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Emperor Itoku

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Emperor Itoku
懿徳天皇
Emperor of Japan
Reign510 BC – 477 BC (traditional)[1]
PredecessorAnnei
SuccessorKōshō
Born553 BC[2]
Died477 BC (aged 76)
Burial
Unebi-yama no minami no Manago no tani no e no misasagi (畝傍山南纖沙溪上陵) (Kashihara)
SpouseAmonotoyototsu-hime [ja]
Issue
Posthumous name
Chinese-style shigō:
Emperor Itoku (懿徳天皇)

Japanese-style shigō:
Ōyamatohikosukitomo no Sumeramikoto (大日本彦耜友天皇)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherEmperor Annei
MotherNunasoko-Nakatsu-hime
ReligionShinto

Emperor Itoku (懿徳天皇, Itoku-tennō), also known as Ōyamatohikosukitomo no Mikoto (大倭日子鉏友命) was the fourth legendary Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.[3][4] Very little is known about this emperor due to a lack of material available for further verification and study. Itoku is known as a "legendary emperor" among historians as his actual existence is disputed. Nothing exists in the Kojiki other than his name and genealogy. Itoku's reign allegedly began in 510 BC, he had one wife and two sons. After his death in 477 BC, his first son supposedly became the next emperor.

Legendary narrative

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In the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, only Itoku's name and genealogy were recorded. While the Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, no extant contemporary records have been discovered that confirm a view that this historical figure actually reigned. Itoku is believed to be the son of Emperor Annei, and his mother is believed to have been Nunasokonakatsu-hime. The latter of the two is allegedly the granddaughter of Kotoshironushi.[5] The Kojiki records that Itoku was the second or third son of Emperor Annei, but the surviving documents provide no basis for speculating why the elder brother or brothers were passed over for the throne.[4][5] He is traditionally believed to have ruled from the palace of Migario-no-miya (軽之境岡宮, and in the Nihon Shoki as 軽曲峡宮) at Karu in what would come to be known as Yamato Province.[4] At some point he married a woman named Amonotoyototsu-hime [ja], and fathered two sons with her. Itoku's reign lasted from 510 BC until his death in 477 BC, his son then took the throne and would later be referred to as Emperor Kōshō.[6]

Known information

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Memorial Shinto shrine and mausoleum honoring Emperor Itoku.

The existence of at least the first nine Emperors is disputed due to insufficient material available for further verification and study.[7] Itoku is thus regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor", and is considered to have been the third of eight Emperors without specific legends associated with them.[a] The name Itoku-tennō was assigned to him posthumously by later generations, and literally means "benign virtue".[9] His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Itoku, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the imperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the Kojiki.[8] While the actual site of Itoku's grave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) in Kashihara. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Itoku's mausoleum. It is formally named Unebi-yama no hitsujisaru Mihodo no i no e no misasagi.[6] The first emperor that historians state might have actually existed is Emperor Sujin, the 10th emperor of Japan.[10] Outside of the Kojiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei[b] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates.[13] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu[c] between 737 and 806 AD.[8]

Family tree

[edit]
Genealogy of early Japanese emperors and empresses
Nunakawahime[14] Ōkuninushi[15][16]: 278 
(Ōnamuchi)[17]		Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto[18]
Kotoshironushi[19][20] Tamakushi-hime[18] Takeminakata[21][22] Susa Clan[23]
1 Jimmu[24]1Himetataraisuzu-hime[24]Kamo no Okimi[19][25]Mirahime [ja]
2 Suizei[26][27][28][29][30][31] 2Isuzuyori-hime[29][30][31][25][32]Kamuyaimimi[26][27][28]
3 Annei[33][19][29][30][31]〔Ō clan[34][35]〕〔Aso clan[36]〕3 Nunasokonakatsu-hime[37][19]Kamo clan
TakakurajiMiwa clan
4 Itoku[33][19]Ikisomimi no mikoto [ja][33]Ame no Murakumo [ja]
4Amatoyotsuhime no Mikoto [ja][33]Amaoshio no mikoto [ja]
5 Emperor Kōshō[33][19][38]5Yosotarashi-hime[19]Okitsu Yoso [ja]
6 Emperor Kōan[19]Prince Ameoshitarashi [ja][38]Owari clan
6Oshihime [ja][19][38]〔Wani clan〕[39]
7 Emperor Kōrei[40][19][38][41] 7Kuwashi-hime[41]
8 Emperor Kōgen[42][41]8Utsushikome [ja][42]Princess Yamato Totohi Momoso[40]Kibitsuhiko-no-mikoto[43]Wakatakehiko [ja]
9Ikagashikome[d] [45][46]
Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto no Mikoto [ja][46]9 Emperor Kaika[42]Prince Ohiko [ja][47]〔Kibi clan〕
Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto [ja][46]10 Emperor Sujin[48][49]10Mimaki-hime[50]〔Abe clan〕[47]
Takenouchi no Sukune[46]11 Emperor Suinin[51][52]11Saho-hime[53]12Hibasu-hime [ja][54]Yasaka Iribiko[55][56][57]Toyosukiiri-hime [ja][58]Nunaki-iri-hime [ja][40]
Yamatohime-no-mikoto[59]
〔Katsuragi clan〕13Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume [ja]12 Emperor Keiko[52][54]14Yasakairi-hime [ja][55][56][57]
Otoyo no mikoto [ja]
Futaji Irihime [ja][60]Yamato Takeru[61][62]Miyazu-himeTakeinadane [ja] Ioki Iribiko13Emperor Seimu[61][62]
14Emperor Chūai[61][62] [63]15Empress Jingū[64] Homuda
Mawaka
15Emperor Ōjin[64]16Nakatsuhime[65][66][67]
16Emperor Nintoku[68]


Consort and children

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Also known as the "eight undocumented monarchs" (欠史八代, Kesshi-hachidai).[8]
  2. ^ The 29th Emperor[11][12]
  3. ^ Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty
  4. ^ There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used by Tsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used by William George Aston.[44]

References

[edit]
Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom
  1. ^ "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Kunaicho.go.jp. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
  2. ^ Kenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487. ISBN 9780810878723.
  3. ^ "懿徳天皇 (4)". Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō) (in Japanese). Retrieved May 9, 2019.
  4. ^ a b c Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780520034600.
  5. ^ a b Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. Columbia University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780231049405.
  6. ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. pp. 29–30 & 418.
  7. ^ Kelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture". www.t-net.ne.jp. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
  8. ^ a b c Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 109, 142–143. ISBN 9780524053478.
  9. ^ Brinkley, Frank (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 21. Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles.
  10. ^ Yoshida, Reiji. (March 27, 2007). "Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl". Japan Times. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  11. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 34–36.
  12. ^ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. pp. 261–262. ISBN 9780520034600.
  13. ^ Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN 9780132712897. According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
  14. ^ Philippi, Donald L. (2015). Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 104–112.
  15. ^ Atsushi, Kadoya; Tatsuya, Yumiyama (20 October 2005). "Ōkuninushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  16. ^ Herbert, J. (2010). Shinto: At the Fountainhead of Japan. Routledge Library Editions: Japan. Taylor & Francis. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-136-90376-2. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
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  18. ^ a b The Emperor's Clans: The Way of the Descendants, Aogaki Publishing, 2018.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. Columbia University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780231049405.
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  23. ^ Tanigawa Ken'ichi [de] 『日本の神々 神社と聖地 7 山陰』（新装復刊） 2000年 白水社 ISBN 978-4-560-02507-9
  24. ^ a b Kazuhiko, Nishioka (26 April 2005). "Isukeyorihime". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  25. ^ a b 『神話の中のヒメたち　もうひとつの古事記』p94-97「初代皇后は「神の御子」」
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  28. ^ a b "Visit Kusakabeyoshimi Shrine on your trip to Takamori-machi or Japan". trips.klarna.com. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
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  30. ^ a b c Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 29 & 418.
  31. ^ a b c Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780520034600.
  32. ^ 『図説　歴代天皇紀』p42-43「綏靖天皇」
  33. ^ a b c d e Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  34. ^ Grapard, Allan G. (2023-04-28). The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91036-2.
  35. ^ Tenri Journal of Religion. Tenri University Press. 1968.
  36. ^ Takano, Tomoaki; Uchimura, Hiroaki (2006). History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine. Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.: Aso Shrine.
  37. ^ Anston, p. 143 (Vol. 1)
  38. ^ a b c d Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  39. ^ Watase, Masatada [in Japanese] (1983). "Kakinomoto no Hitomaro". Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten 日本古典文学大辞典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. pp. 586–588. OCLC 11917421.
  40. ^ a b c Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 150–164. ISBN 9780524053478.
  41. ^ a b c "Kuwashi Hime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
  42. ^ a b c Anston, p. 149 (Vol. 1)
  43. ^ Louis-Frédéric, "Kibitsu-hiko no Mikoto" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 513.
  44. ^ Ujiya, Tsutomu (1988). Nihon shoki. Grove Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-8021-5058-5.
  45. ^ Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 149–150. ISBN 9780524053478.
  46. ^ a b c d Shimazu Norifumi (March 15, 2006). "Takeshiuchi no Sukune". eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
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Further reading

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Regnal titles
Preceded by Legendary Emperor of Japan
510 BC – 477 BC
(traditional dates) 		Succeeded by
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