Biebrich scarlet
Biebrich scarlet (C.I. 26905) is a molecule used in Lillie's trichrome.[1]
The dye was created in 1878 by the German chemist Rudolf Nietzki.[2]
Biebrich scarlet dyes are used to color hydrophobic materials like fats and oils.[3]This anionic mono-azo dye is an important pigmenting agent in the textile and paper industries, used to color wool, silk, cotton, and papers. It's also one of the most often used dyes for plasma staining[4]. The dye is an illegal dye for food additives because of its carcinogenic properties. Biebrich scarlet can have harmful effects on living and non-living organisms in natural water.This dye is strongly pigmented, and its presence in water bodies, even at low quantities (10-50 mg/L), can be detected, reducing the transparency of the water ecosystem (Machado et al. 2005). It also hinders the entry of sunlight into the water, affecting both zooplankton and phytoplankton in the water ecosystem[4], therefore the pollutant must be removed. Removal of the pollutant involves absorption, membrane filtration, precipitation, ozonation, fungal detachment, and electrochemical separation.[3] Hydrogel absorbents have active sites to which the dye is held using electrostatic interactions. Photocatalysis allows for almost total degradation of Biebrich scarlet azo dye bonds in less than 10 hours.[5] Degradation of Biebrich scarlet is also observed using lignin peroxidase enzyme from wood rotting fungus in the presence of mediators like 2-chloro-1,4-dimethoxybenzene.[6]
With such a significant impact on the environment and surrounding resources, researchers are working to reduce the dye's presence in water bodies. Studies have shown techniques to remove the red dye Biebrich Scarlet (BS) from water using UV light and nanophotocatalysts like TiO₂, ZnO, CdS, and ZnS. Among these, ZnO performed the best in dye removal. To enhance the process, researchers adjusted factors such as catalyst concentration (0.25-1.25 g/L), solution pH (3-11), and dye concentration (5-100 mg/L). Precipitation was used to form the ZnO nanoparticles, which were then studied utilizing advanced technologies (XRD, FT-IR, TGA, SEM, and TEM) to confirm their characteristics. Experiments revealed that, under optimal conditions, these produced ZnO particles beat commercial ZnO powders in dye breakdown. Furthermore, the study found that the produced ZnO could be reused well, making it a suitable material for water treatment applications.[7]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Lillie, R. D. (1940). "Further Experiments with the Masson Trichrome Modification of Mallory's Connective Tissue Stain". Stain Technology. 15 (1): 17–22. doi:10.3109/10520294009110327.
- ^ Schwarz, Holm-Dietmar (1999). "Nietzki, Rudolf Hugo". Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 19. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
- ^ a b Priya; Sharma, Amit Kumar; Kaith, Balbir Singh; et al. (2020). "Chemically modified chitosan‑sodium alginate as chemo-sensor adsorbent for the detection of picric acid and removal of biebrich scarlet". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 147: 582–594. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.090. PMID 31945433. S2CID 210699599.
- ^ a b Begum, Shamima; Mishra, Soumya Ranjan; Ahmaruzzaman, Md. (December 2022). "Fabrication of ZnO–SnO2 nanocomposite and its photocatalytic activity for enhanced degradation of Biebrich scarlet". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 29 (58): 87347–87360. doi:10.1007/s11356-022-21851-1. ISSN 0944-1344.
- ^ Chebli, D.; Fourcade, F.; Brosillon, S.; et al. (12 January 2010). "Supported photocatalysis as a pre-treatment prior to biological degradation for the removal of some dyes from aqueous solutions; Acid Red 183, Biebrich Scarlet, Methyl Red Sodium Salt, Orange II". Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology. doi:10.1002/jctb.2342.
- ^ Cooksey, CJ. (2020-04-02). "Quirks of dye nomenclature. 13. Biebrich scarlet". Biotechnic & Histochemistry. 95 (3): 194–197. doi:10.1080/10520295.2019.1662945. ISSN 1052-0295. PMID 31592687. S2CID 203925217.
- ^ Kansal, Sushil Kumar; Hassan Ali, Ahmed; Kapoor, Seema (2010-09-15). "Photocatalytic decolorization of biebrich scarlet dye in aqueous phase using different nanophotocatalysts". Desalination. 259 (1): 147–155. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2010.04.017. ISSN 0011-9164.
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