Allied occupation of German New Guinea

Allied occupation of German New Guinea
	Part of the Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I
	; Australian Fleet entering Simpson Harbour in 1914.
Date	9 September – 21 October 1914
Location	German New Guinea
Result	Australian–Japanese victory Australian–Japanese occupation successful
Belligerents
Australia; Japan	German Empire German New Guinea;
Commanders and leaders
William Holmes; George Patey	Carl von Klewitz; Robert von Blumenthal; Albert Hahl
Strength
2,000; 2 Japanese Naval detachments;	500
Casualties and losses
39 killed; 12 wounded (Australian Casaulties)	85 killed; 15 wounded

The Allied occupation of German New Guinea was the takeover of the Pacific colony of German New Guinea in September – November 1914 by an expeditionary force from Australia, called the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force.

Background

German New Guinea

German New Guinea (German: Deutsch-Neuguinea) was an Imperial German protectorate from 1884. German New Guinea consisted of the territories of the northeastern part of New Guinea (German: Kaiser-Wilhelmsland) and the nearby Bismarck Archipelago, consisting of New Britain (German: Neu-Pommern) and New Ireland (German: Neu-Mecklenburg).^[1] Together with the other Western Pacific German islands, excluding German Samoa, they formed the Imperial German Pacific Protectorates. The protectorate included the German Solomon Islands, the Caroline Islands, Palau, the Mariana Islands (except for Guam), the Marshall Islands and Nauru.^[2] Imperial Germany had a paramilitary police force, the Polizeitruppe, in New Guinea; generally used to keep up order and put down rebellions. The Polizeitruppe at Bita Paka consisted of about 50 German officers, NCOs and reservists and 240 native police soldiers. Rabaul was well stocked with the coal for use by the German East Asia Squadron.^{[citation needed]}

Australian Military situation

At the outbreak of World War I, the East Asia Squadron, consisting of the armored cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and the light cruisers Nürnberg, Leipzig, Dresden and Emden, under the command of Vice-Admiral Maximilian von Spee, was cruising in the Pacific Ocean. Britain had already severed all German undersea cables passing through British controlled areas.^{[citation needed]} Concerned about possible attacks against Allied merchant shipping in the region, Britain requested that Australia destroy the German wireless stations and coaling stations in the Pacific.

Australia hurriedly raised the Australian Naval & Military Expeditionary Force (ANMEF), consisting of one battalion of infantry of 1,000 men enlisted in Sydney, known as the 1st Battalion, ANMEF and 500 naval reservists and ex-sailors who would serve as infantry.^[3] Another battalion of militia from the Queensland based Kennedy Regiment, which had been hurriedly dispatched to garrison Thursday Island, also contributed 500 volunteers to the force.^[4] The ANMEF was tasked with the capture of the Imperial German Pacific Protectorates within six months. This included capturing or destroying the radio stations and coal stations supporting the East Asia Squadron.

Reconnaissance of the area was undertaken by the Australia Squadron, consisting of the battleship HMAS Australia, the second-class protected cruiser HMAS Encounter, the light cruisers HMAS Melbourne and Sydney and the destroyers HMAS Parramatta, Yarra, and Warrego. Under the command of Vice Admiral Sir George Patey, the destroyers entered Blanche Bay on 12 August. HMAS Australia captured Sumatra and HMAS Encounter captured Zambesi while patrolling St Georges Channel on 12 August. HMAS Melbourne requisitioned the cargo of coal of the collier Alconda off Rossel Island on 13 August.^{[citation needed]}

The destroyers entered Simpson Harbour and Matupi Harbour at night searching for the East Asia Squadron. Landing parties from the destroyers were sent ashore to demolish the telephones in the post offices in Rabaul and at the German gubernatorial capital of Herbertshöhe (now Kokopo), located 20 miles (32 km) to the south-east. Unable to locate the radio station, the Australian warships threatened to bombard nearby settlements if the radio station continued to transmit, before withdrawing.^[5]

Japanese Military situation

Japan's goals were simply to find the east Asia squadron and had no formal plans to occupy the islands.

German Military situation

Germany had no formal plans to defend German New Guinea.

Occupation

New Britain

Battle of Bita Paka

The Battle of Bita Paka took place on 11 September, during an Australian attempt to capture the German wireless station. A mixed force of German officers and Melanesian police mounted a stout resistance and forced the Australians to fight their way to the objective. After a day of fighting in which both sides suffered casualties, the more numerous Australian forces finally succeeded in capturing and destroying the wireless station.^[6]

Siege of Toma

The Siege of Toma took place between 14–17 September, when troops of the ANMEF surrounded Toma. They finally brought up a 12-pound field piece to bombard it, which caused the German garrison to negotiate a surrender.^[7]

New Guinea

Madang

Madang was captured without opposition on 24 September by Australia.^{[citation needed]}

Nauru

Australian forces first landed in Nauru on 9 September and it was fully occupied on 6 November without opposition by Australia.^[8]

The rest of German New Guinea

Japanese forces were originally told not to occupy islands but following Tanin Yamaya occupying Jaluit Atoll on 29 September Japan decided to occupy the islands not only to destroy the radio stations there but also in search of the east Asia squadron. Rota was the last Island occupied by Japanese forces on 21 October, ending the New Guinea campaign.^[9]

Aftermath

Organized and completed with remarkable speed, the occupation of German New Guinea was significant as the first independent military operation carried out by Australia and the second one for Japan.^[10]

Lieutenant Hermann Detzner, a German officer with some 20 native policemen, evaded capture in the interior of New Guinea and managed to remain free for the entire war. After the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, the victorious Allies divided all German's colonial possessions among themselves. German New Guinea became the Territory of New Guinea, a League of Nations Mandate Territory under Australian administration.^[11]^[12]^[13]

Notes

^ Churchill 1920, p. 84.
^ MacKenzie 1941, pp. 1–6.
^ Grey 2008, p. 87.
^ MacKenzie 1941, pp. 23–25.
^ MacKenzie 1941, p. 38.
^ Clark 2010, pp. 96–97.
^ Odgers 1994, p. 42.
^ Buschmann, Rainer F. (2009). Anthropology's global histories: the ethnographic frontier in German New Guinea, 1870-1935. Perspectives on the global past. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3184-4.
^ "Culture Contact and German Influence in Germany's South Pacific Colonies", Fa’a Siamani, Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 27–162, 23 September 2020, doi:10.2307/j.ctv19dsxrp.6, retrieved 13 February 2024
^ Parkin 2003, pp. 93–94.
^ New Guinea Act, 1920 to 1945; Papua and New Guinea Act, 1949
^ "Papua New Guinea". State.gov. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
^ Michael Duffy (22 August 2009). "Primary Documents – Treaty of Versailles: Articles 1–30 and Annex". First World War.com. Retrieved 24 June 2013.

References

Churchill, William (1920). "Germany's Lost Pacific Empire". Geographical Review. X (2). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell: 84–90. Bibcode:1920GeoRv..10...84C. doi:10.2307/207706. ISSN 0016-7428. JSTOR 207706.
Clark, Chris (2010). The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles (3rd ed.). Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 978-1742373355.
Grey, Jeffrey (2008). A Military History of Australia (3rd ed.). Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69791-0.
MacKenzie, Seaforth (1941). The Australians at Rabaul: The Capture and Administration of the German Possessions in the South Pacific. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. X (Tenth ed.). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 494426919.
Odgers, George (1994). 100 Years of Australians at War. Sydney: Lansdowne. ISBN 1-86302-669-X.
Parkin, Russell (2003). "Sailors and Seaborne Soldiers in the Defence of Australia, 1914–2001". In Reeve, John; Stevens, David (eds.). The Face of Naval Battle: The Human Experience of War at Sea. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin. pp. 92–112. ISBN 1865086673.