smuggler. In both cases, his father, Sultan Ismail, intervened and granted official pardons to Mahmood.[66][67][68] Similarly, his eldest son, Tunku Ibrahim Ismail, was convicted in the 1980s for shooting a man to death in a nightclub during a feud, but was quickly pardoned.[69]

In 1987, Sultan Iskandar was further accused of causing the death of a golf caddy in the Cameron Highlands by assault, following an incident in which the golf caddy laughed when the Sultan missed a shot.[70] Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia's first Prime Minister, pointed out that the Sultan, at the time serving as Yang di-Pertuan Agong, could not be prosecuted due to immunity that was accorded to rulers, while at the same time condemning Sultan Iskandar's actions. Eventually, the matter passed without much further public attention. The brother of the caddy – who also suffered injuries during the incident, being distressed from what he saw, subsequently ran amok in Kuala Lumpur and had to be quarantined in a mental hospital.[71][72]

Gomez Incident

[edit]
Main article: 1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia § Gomez Incident

Assault

[edit]

In late 1992, two separate assault cases by the Sultan as well as his younger son, Tunku Abdul Majid Idris, on hockey coaches culminated in the stripping of immunity of rulers from prosecution. Both cases received considerable attention in the local and international news which was dubbed as "The Gomez Incident".[73][74] The incident was kicked off on 10 July 1992, when Sultan Iskandar's second son, the Tunku Bendahara– Tunku Abdul Majid Idris, lost his temper during a hockey match with the Perak hockey team after Perak won the match by a penalty stroke, and assaulted the Perak goalkeeper, Mohamed Ja'afar Mohamed Vello.[75] The goalkeeper later lodged a police report on 30 July. The incident received public attention, especially when the matter was debated in parliament.[76] The incident resulted in the Malaysian Hockey Federation issuing Majid — then second-in line to the throne after his elder brother — a ban of five years from participating in any tournaments following investigations.[77] Tunku Abdul Majid was later convicted of assault in January 1993, of which the chief justice sentenced him to a year in prison, on top of a RM 2,000 fine. He was released on a bail, and these charges were later dropped on grounds of immunity, which was still applicable at the time when the act was committed.[78]

The Sultan responded to the ban by putting pressure on the state authorities to pull Johorean hockey teams from all national tournaments.[76] In November 1992, Douglas Gomez, a coach for the Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar field hockey team, expressed his displeasure at being called to withdraw from a semi-final national hockey match by the Director of the Johor Education Department. The incident attracted the attention of the Sultan, who personally summoned Gomez to his palace, the Istana Bukit Serene, where he was promptly reprimanded and assaulted by the Sultan.[79] Following Gomez's meeting with the Sultan, Gomez sought treatment to his face and stomach. Subsequently, he lodged a police report against the Sultan for assault. Gomez elaborated that the Sultan's bodyguards and members of the Johor Military Force present were merely onlookers, and that the Sultan was solely responsible for the injuries.[80]

Public responses and follow ups

[edit]

The assault resulted in a public outcry over the event[81] which pressured all levels of the government up to the top ranks of the federal government to investigate into the matter.[82] In the closing months of 1992, and also the opening months of 1993, dozens of articles mentioning misdeeds by the royal families of several states–but in particular Sultan Iskandar himself were published.[83] A good deal of these alleged misdeeds that were mentioned included the charging of exorbitant fines–way above the prescribed legal limits–upon offenders who had obstructed the Sultan's car, amongst others.[84] Sultan Iskandar, bore the brunt of the backlash by the numerous references centred towards alleged acts of criminal wrongdoings even though many of the listed acts were committed by other members of the royal family.[85]

The criticisms roused by the press prompted Members of Parliament of the Dewan Rakyat to convene a special session on 10 December 1992. All 96 parliamentarians present passed a unanimous resolution[86] which called for action to curb the powers of the rulers if necessary. During the special meeting, parliamentarians disclosed past criminal records of Sultan Iskandar and his two sons, all of whom had been involved in a total of at least 23 cases of assault and manslaughter,[87][88] five of which were committed by the Sultan after 1981, two by the Mahkota and three by the Bendahara.[89]

A bill was passed by both the Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Negara on 19 and 20 January 1993 respectively.[90] The bill, which proposed to remove legal immunity was approved by six out of nine sultans[91]—but saw stiff opposition from three, two of which included Sultan Ismail Petra of Kelantan and the Sultan Iskandar himself. Sultan Iskandar took up the initiative to obtain more royal support to stall the implementation of the proposed bill. The bill, which proposed to strip rulers and members of the royal families of legal immunity, would make them prosecutable by the law in any cases of proven criminal wrongdoings.[92]

Sultan Iskandar organised a rally which was to be held outside the palace with the aim of garnering public support to stall the bill's implementation. However, this was cancelled after intense pressure from the government. A report made during the rally quoted Sultan Iskandar calling upon all local civil servants to boycott state and federal functions in a show of support for his motion.[93] Meanwhile, the federal government continued to pressure the rulers into assenting to the bills, which they did after several revisions of the bill were made by the government. Following which, the proposed bill was enshrined into the Federal Constitution in March 1993.[94]

The bill allowed rulers who violated the laws to be prosecuted, while the Sedition Act of 1948 was also amended to allow public criticism of the rulers.[95] A special court was created–presided by the Lord President of the Federal Court–to empower and prosecute members of the rulers and immediate members of the royal household.[96]

Aftermath

[edit]

Sultan Iskandar and his family members were not prosecuted for their past violations of the law on grounds that the royal immunity was still applicable when those incidents occurred.[97] Nevertheless, shortly after the incident, Sultan Iskandar was prompted to take steps to rehabilitate his public image, which was more or less tarnished by the incident. In a public speech shortly after the episode, the Sultan was noted to have somewhat toned down his hardline image and appeared to be somewhat more humble, appealing to Johoreans to maintain their loyalty to him.[78]

The Gomez incident also led to a review and proposal by the Federal Government in August 1993 to disband the Johor Military Forces (JMF).[98] However, the bill to disband the JMF was subsequently repealed by parliament.[99][100]

Political

[edit]

Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1980s)

[edit]

Shortly before his election as the Yang-Di Pertuan Agong in 1983, a spate of reports alleging Sultan Iskandar's intention to launch a coup d'état by launching a state of emergency to overthrow the government circulated within political circles, which reached Prime Minister of Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad. The Sultan reportedly fostered close relations with several key military personnel, including the Army chief Jeneral Zain Hashim.[101] The government subsequently took action to curb constitutional loopholes within the constitution and took to task of reducing the power of the royal veto in passing legislation, culminating in a constitutional crisis in late 1983.[102] Nevertheless, during his inaugural speech as the Agong in 1984, about a month after the constitutional amendments were passed in parliament, Sultan Iskandar voiced public support for the revised constitution and pledged to act in accordance to the Prime Minister's advise.[103]

A diplomatic scandal between the United Kingdom and Malaysia broke out in 1984, when several British newspapers published pieces on Sultan Iskandar's coronation, citing the headlines such as "Killer becomes King" and "King a Killer", which enraged the Malaysian government, who demanded an apology from the British government. The British government refused to apologise on behalf of the newspapers, triggering tensions between the two countries.[citation needed] Two months later, in June 1984, Sultan Iskandar in his capacity as the Agong, surprised the Malaysian public when he publicly called upon Deputy Prime Minister, Musa Hitam, to make a public apology in front of the entire congregation present at the National Mosque. Sultan Iskandar, on his part, was angry over remarks which Musa made during the course of the 1983 constitutional crisis that he deemed to be disrespectful. Musa abided to the Agong's demand and boldly came forward to make the apology, which was greeted by a thunderous applause from the entire congregation. The event, which was broadcast live throughout the nation on Malaysian Radio (although the television stations abruptly terminated its broadcast halfway), was seen by many observers as an act of confrontation by the Agong to put Musa in his place.[104]

In 1988, also serving in his capacity as the Yang-Di Pertuan Agong, the Lord President of the Federal Court Tun Salleh Abas was sacked by the Agong in what led to the 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis.[105] However, observers suggested a remarkably warm relationship[71] between Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and the Agong, both of whom shared common resentment towards the chief justice, Salleh Abas. In 1973, Iskandar was convicted of assault and was sentenced to six months imprisonment, to which Salleh Abas served as the public prosecutor hearing the case. As the public prosecutor, Salleh had appealed to the chief justice, Raja Azlan Shah, for handing down a heavier sentence for Iskandar, which earned his wrath.[13][106][107] The sacking of the Lord President, was however not without controversy, given the alleged manner in which the Agong and Prime Minister had handled the matter–including an incident which the Agong had refused to forgive the Lord President in spite of Salleh's willingness to offer his apology to the Agong, which he turned down.[108][109]

Later years (2000 onwards)

[edit]

Sultan Iskandar's public call to support Abdullah Badawi's administration in October 2006 created a minor stir among Mahathir's supporters, when he remarked that "Mahathir should act like a pensioner". The call came at a time when Mahathir's spate of criticisms against Abdullah's was at its most intense.[110] The Sultan was the first state ruler to publicly defend the policy of the government during the period of Mahathir's criticisms against the Abdullah administration.[111] Earlier sources however, noted Sultan Iskandar's concerns with the deepening rift between Mahathir and Abdullah and had asked to be photographed together with the two leaders during the United Malays National Organisations (UMNO) 60th anniversary celebrations in Johor Bahru.[112]

A month later, in November 2006, another small stir erupted during the launching ceremony of the Iskandar Development Region, when Sultan Iskandar voiced his opinion that the Causeway, which connects Johor and Singapore, should be removed to allow ships to pass through to promote development of the state. He also remarked that the people should be wary of all foreigners as they were "vultures" and also urged the people not to hold them in high regard, citing his displeasure that his ancestors were "deceived" by dirty tactics employed by colonialists to build the Causeway.[113][114]

At the inaugural 12th Johor State Assembly Seating in April 2008, a minor controversy erupted when one opposition state assemblyman (ADUN), Gwee Tong Hiang, flouted dress regulations by appearing in a lounge suit and tie instead of the usual official attire and songkok. This resulted in him being dismissed from the assembly chamber shortly before the Sultan's arrival.[115] Gwee, a Democratic Action Party (DAP) ADUN, reportedly argued that there was no stated order to wear the official attire and songkok and stated his desire to wear a western suit,[116] promptly drew flak from other ADUNs and the Menteri Besar, Abdul Ghani Othman who had earlier on met to agree to don in the official attire and songkok prior to the assembly, whereby Gwee was absent.[117] The Sultan, apparently angry at Gwee, sharply criticised him two days later[118] and publicly called upon Gwee to seek an audience with him.[119]

Lifestyle

[edit]

During his time as the Agong, Sultan Iskandar was often seen in public carrying a pistol in his waistband, which drew considerable concern and discomfort from the Malaysian public due to his past record of criminal offences.[120] He was also reputed to have led a flamboyant lifestyle, which also drew similar criticism.[120] He was also known to be a motorbike enthusiast; documentaries on national patriotism would feature Sultan Iskandar, the then-Agong, riding out on a police motorbike and his flamboyant appearance during a few public ceremonies. These documentaries drew criticisms from the Malaysian public, who felt that the television clips of Sultan Iskandar were inappropriate for its theme and national image.[121]

Personal life

[edit]

In 1956, Mahmood married Josephine Ruby Trevorrow, from Cornwall, United Kingdom, with whom he had four children, including his successor, Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor, King of Malaysia (as of 31 Jan 2024), and Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah. The marriage ended in divorce in 1962.[122] He married again in 1961 – shortly before his divorce to Trevorrow, to Tengku Zanariah, who came from the Kelantan royal family. Tengku Zanariah had six children with the Sultan.[59] Analysts such as Kate Wharton have observed that any literal references to Trevorrow's association with Sultan Iskandar were carefully omitted in all official biographies.[123]

As a youth, Mahmood qualified as a pilot, having trained in handling light and medium aircraft and helicopters. He was also apt in handling motorcycles, reportedly possessing the skills to strip a motorcycle down to its component parts and then reassemble it.[7]

The Sultan is also well-known for his passion in many types of open-air sports, especially polo and golf. In his later years, he spent much of his free time at the Royal Johor Country Club.[7][124] In addition, he also played tennis and squash on a regular basis.[59] Within private circles, Sultan Iskandar was fondly known as "Moody", a testimony to his first name "Mahmud."[20] His son, Abdul Majid, inherited his interest in amateur golf and once served as the President of the Malaysian Golf Association.[125]

He kept a large collection of pets, particularly peacocks, at the Istana Bukit Serene compound, where he lived with the Sultanah.[8][9] In his youth, Iskandar resided at the Istana Bukit Coombe, located at the top of Coombe Hill. It was built based on Dutch architectural designs, and was later renamed Istana Bukit Iskandar. The palace was later demolished in 1987, six years after Sultan Iskandar succeeded his late father as Sultan.[126]

He made a personal friendship with Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. His son picked Aquino up at Changi airport and drove to Johor where he and Aquino had a meeting with the latter days before the former Philippine senator was assassinated.

Issue

[edit]

Mahmood Iskandar had ten children, the elder four by his first wife Khalsom binti Abdullah and the younger six by his second wife Tengku Zanariah.

Name Birth Date Birth Place Death Date Death Place Marriage
Date		 Spouse Their children Their grandchildren
YAM Tunku Puteri Kamariah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah (1956-07-11) 11 July 1956 (age 68) Johor Bahru, Johor 2 May 1977 YAM Tengku Sulaiman Shah, Tengku Laksamana Selangor
  • YM Tengku Haji Shakirinal'Amin Mahmood Ismail Ahmad Shah
  • YDM Tengku Salehuddin Ismail Shah, Tengku Indera Bijaya Diraja Selangor
  • YM Tengku Shahrain Ismail Ibrahim Iskandar Hishamuddin Shah
  • YM Tengku Shariffuddin Ibrahim Ismail Iskandar Abdul Aziz Shah
  • YM Tengku Kathira Zanariah Ehsan Maimunah Aminah Iskandar Putri
  • YM Tengku Mahmood
  • YM Tengku Sulaiman
  • YM Tengku Abdulaziz
  • YM Tengku Ibrahim
  • YM Tengku Kamiliah Zanariah Ruby Ehsan Putri
  • YM Tengku Kamariah
  • YM Tengku Saidatul’Ihsan Zabedah Fauziah Putri
YAM Tunku Besar Zabedah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah (1957-10-20) 20 October 1957 (age 67) Johor Bahru, Johor
KDYMM Sultan Ibrahim, The Yang di-Pertuan Agong XVII
Sultan Johor		 (1958-11-22) 22 November 1958 (age 66) Sultanah Aminah Hospital, Johor Bahru, Johor 22 September 1982 KDYMM Raja Zarith Sofiah, Raja Permaisuri Agong
Permaisuri Johor
  • DYAM Tunku Ismail Idris Abdul Majid Abu Bakar, Tunku Mahkota Johor
  • YAM Tunku Tun Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah
  • YAM Tunku Idris Iskandar Ismail, Tunku Temenggong Johor
  • Almarhum YAM Tunku Abdul Jalil Iskandar,Tunku Laksamana Johor
  • YAM Tunku Abdul Rahman Hassanal Jeffri,Tunku Panglima Johor
  • YAM Tunku Abu Bakar Mahmood Iskandar, Tunku Putera Johor
  • YAM Tunku Khalsom Aminah Sofiah
  • DYAM Tunku Iskandar Abdul Jalil Abu Bakar Ibrahim, Raja Muda Johor
  • YAM Tunku Abu Bakar Ibrahim
  • Layla Sofiah
  • the second child (undeclared name) of Tunku Tun Aminah
  • YAM Tunku Zahrah Zarith Aziyah
KDPB Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah, Tengku Ampuan Pahang (1960-08-05) 5 August 1960 (age 64) Istana Bukit Stulang, Johor Bahru, Johor 6 March 1986 KDPB Al-Sultan Abdullah Ri’ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah, Sultan of Pahang
  • YAM Tengku Amir Nasser Ibrahim (Adopted), Tengku Panglima Raja
  • Almarhum YAM Tengku Ahmad Iskandar Shah (born and died 24 July 1990)
  • KDPM Tengku Hassanal Ibrahim Alam Shah, Tengku Mahkota Pahang
  • YAM Tengku Muhammad Iskandar Ri’ayatuddin Shah,Tengku Arif Bendahara
  • YAM Tengku Ahmad Ismail Mu’adzam Shah,Tengku Panglima Muda
  • YAM Tengku Puteri Afzan Aminah Hafizatullah
  • YAM Tengku Puteri Jihan Azizah Athiyatullah
  • YM Tengku Adam Ibrahim Shah
  • YM Tengku Sulaiman Abdullah Shah
  • YM Tengku Nuh Muhammad Shah
YAM Tunku Mariam Zahrah (1962-09-04) 4 September 1962 (age 62) Johor Bahru, Johor 1999 – divorced YM Tengku Ahmad Zainul Abidin
  • YM Tengku Sofiyya Meryam Zanariah
YAM Tunku Noraini Fatimah (1963-07-17) 17 July 1963 (age 61) Johor Bahru, Johor 2000 Mr. Ramlan
YAM Tunku Maimunah Ismailiah (1967-10-20) 20 October 1967 (age 57) Johor Bahru, Johor 7 May 2004 – divorced Dato’ Mizan
  • Puteri Wan Makhzanah Huriyah
YAM Tunku Abdul Majid Idris Ismail Ibrahim, Tunku Aris Bendahara Johor (1970-07-20) 20 July 1970 (age 54) Sultanah Aminah Hospital, Johor Bahru, Johor 13 January 2006 YM Tunku Teh Mazni
  • YM Tunku Mahmood Iskandar
  • YM Tunku Aisha Menjalara Iskandar
  • YM Tunku Abdul Mateen Idris Ismail Ibrahim Iskandar
YAM Tunku Muna Najiah (1973-04-12) 12 April 1973 (age 51) Johor Bahru, Johor 5 October 2001 Captain Dr. Shaftdean Lufty
  • Putera Wan Iskandar Abdul Rahman Uwais Sirajuddin
  • Puteri Wan Zanariah Imanina Munawarrah Nora Iskandariah
  • Putera Wan Muhammad Umayr Sharaf uddin
  • Puteri Wan Najiah Umayra Munawarrah
YAM Tunku Aminah Kalsom Masera Marian Zahira Iskandariah (1979-06-06) 6 June 1979 (age 45) Johor Bahru, Johor

Health

[edit]

After undergoing a coronary bypass operation in the United States in 2000, close aides reported that Sultan Iskandar slowed down somewhat in his pace of life and took to playing golf only on an occasional basis.[7] A bout of bronchitis in January 2008 saw the Sultan being briefly admitted and treated in a local hospital.[127]

Death

[edit]

Sultan Iskandar died on 22 January 2010 at 7:15 pm at the Puteri Specialist Hospital, Johor Bahru after being admitted earlier in the day following an illness at age 77.[128] His death was officially announced at 11:20 pm by Menteri Besar of Johor Datuk Abdul Ghani Othman it was also announced that flags flags in Johor would be put at mast Johor starting from 6:00 am until 6:00 pm. He was brought to the Istana Besar, Johor Bahru for laying in state and was buried in the Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum the next day at 2:00 pm. Before that, the public was allowed to pay their last respects to Sultan Iskandar from early morning.[129]

Among the royal family and other dignitaries present to give their last respects was the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong Mizan Zainal Abidin and Raja Permaisuri Agong Nur Zahirah, the Sultan of Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah, the Raja of Perlis Sirajuddin, the Sultan of Pahang Ahmad Shah, the Sultan of Kedah Abdul Halim, the Sultan of Perak Azlan Shah, the Sultan of Selangor Sharafuddin, the Yang Dipertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan Muhriz, the Regent of Perlis Syed Faizuddin Putra Jamalullail, the Tengku Mahkota of Pahang Abdullah, and the Tengku Mahkota of Kelantan Tengku Muhammad Faris Petra. Prime Minister Najib Razak,[130] cut his visit to India short to attend his funeral. Also present were Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Hsien Loong and Senior Minister Goh Chok Tong.[129]

His son the Tunku Mahkota of Johor Ibrahim Ismail was proclaimed Sultan of Johor on 23 January.[131]

Legacy

[edit]

Several projects and institutions were named after the Sultan, including:

Educational institutions

[edit]
  • Institute Sultan Iskandar of Urban Habitat and Highrise, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia[132]
  • SMK Tunku Mahmood Iskandar, Sungai Mati, Muar[133]
  • SMK Mahmood Iskandar, Parit Saidi, Batu Pahat[134]
  • SK Tengku Mahmood Iskandar 1 and 2, Pontian[135]

Buildings

[edit]
Bangunan Sultan Iskandar–Customs, Immigration and Quarantine centre was opened in December 2008.

Roads

[edit]

Others

[edit]

One of his grandsons (the son of his second son, Abdul Majid), Mahmood Iskandar, was named after him.[149] Some of his children and grandchildren are also similarly named after his forebears, notably his older son, Ibrahim, who was named after the Sultan's grandfather, Sultan Ibrahim.[20] Sultan Iskandar also followed his grandfather's and father's footsteps of using the royal monogram "S.I.". The monogram's letters represent the initials of their title and names respectively.[150]

Honours

[edit]

Johor honours

[edit]

National and Sultanal honours

[edit]

Foreign honours

[edit]

Ancestry

[edit]

Sultan Iskandar is a fourth generation descendant of Sultan Abu Bakar, who in turn was the son of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim, the Temenggong of Johor.[η][158] In turn, some of Daeng Ibrahim's patrilineal ancestors were also Temenggongs of Johor serving under their respective sultans. It is from this ancestral heritage that the name of his dynasty, the Temenggong dynasty, comes from.[159] The Temenggong dynasty is also related to the prior ruling Bendahara dynasty as genealogical records show that Sultan Abdul Jalil IV was also a direct patrilineal ancestor of Sultan Iskandar.[160]


Footnotes

[edit]

α. ^ Al-Mutawakkil Alallah (also spelled in Arabic as Motawakkil Alallah), which means "He who puts his trust in God" is an Islamic title used by the Sultan. (Najeebabadi, pg 465)

β. ^ In Islamic cultures, the title Al-Marhum means "to one whom mercy has been shown. This is used for Muslim rulers who are deceased. (Schimmel (1989), pg 59)

γ. a b c His first name, Mahmud, is also sometimes spelled as Mahmood by some sources. Bowker-Saur, pg 297

δ. ^ In Malaysian royalty, ibni means "son of" in English, derived from the Arabic term "ibn. Most laymen would otherwise use the term "bin" to denote "son of" in their names. Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (1978), pg 390

ε. ^ Section B Planning and Implementation, Part 3 Physical Planning Initiatives, CHAPTER 13, Johor Bahru City Centre, Iskandar Malaysia, pg 6, "... This was followed later by the 21st Sultan of Johor – Sultan Abu Bakar (1862–1895) who laid the foundation for developing Johor into a modern state. ..." NB: Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor is the great-grandfather of Sultan Iskandar.

ζ. ^ On Sultan Iskandar's 69th birthday, various companies and organisations published congratulatory advertisements wishing him well for the birthday. In these advertisements, the Sultan was addressed by his honorary titles and name: Duli Yang Maha Mulia Baginda Al Mutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail, D.K. Sultan Dan Yang Dipertuan Bagi Negeri Dan Jajahan Takluk Johor Darul Ta'zim. (His first name "Mahmud" was not mentioned.) Advertisements, 8 April 2001, pg 2–3, 5–7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17–19, New Sunday Times Special (Sultan of Johor's Birthday)

η. ^ The Temenggong is a high-ranking Malay official in ancient times, who is responsible to the Sultan. The duty of the Temenggong is to maintain law and order within the kingdom. In the case of Johor during the 19th century, the Sultan's powers were gradually diminished over the decades and it was under Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim when his authority supersedes those of the Sultan, effectively becoming Johor's paramount ruler. (Sardesai (1989), pg 58)

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "JOHOR (Sultanate)". Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
  2. ^ Negara Brunei Darussalam: A Biographical Dictionary (1860–1996), Horton, pg 290
  3. ^ Siapa kebal, Mahathir atau raja-raja Melayu?, Yahaya Ismail, pg 42
  4. ^ Johore and the Origins of British Control, Nesalamar Nadarajah, pg 128
  5. ^ Asian Recorder (1984), pg 17808
  6. ^ a b c Constitutional Heads and Political Crises: Commonwealth Episodes, 1945–85 (1988), Low, pg 185
  7. ^ a b c d e Thanam Visvanathan, Ruler with deep concern for people–Sultan Iskandar revered as protective guardian and helpful to all his subjects, pg 1, 8 April 2001, New Sunday Times Special (Sultan of Johor's Birthday)
  8. ^ a b Inspiring ruler Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Nelson Benjamin, 8 April 2007, The Star (Malaysia)
  9. ^ a b Johor Sultan's birthday celebration at Dataran Bandaraya in JB today Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, 8 April 2008, The Star (Malaysia)
  10. ^ a b Tan, Chee Khoon (1985), pg 5
  11. ^ Milne, Mauzy (1999), pg 32
  12. ^ Clad (1989), pg 57
  13. ^ a b Abdullah (2003), pg 148
  14. ^ Kershaw (2001), pg 102–3
  15. ^ Tunku is spelled as in Johor. Tengku Ahmad Rithauddeen: His Story, K.N. Nadarajah, pg 50
  16. ^ Facts on File Yearbook, by Facts on File, inc., 1957, Phrase: "Married: Prince Tunku Mahmud, 24, grandson of the Sultan of Johore, & Josephine Ruby Trevorrow, 21, daughter of an English textile ..."
  17. ^ Malaysia, by British Association of Malaysia, British Association of Malaysia and Singapore, Phrase: " Mahmood of Jo-hore. On 5 August 1960, at the Istana Bukit ..."
  18. ^ Andresen (1992), pg 138
  19. ^ Demolish causeway: Johor Sultan Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, 5 November 2006, Dailyexpress
  20. ^ a b c Azizah is one tough princess, The Star, Kee Hua Chee, 19 March 2005
  21. ^ Pemerintah dan pemimpin-pemimpin kerajaan Malaysia, Siti Rosnah Haji Ahmad, pg 71
  22. ^ Information Malaysia (1985), pg 58
  23. ^ His Majesty and Her Majesty Archived 13 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Website of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Retrieved 3 January 2009
  24. ^ Duli Yang Maha Mulia Seri Paduka Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah, Sultan Iskandar Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Ismail Portal Rasmi Kerajaan Negeri Johor Darul Ta'zim Archived 9 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ a b Asian RecorderPublished by K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press, 1981, pg 16108
  26. ^ Information Malaysia (1990), pg 906
  27. ^ Ismail, Fauziah (17 August 2012). "Ruler close to the people's heart". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 21 August 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  28. ^ The Europa Year Book: A World Survey (1984), pg xiv
  29. ^ Milne, Mauzy (1999), pg 35
  30. ^ DYMM Seri Paduka Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah, Sultan Iskandar Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Ismail Archived 14 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Kerajaan Negeri Johor Darul Ta'zim, Retrieved 3 January 2009
  31. ^ Alagappa (2001), pg 267
  32. ^ Mahkota's son named Raja Muda of Johor, The Star online, Star Publications, 9 April 2006.
  33. ^ Thousands at PM's open house (update 4) Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Manjit Kaur, Royce Cheah and Ng Si Hooi, 13 October 2007, The Star (Malaysia)
  34. ^ Day of fun and feasting, Teh Eng Hock and Meera Vijayan, 15 October 2007, The Star (Malaysia)
  35. ^ Sultan of Johor's birthday honours list Archived 23 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, 9 April 2004, The Star (Malaysia)
  36. ^ Anniversaries and Holidays (2000), pg 109
  37. ^ Event: 'Sultan Of Johor's Birthday' Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia (JMG), 13 February 2009
  38. ^ Benjamin, Chou, (2002), pg 121
  39. ^ Low (1988), pg 192
  40. ^ A palace in the sun Archived 24 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Fauziah Ismail, JohorBuzz, New Straits Times
  41. ^ Ban on yoga likely in Johor Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, 5 December 2008, New Straits Times
  42. ^ Johor prepares to enforce yoga ban Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, JohorBuzz, New Straits Times
  43. ^ Bangunan Sultan Iskandar Jadi Pintu Masuk Kepada Sembilan Juta Pengunjung Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Hamirul Hairi Mohd Noh, 2 December 2008
  44. ^ Glaring glitches mar historic opening Archived 26 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Syed Umar Ariff, 21 December 2008, New Straits Times
  45. ^ DYMM Sultan Iskandar Sultan Ismail Merasmikan Bangunan Sultan Iskandar Archived 25 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine, 2 December 2008, MedKom
  46. ^ "Ministers convey Hari Raya wishes to Sultan of Johor". People's Action Party. 13 October 2007. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
  47. ^ "Visit To Singapore By His Majesty Sultan Iskandar Ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail, Sultan And Sovereign Ruler of the State And Territories of Johor Darul Ta'zim, 12 To 13 April 2007". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore. 11 April 2007.[permanent dead link‍]
  48. ^ "Warm friendship toasted at annual Hari Raya lunch with Johor Sultan". People's Action Party. 25 October 2006. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  49. ^ The Little Red Dot: Reflections by Singapore's Diplomats, Koh, Chang, pg 417
  50. ^ Singapore-Malaysia Relations Under Abdullah Badawi, pg 77, Saw, Kesavapany
  51. ^ Political Handbook of Asia 2007, Banks, Muller, Overstreet, pg 423
  52. ^ "First Deputy Prime Minister And Minister For Defence Goh Chok Tong Receiving Johor's Second Highest Award, Dato Paduka Mahkota Johor (Kehormat) From Yang Di-Pertuan Agong, Sultan Iskandar of Johor in Istana State Room (Description of Event Provided By Transferring Agency)". Singapore Press Holdings. 27 July 1988. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009.
  53. ^ a b "Sultan of Johor Visits HQ Commando". MINDEF. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 21 June 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
  54. ^ Farik Zolkepli (20 June 2008). "Sultan vows to reclaim Batu Puteh island". The Star. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009.
  55. ^ Negara Brunei Darussalam: A Biographical Dictionary (1860–1996) (1996), pg 290
  56. ^ "Brunei eyes Iskandar Malaysia project". The Star. 28 August 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009.
  57. ^ a b Kershaw (2001), pg 103
  58. ^ Tengku is spelled as in Johor. Tengku Ahmad Rithauddeen: His Story, K.N. Nadarajah, pg 50
  59. ^ a b c Sleeman (2004), pg 827
  60. ^ His Majesty and Her Majesty Archived 13 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 3 January 2009
  61. ^ Who's who in Malaysia (1982), pg 463
  62. ^ Southeast Asian Affairs (1982), pg 251
  63. ^ Aliran Monthly, Aliran Kesedaran Negaran, 1992, Malaysia, pg3
  64. ^ Downton (1986), pp 203–4
  65. ^ Crouch (1996), pg 144
  66. ^ Copetas, Rich (2001), pg 145
  67. ^ UPI (26 April 1984). "AROUND THE WORLD; Elected King's Reign Ending in Malaysia". The New York Times.
  68. ^ Clad (1989), pg 15
  69. ^ De Ledesma, Lewis, Savage (2003), pg 366
  70. ^ "South-East Asia's monarchies struggle with succession". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  71. ^ a b Crouch (1996), pg 146
  72. ^ World of Information (Firm), (1993), pg 124
  73. ^ Crouch (1996), pg 146–7
  74. ^ Michael Richardson (15 December 1992). "Malaysia Prepares To Strip Sultans of Their Immunity". International Herald Tribune.
  75. ^ Prince to appear before MHF board, by Gerald Martinez, 10 August 1992, New Straits Times
  76. ^ a b Kershaw (2001), pg 110
  77. ^ MHF ban Majid for five years, by Lazarus Rokk, 19 October 1992, New Straits Times
  78. ^ a b Asian Bulletin, Asian Peoples' Anti-Communist League, Asian Peoples' Anti-Communist League (China: Republic: 1949– ), Asian-Pacific Anti-Communist League, APLFD (Organization), Published by APACL Publications, 1993, pg 30
  79. ^ "Bending the rulers: Sultan's behaviour raises doubts over role of royalty" (PDF). Far Eastern Economic Review. 24–31 December 1992. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
  80. ^ K. Vijayan (7 December 1992). "Gomez: Sultan beat me" (PDF). New Straits Times. pp. 1, 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
  81. ^ "Abdullah: Rakyat ashamed and angry" (PDF). New Straits Times. 7 December 1992. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
  82. ^ "Stem violence, Malay congress to government" (PDF). New Straits Times. 7 December 1992. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
  83. ^ "List of criminal acts done by the Johor Sultan" (PDF). New Straits Times. 20 January 1993. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
  84. ^ "Motorist: I was fined $500 for blocking royal motorcade" (PDF). New Straits Times. 14 December 1992. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
  85. ^ Aliran Monthly, Aliran Kesedaran Negaran, 1984, pg 30
  86. ^ Abdul Aziz Bari (2 December 2008). "On bringing back royal immunity". The Malaysian Insider. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009.
  87. ^ Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei (2004), Rowthorn, Benson, Benson, Kerr, Niven, pg 235
  88. ^ Asian Recorder (1993), pg 22904
  89. ^ "List of criminal acts done by the Johor Sultan" (PDF). New Straits Times. 20 January 1993. p. 4.
  90. ^ Change to take its course: PM tables amendment Bill despite Rulers' disagreement, New Straits Times, 19 January 1993, pg 1, 4.
  91. ^ Six Rulers say 'Yes', New Straits Times, 16 January 1993, pg 1, 2
  92. ^ Kershaw (2001), pg 110–2
  93. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts (1993), Phrase: "... Straits Times of 21 January, the Sultan of Johor is reported as"
  94. ^ Crouch (1996), pg 147
  95. ^ Mahathir, the Secret of the Malaysian Success: The Secret of the Malaysian Success, Somun, Somun-Krupalija, pg 155
  96. ^ A BILL intituled: An Act to amend the Federal Constitution. Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Dewan Rakyat, January 1993, Retrieved 7 January 2009
  97. ^ Jendela masa: kumpulan esei sempena persaraan (2001), Othman, Khoo, pg 393
  98. ^ "End to Joh or Military Force, Muhyiddin: Sultan's private army will be disbanded" (PDF). New Straits Times. 14 August 1993. pp. 1, 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
  99. ^ Rang Undang-Undang Askar Timbalan Setia Negeri Johor (Pembubaran Dan Pemansuhan) 1994 Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Susunan Fasal, Dewan Rakyat, 1994
  100. ^ Johore Military Forces (Disbandment And Repeal) Bill 1994 Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Dewan Rakyat, 1994, Retrieved 7 January 2009
  101. ^ Economist SEA Correspondent (26 November – 2 December 1983). "Kings Men Purged". The Economist. {{cite news}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  102. ^ Milne, Mauzy (1999), pg 32–33
  103. ^ Shome, Shome (2002), pg 137
  104. ^ Milne, Mauzy (1999), pg 35–36
  105. ^ Anwar's Second Sex Case Puts Malaysia Courts on Trial, Bloomberg, Angus Whitley, 20 August 2008
  106. ^ Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation, Means, pg 239
  107. ^ Kershaw (2001), pg 224
  108. ^ Press Statement of Tun Salleh Abas, The Malaysian Bar, Tun Salleh Abas, 26 September 2006
  109. ^ Comment: Tun Salleh and the judiciary[permanent dead link‍], The Malaysian Bar, Suppiah s/o Pakrisamy, 29 April 2008
  110. ^ Agence France-Pesse. "Malaysian sultan calls for scrapping of causeway to Singapore". The Nation (Thailand). Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
  111. ^ Nelson Benjamin and Meera Vijayan (24 October 2006). "Johor Sultan: Support Pak Lah". The Star. Archived from the original on 9 November 2006.
  112. ^ "Johor Sultan Tells Dr Mahathir To Act Like A Pensioner". Bernama. 24 October 2006.
  113. ^ Michael Richardson (5 November 2006). "Sultan's Causeway remark causes a stir". The Star. Malaysia. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009.
  114. ^ "Demolish Causeway – Sultan Iskandar". Bernama. 4 November 2006. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009.
  115. ^ DAP rep thrown out of assembly Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Gladys Tay and Farik Zolkepli, 20 June 2008, The Star (Malaysia)
  116. ^ No uniform or songkok? Please leave assembly Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, 22 June 2008, The Electric New Paper
  117. ^ Johor DAP reps can wear songkok Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Nelson Benjamin, 10 June 2008, The Star (Malaysia)
  118. ^ Sultan Reprimands Bentayan State Assemblyman Over Attire, 21 June 2008, Bernama
  119. ^ Johor Sultan unhappy with DAP's Gwee Archived 22 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Meera Vijayan, 21 June 2008, The Star (Malaysia)
  120. ^ a b Asia & Pacific (1984), pg 229
  121. ^ Kershaw (2001), pg 225
  122. ^ Andresen (1992), pg 123
  123. ^ Abdul Rahman, Solomon (1985), pg 21
  124. ^ "Exam SPA Online | Panduan dan rujukan kerjaya". Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  125. ^ "MGA turmoil takes new twist". New Straits Times. 11 December 2008. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018.
  126. ^ Magnificent abode for royals Archived 5 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Fauziah Ismail, JohorBuzz, New Straits Times
  127. ^ Johor Sultan Recovering From Bronchitis (Southern Region News), 13 January 2008, Bernama
  128. ^ "Sultan of Johor passes away (Updated)". The Star. Malaysia. 23 January 2010. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
  129. ^ a b "Sultan Iskandar laid to rest (Update)". The Star. Malaysia. 23 January 2010. Archived from the original on 26 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
  130. ^ Najib Cuts Short Visit To India, Arrives Home Early Saturday Bernama
  131. ^ Tengku Ibrahim Proclaimed As The Sultan Of Johor Bernama
  132. ^ Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment (1999), pg 165
  133. ^ Jurnal Pendidikan (1974), pg 177
  134. ^ Senarai Sekolah Menengah Kerajaan Dan Bantuan Kerajaan Di Negeri Johor Seperti Pada 30 June 2008 Archived 31 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine, by MOE Malaysia
  135. ^ 30 November 2007, 8.00 Pagi – Majlis Perhimpunan Bulanan Peringkat Daerah Pontian, Perkarangan SK. TENGKU MAHMOOD ISKANDAR 1. Archived 20 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine, by Johor Web Portal
  136. ^ Syed Umar Ariff (22 December 2008). "Glaring glitches mar historic opening". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009.
  137. ^ Pengenalan JKR Daerah Kota Tinggi Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia (JKR). Retrieved 17 January 2009
  138. ^ Alamat Jabatan Belia Dan Sukan Negeri Dan Daerah Archived 13 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Kementerian Belia dan Sukan Malaysia (Ministry for Youth and Sports Malaysia). Retrieved 25 February 2009
  139. ^ 389 pelatih IKM Johor Bahru terima diploma, sijil Archived 17 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine 30 October 2008, Utusan Malaysia
  140. ^ Planetarium Sultan Iskandar official site
  141. ^ Sarawak, Beautiful and Captivating: Beautiful and Captivating (1994), pg 19
  142. ^ Program 'Nostalgia Irama Lagu – Lagu Melayu Asli' Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, JH/30/12/07, Kementerian Penerangan Malaysia
  143. ^ Project Experience Archived 17 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Environment Asia Sdn. Bhd. Retrieved 17 January 2009
  144. ^ "Takungan Air Sultan Iskandar (Reservoir(s)), Malaysia - everysingleplace.com". Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2011., Search everysingleplace – Takungan Air Sultan Iskandar, 27. Februar 2011
  145. ^ Haresh Deol (10 December 2008). "Exco: No, you're not". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009.
  146. ^ "IDR Is Now Iskandar Malaysia". Bernama. 11 April 2008.
  147. ^ Commandos of Iskandar, JohorBuzz, New Straits Times
  148. ^ Laman Web Rasmi Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru – BERITA & PERISTIWA, Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru. Retrieved 28 February 2009
  149. ^ Q&A with HRH Abdul Majid, President of the Malaysian Golf Association Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Sunday, 25 May 2008, Malaysian Golf Association
  150. ^ A physical symbol of loyalty and posterity Archived 12 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Fauziah Ismail, JohorBuzz, New Straits Times
  151. ^ "2 kehormata kpd Menteri Besar Johor". Berita Harian. 28 October 1959. p. 8.
  152. ^ Johore Sultan honours 456 on his birthday. New Straits Times. 28 October 1975.
  153. ^ "Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1987" (PDF).
  154. ^ "DK I 1985". awards.selangor.gov.my.
  155. ^ "Brunei award for King". The Straits Times. 8 August 1988.
  156. ^ "King Confers Award on President Suharto". Malaysian Digest. Vol. 18, no. 2. Kuala Lumpur: Federal Department of Information, Malaysia. February 1987. p. 3.
  157. ^ แจ้งความสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง ถวายเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ราชมิตราภรณ์ แด่ สมเด็จพระราชาธิบดีแห่งประเทศมาเลเซีย (PDF) (in Thai). ratchakitcha.soc.go.th. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  158. ^ Malays/Muslims in Singapore: Selected Readings in History, 1819–1965, Khoo, Abdullah, Wan, pg 43
  159. ^ Johore and the Origins of British Control, Nesalamar Nadarajah, pg 44
  160. ^ Winstedt (1992), pg 181, 187

References

[edit]
  • Abdul Rahman, J. S. Solomon, Challenging Times, Pelanduk Publications, 1985, ISBN 967-978-094-5
  • Abdullah, Kamarulnizam, The Politics of Islam in Contemporary Malaysia, published by Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2003, ISBN 967-942-592-4
  • Adil, Buyong bin, Sejarah Johor, published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1980
  • Alagappa, Muthiah, Coercion and Governance: The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia, published by Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-4227-8
  • Andaya, Barbara Watson; Andaya, Leonard Y., A History of Malaysia, published by Macmillan, 1982, ISBN 0-333-27672-8
  • Andresen, Paul, Mads Lange fra Bali: Og Hans Efterslaegt Sultanerne af Johor, published by Odense Universitetsforlag, 1992, ISBN 87-7492-851-1
  • Asia & Pacific, Pharos Books, published by World of Information, 1984, ISBN 0-911818-62-6
  • Banks, Arthur S.; Muller, Thomas C; Overstreet, William R., Political Handbook of Asia 2007, published by CQ Press, ISBN 0-87289-497-5
  • Benjamin, Geoffrey; Chou, Cynthia, Tribal Communities in the Malay World: Historical, Cultural and Social Perspectives, published by Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2002, ISBN 981-230-166-6
  • Bhattacharyya, Ranjit Kumar, Sarawak, Beautiful and Captivating: Beautiful and Captivating, published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan, Malaysia, 1994, ISBN 983-62-4540-5
  • Bowker-Saur, Who's who in Asian and Australasian Politics, 1991, ISBN 0-86291-593-7
  • British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring Service, Summary of World Broadcasts, published by British Broadcasting Corporation, 1993
  • Brown, Charles Cuthbert, S?jarah M?layu: Or Malay Annals, Oxford University Press, 1971
  • Chang, Li Lin, Koh, Tommy Thong Bee, The Little Red Dot: Reflections by Singapore's Diplomats, published by World Scientific, 2005, ISBN 981-256-414-4
  • Cheong, Mei Sui, Information Malaysia, published by Berita Publ. Sdn. Bhd., 1985
  • Cheong, Mei Sui, Information Malaysia, published by Berita Publishing, 2002
  • Clad, James, Behind the Myth: Business, Money and Power in Southeast Asia, published by Unwin Hyman, 1989
  • Crouch, Harold A., Government and Society in Malaysia, published by Cornell University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-8014-3218-9
  • De Ledesma, Charles; Lewis, Mark; Savage, Pauline, Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, published by Rough Guides, 2003, ISBN 1-84353-094-5
  • Dowton, Eric, Pacific Challenge: Canada's Future in the New Asia, published by Stoddart, 1986, ISBN 0-7737-2058-8
  • Federation of Malaya Official Year Book (1962), by Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia (Malaya (Federation)), published by Federal Dept. of Information, Ministry of Information, Malaysia., 1962
  • Gorman, Michael; Winkler, Paul Walter, Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, American Library Association, 1978, ISBN 0-8389-3211-8
  • Gregory, Ruth Wilhelme; Trawicky, Bernard, Anniversaries and Holidays, ALA Editions, 2000, ISBN 0-8389-0695-8
  • Haji Ahmad, Siti Rosnah, Pemerintah dan Pemimpin-Pemimpin Kerajaan Malaysia, published by Golden Books Centre, 2006, ISBN 983-72-0430-3
  • Haji Othman, Suzana Tun, Institusi Bendahara: Permata Melayu yang Hilang: Dinasti Bendahara Johor-Pahang, published by Pustaka BSM Enterprise, 2002, ISBN 983-40566-6-4
  • Horton, A. V. M, Negara Brunei Darussalam: A Biographical Dictionary (1860–1996), 1996, ISBN 0-9524831-0-6
  • Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Southeast Asian Affairs, published by Institute of Southeast Asian Studies., 1982, Item notes: 1982
  • Ismail, Yahya, Siapa kebal, Mahathir atau Raja-Raja Melayu?, published by Dinamika Kreatif, 1993
  • Jurnal Pendidikan, Universiti Malaya Faculti Pendidikan, University of Malaya, by Faculty of Education, published by Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, 1974
  • Karim, Gulrose; Tate, Desmond Muzaffar, Information Malaysia, published by Berita Publishing Sdn. Bhd., 1989
  • Karim, Gulrose; Tate, Desmond Muzaffar, Information Malaysia, published by Berita Publishing Sdn. Bhd., 1990, Item notes: 1990/91
  • Kershaw, Roger, Monarchy in South-East Asia: The Faces of Tradition in Transition, published by Routledge, 2001, ISBN 0-415-18531-9
  • Khoo, Kay Kim; Abdullah, Elinah; Wan, Meng Hao, Malays/Muslims in Singapore: Selected Readings in History, 1819–1965, Association of Muslim Professionals (Singapore), Centre for Research on Islamic & Malay Affairs (Singapore), published by Pelanduk Publications, 2006
  • Khoo, Kay Kim; Othman, Mohammad Redzuan, Jendela masa: Kumpulan Esei Sempena Persaraan, Penerbit Universiti Malaya, 2001, ISBN 983-100-120-6
  • Low, Donald Anthony, Constitutional Heads and Political Crises: Commonwealth Episodes, 1945–85, published by Macmillan, 1988, ISBN 0-333-46420-6
  • Mackie, Ronald Cecil Hamlyn, Malaysia in Focus published by Angus and Robertson, 1964
  • Means, Gordon Paul, Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation, published by Oxford University Press, 1991, ISBN 0-19-588983-5
  • Milne, Robert Stephen; Mauzy, Diane K., Malaysian Politics Under Mahathir, published by Routledge, 1999, ISBN 0-415-17143-1
  • Morais, J. Victor, ed. (1967) [first edition published in 1956]. The Who's who in Malaysia (6 ed.).
  • Morais, John Victor, Who's who in Malaysia ... & Profiles of Singapore, published by Who's Who Publications, 1982
  • Nadarajah, K. N, Tengku Ahmad Rithauddeen: His Story, Pelanduk Publications, 2000, ISBN 967-978-709-5
  • Nadarajah, Nesalamar, Johore and the Origins of British Control, 1895–1914, Arenabuku, 2000, ISBN 967-970-318-5
  • Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah, History of Islam (Vol 2), published by Darussalam, ISBN 9960-892-88-3
  • Petts, Judith, Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment, published by Blackwell Publishing, 1999, ISBN 0-632-04771-2
  • Rich, Mark; Copetas, A. Craig, Metal Men: How Marc Rich Defrauded the Country, Evaded the Law, and Became the World's Most Sought-After Corporate Criminal, by A. Craig Copetas, Marc Rich, published by Little Brown, 2001, ISBN 0-349-10684-3
  • Richmond, Simon; Cambon, Marie; Rowthorn, Chris; Harper, Damian, Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei, published by Lonely Planet, 2004, ISBN 1-74059-357-X
  • Sardesai, D. R., Southeast Asia Past and Present: Past and Present, published by Macmillan Education, 1989, ISBN 0-333-51120-4
  • Schimmel, Annemarie, Islamic Names: An Introduction, published by Edinburgh University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-85224-563-7
  • Saw, Swee-Hock; Kesavapany, K., Singapore-Malaysia Relations Under Abdullah Badawi, published by Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2006, ISBN 981-230-378-2
  • Shome, Anthony S. K.; Shome, Tony, Malay Political Leadership, published by Routledge, 2002, ISBN 0-7007-1629-7
  • Sleeman, Elizabeth, The International Who's Who 2004, Europa Publications, published by Routledge, 2003, ISBN 1-85743-217-7
  • Somun, Hajrudin; Somun-Krupalija, Lejla, Mahathir, the Secret of the Malaysian Success, published by Pelanduk Publications, 2003, ISBN 967-978-879-2
  • Tan, Chee KhoonSistem beraja di Malaysia, by Tan Chee Khoon, published by Pelanduk Publications, 1985
  • Tan, Ding Eing, A Portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, published by Oxford University Press, 1978, ISBN 0-19-580722-7
  • Taylor & Francis Group, Bernan Associates, The Europa Year Book: A World Survey, Europa Publications Limited, published by Europa Publications, 1984
  • Thomas, K.K, Asian Recorder, published by Recorder Press, 1984
  • Thomas, K.K, Asian Recorder, published by Recorder Press, 1993
  • Winstedt, R. O, A History of Johore (1365–1941), (M.B.R.A.S. Reprints, 6.) Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1992, ISBN 983-99614-6-2
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sultan Iskandar of Johor.
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Ahmad Shah of Pahang
(Sultan of Pahang)
 Yang di-Pertuan Agong
(King of Malaysia)
1984–1989 		Succeeded by
Sultan Azlan Shah
(Sultan of Perak)
Preceded by Sultan of Johor
1981–2010 		Succeeded by


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_of_Johor&oldid=1259006766"