Jump to content

21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Part of a series on
Discrimination
Forms
Attributes
Social
Religious
Ethnic/national
Manifestations
Policies
Countermeasures
Related topics
Part of a series on
Transgender topics
     
Gender identities
Health care practices
Rights and legal status
Society and culture
Events and awareness
Culture
Theory and concepts
By country
Rights
History
See also
 Category

The early 21st century saw a rise in and increasing organisation around anti-transgender sentiments in the United Kingdom, the most common strain being that of gender-critical feminism. This has led to some referring to the United Kingdom by the nickname "TERF Island".[1]

Background

[edit]

Transgender rights in the United Kingdom

[edit]
Main article: Transgender rights in the United Kingdom

Gender Recognition Act 2004

[edit]
Main article: Gender Recognition Act 2004

In 1970, a judge ruled that transgender people could not change the sex listed on their birth certificate. Following cases by trans rights organizations, the European Court of Human Rights issued a ruling that the UK government's policy was in breach of human rights. This led to the implementation of the 2004 Gender Recognition Act (GRA).[2] The GRA allowed trans people to change their legal sex with the requirement they be medically diagnosed with gender dysphoria and having lived for two years as their "acquired" gender.[3]

In June 2020, the European Commission argued these to be "intrusive medical requirements" out of line with international human rights standards.[4] In 2021, the House of Commons women and equalities committee and the United Nations Independent Expert on sexual orientation and gender identity concurred and called for gender self-identification to be the policy.[3]

Gender-critical feminism

[edit]
Main article: Gender-critical feminism

Gender-critical feminism, also known as trans-exclusionary radical feminism or TERFism,[5][6][7][8] is an ideology or movement that opposes what it refers to as "gender ideology",[9] the concept of gender identity and transgender rights, especially gender self-identification. Gender-critical feminists believe that sex is biological and immutable,[10] and believe gender, including both gender identity and gender roles, is inherently oppressive. They reject the concept of transgender identities.[11]

Gender-critical feminism has been described as transphobic by feminist and scholarly critics,[5][8] and is opposed by many feminist, LGBTQ rights, and human rights organizations.[12][13] The Council of Europe has condemned gender-critical ideology, among other ideologies, and linked it to "virulent attacks on the rights of LGBTI people" in Hungary, Poland, Russia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and other countries.[14] UN Women has described the gender-critical movement as among several extreme anti-rights movements that employ hate propaganda and disinformation.[15][16]

In several countries, including the UK, gender-critical feminist groups have formed alliances with right-wing, far-right, and anti-feminist organisations.[17][18][19][20]

Rise in anti-trans sentiments

[edit]

In 2016, the House of Commons' Women and Equalities Committee issued a report recommending that the Gender Recognition Act 2004 be updated "in line with the principles of gender self-declaration".[21] Later in 2016, in England and Wales, Theresa May's government developed a proposal to revise the Act to introduce self-identification, with a public consultation opening in 2018. This proposed reform became a key locus of conflict for the emerging gender-critical movement, seeking to block reform of the Act; however, a significant majority of respondents were in favour of the GRA reforms in 2018.[22]

Another key locus of conflict for the emerging movement was the stance of LGBTQ rights charity Stonewall on trans issues. In 2015, Stonewall had begun campaigning for trans equality, with Stonewall head Ruth Hunt apologising for the organisation's previous failure to do so.[23]

Media involvement

[edit]

Beginning in the late 2010s, British media outlets across the political spectrum began publishing articles positioning transgender rights as being directly at odds with the rights of women and children.[24][25] According to Professor Lisa Tilley of the University of London, the British media created an environment where "male violence is also displaced from the real culprits onto vulnerable transgender people, who are demonized collectively as abusers, rather than more accurately represented as victims and survivors of abuse".[24] Christine Burns, author of Trans Britain: Our Journey from the Shadows, stated in a CNN article that The Times and The Sunday Times newspapers in particular published "six trans related pieces in 2016" but "over 150 in 2017 and similarly each year since" which painted trans rights as dangerous and censorious. Other news outlets that took part included Sky News, The Guardian, and the BBC.[25] [24] Burns would later describe this as a "trans backlash" stemming from 2015.[26] In December 2020, the Independent Press Standards Organisation released a report stating that the average number of UK media stories about trans rights had jumped 414% between May 2014 and May 2019, from 34 per month to 176 per month, and that in the preceding year of research that number had risen to 224 stories per month.[27]

Moving into the 2020s, the British media climate in the U.K. grew further hostile to trans people.[28] One notable example was the 2021 BBC article "We're being pressured into sex by some trans women", in which the BBC cited a social media poll from an anti-trans activist group to say that cisgender lesbians were being forced to have sex with transgender women under fears of being labeled transphobic. The article included statements from the LGB Alliance, and from an individual who would shortly after the article's publication call for all trans women to be executed. The article included no statements from any trans people.[29][30][31]

Organisations founded

[edit]

In 2019, the LGB Alliance was founded in opposition to Stonewall's 2015 pivot towards supporting trans rights, accusing the organisation of having "undermined women's sex-based rights and protections" and attempting "to introduce confusion between biological sex and the notion of gender".[32][23]

The year 2019 also saw the formation of the Women's Declaration International (formed as Women's Human Rights Campaign) by noted gender-critical feminist Sheila Jeffreys and co-founder Heather Brunskell-Evans. The group published a manifesto titled the Declaration on Women's Sex-Based Rights, which argued that recognising trans women as women "constitutes discrimination against women" and called for the "elimination of that act".[33][34]

In 2021, the group Genspect was founded in close affiliation with the American lobby group The Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM) - both of which have since been designated as anti-LGBTQ hate groups by the Southern Poverty Law Center; and both of whose activities focused primarily on lobbying, within politics and medicine, against access to gender affirming care.[35][36][37][38]

Policy changes

[edit]
[edit]

In 2021, it was ruled in the landmark case Forstater v Centre for Global Development Europe that gender-critical beliefs are "worthy of respect" and qualify for discrimination protections on the same level as religion; but while this ruling made such views a protected belief, it did not grant the right for holders of such beliefs to discriminate against transgender people themselves.[39] Maya Forstater, the plaintiff, had sued her employer, the Center for Global Development Europe, for not having her employment contract renewed after expressing gender-critical beliefs.[40]

In April 2021, the British Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) submitted evidence backing Maya Forstater in Forstater v Center for Global Development Europe.[40] The EHRC issued a statement saying, "We think that a 'gender critical' belief that 'trans women are men and trans men are women' is a philosophical belief which is protected under the Equality Act".[41]

Gender Recognition

[edit]

In the late 2010s, a number of groups were formed in response to the proposed GRA reform, including Fair Play for Women, For Women Scotland, and Woman's Place UK.[22]

In January 2022, the EHRC released dual statements opposing the removal of administrative barriers for trans people to receive legal recognition in Scotland, and asking that England and Wales' ban on conversion therapy exclude such therapies for trans people.[42][43] A month later, Vice News reported on leaked sections of an unpublished 2021 EHRC guidance pack, which advised businesses and organisations to exclude transgender people from single-sex spaces – including toilets, hospital wards, and changing rooms – unless they held a Gender Recognition Certificate (GRC). Vice reported that the guidance, due to be released in January 2022 but unpublished as of February 2022, was aimed at "[protecting] women", and that just 1% of trans people in the UK held a GRC.[44]

In June 2022, the EHRC stated that transgender people could be excluded from single-sex spaces as long as it serves a legitimate aim, such as "privacy, decency, to prevent trauma or to ensure health and safety".[45]

In July 2024, the EHRC released guidance clarifying that sex-based occupational requirements included sex as modified by a GRC, but that under schedule 9 of the Equality Act 2010 employers were permitted to exclude transgender persons even with a GRC. The guidance stated that the basis and reasons for any occupational restrictions should be clearly stated in any advertisement.[46][47]

Conversion Therapy

[edit]
Main article: Transgender rights in the United Kingdom § Conversion Therapy

In 2015, health organizations across the UK came together to sign the Memorandum of Understanding on Conversion Therapy (MoU), a statement outlining their opposition to conversion therapy for LGB people. It was updated to include conversion therapy for transgender people in 2017.[48] In 2022, the Conservative government under Boris Johnson backtracked on plans to include conversion therapy suppressing gender identity from an upcoming bill banning the practice following pressure from gender-critical lobbying groups. The coalition behind the MoU published an open letter condemning the decision and the government had to cancel its first LGBTQ conference as the members dropped out in protest. Gender critical campaign group Transgender Trend criticized the letter, citing the Cass Review's interim report.[49]

The Cass Review's interim report argued affirmative approaches aren't neutral, stated professionals were scared to take an "an exploratory approach or challenging approach due to perceived pressures from what some participants described as organisations taking an 'ideological stance'" and stated "This can lead to a fear of being labelled transphobic if the professional suggests that it may be worthwhile trying to understand the possible meaning or origin of gender non-conformity in the child."[50][51] In 2024 Hilary Cass, who chaired the Review, told Kemi Badenoch that the proposed conversion therapy ban was risky and told the guardian that she'd been "really clear with the government that any legislation would have to take inordinate care to not make workforce problems worse than they are".[51]

In 2022, the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) and regional transgender health bodies released a statement in response to NHS Englands interim service specifications which followed the Cass Review's interim report.[52][53] The statement argued

This document seems to view gender incongruence largely as a mental health disorder or a state of confusion and withholds gender-affirming treatments on this basis. WPATH, ASIAPATH, EPATH, PATHA, and USPATH call attention to the fact that this "psychotherapeutic" approach, which was used for decades before being superseded by evidence-based gender-affirming care, has not been shown to be effective (AUSPATH, 2021; Coleman et al., 2022). Indeed, the denial of gender-affirming treatment under the guise of "exploratory therapy" has caused enormous harm to the transgender and gender diverse community and is tantamount to "conversion" or "reparative" therapy under another name.[52]

The Professional Association for Transgender Health Aotearoa (PATHA), a New Zealand professional organisation, said that the Cass Review made "harmful recommendations" and was not in line with international consensus, and that "Restricting access to social transition is restricting gender expression, a natural part of human diversity." They further said that several people involved in the review "previously advocated for bans on gender-affirming care in the United States, and have promoted non-affirming 'gender exploratory therapy', which is considered a conversion practice."[54]

In November 2023, the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP) published a statement on gender-critical views that "Psychotherapists and psychotherapeutic counsellors who hold such views are likely to believe that the clinically most appropriate approach to working therapeutically with individuals who present with gender dysphoria, particularly children and young people, is exploratory therapy, rather than medicalised interventions such as puberty blockers, cross-sex hormones or reassignment surgery."[55][56] In April 2024 the UK Council for Psychotherapy withdrew from the Memorandum and membership of the Coalition against Conversion Therapy on the grounds of not wanting to oppose conversion therapy for trans young people.[57][55][58] This was criticized by other signatories of the MoU and over 1500 UKCP members.[58][55] The board was retained as only 20% of voters called for their removal.[59]

Restrictions on healthcare

[edit]

Bell v Tavistock

[edit]
Main article: Bell v Tavistock

In 2020, the High Court issued a ruling banning transgender patients under the age of 16 from receiving puberty suppressing medication for the purpose of preventing the development of unwanted secondary sex characteristics. This led to many patients having their care withdrawn, and consequently having to undergo the puberty of their assigned gender at birth.[60] Many more patients over the age of 16 also had their gender-related healthcare withdrawn, even if that care did not take the form of puberty blockers.[61]

In late 2021, the ruling was overturned on appeal, and puberty suppressing treatment was allowed to resume.[62]

Cass Review

[edit]
Main article: Cass Review

In 2024, the publication of the controversial Cass Review of youth gender services led to a criminal ban on puberty blockers, and a general shift in NHS policy towards gender exploratory therapy,[63][64] which many experts say is a form of conversion therapy.[65][66] The review's recommendations were generally welcomed by the British medical community, [67][68][69][70][71] however the international medical and academic communities generally criticised or rejected the review on grounds of both methodology and findings.[72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79]

Education

[edit]

In December 2021, the Girls' Day School Trust, the largest network of girls' private schools in the UK, issued a blanket ban on trans girls being admitted to any of its schools.[80]

In August 2022, Attorney General Suella Braverman opined that it is lawful for schools to misgender, deadname, ban from some sports, reject from enrollment based on their trans status, and refuse any and all other forms of gender affirmation to trans kids, and that to recognise their identities as trans could qualify as "indoctrinating children".[81]

Sports

[edit]

In September 2021, the UK Sports Council Equality Group issued new guidance saying that in their view, trans inclusion and "competitive fairness" cannot coexist in sports. The SCEG based its guidance on 300 interviews regarding personal opinions on the matter, conducted across 54 sports and 175 organisations, with only 20 of those interviewed being trans people.[82] In June 2022, the then UK Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Nadine Dorries met with the heads of UK sporting bodies and told them that "elite and competitive women's sport must be reserved for people born of the female sex".[83]

Since then, trans women have been banned from competing in women's sports in a wide array of disciplines, ranging from cycling to fishing.[84][85]

International responses

[edit]

In 2021 the Council of Europe's Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination warned that:

ongoing social, political and legal debate [in the United Kingdom (UK)] about what constitutes harmful discourse when it comes to trans people and their rights, and arguments defending freedom of expression have been – and are still being – used as a tool to justify transphobic rhetoric, further penalising and harming already marginalised trans people and communities

and concluded the "'gender-critical' movement, which wrongly portrays trans rights as posing a particular threat to cisgender women and girls, has played a significant role in this process".[86][87]

In May 2023, a United Nations investigation found that the British Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) had deliberately acted with the objective of reducing human-rights protections for transgender people who had legal gender recognition.[88]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Baska, Maggie (1 October 2021). "Transphobia scholar explains why 'the UK became TERF island' – and it's eye-opening". PinkNews | Latest lesbian, gay, bi and trans news | LGBTQ+ news. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  2. ^ Prosser, Jay (10 August 2022). "Trans rights and political backlash: five key moments in history". Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  3. ^ a b Dunne, Peter (30 May 2023). "Why outside experts are worried about the decline of LGBTI rights in the UK". Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  4. ^ "Legal gender recognition in the EU: the journeys of trans people towards full equality" (PDF). European Commission.
  5. ^ a b Thurlow, Claire (2022). "From TERF to gender critical: A telling genealogy?". Sexualities. 27 (4): 962–978. doi:10.1177/13634607221107827. S2CID 252662057.
  6. ^ Williams, Cristan (2016). "Radical Inclusion: Recounting the Trans Inclusive History of Radical Feminism". Transgender Studies Quarterly. 3 (1–2): 254–258. doi:10.1215/23289252-3334463.
  7. ^ Rogers, Baker A. (2023). "TERFs aren't feminists: lesbians stand against trans exclusion". Journal of Lesbian Studies. 28 (1): 24–43. doi:10.1080/10894160.2023.2252286. PMID 37679960. S2CID 261608725. many lesbians despise TERF ideology
  8. ^ a b Bassi, Serena; LaFleur, Greta (2022). "Introduction: TERFs, Gender-Critical Movements, and Postfascist Feminisms". Transgender Studies Quarterly. 9 (3): 311–333. doi:10.1215/23289252-9836008. S2CID 253052875.
  9. ^ Pearce, Ruth; Erikainen, Sonja; Vincent, Ben (2020). "TERF wars: An introduction". The Sociological Review. 68 (4): 677–698. doi:10.1177/0038026120934713. hdl:2164/18988. S2CID 221097475. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  10. ^ UK Parliament. "Employment Tribunal rulings on gender-critical beliefs in the workplace". House of Commons Library. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  11. ^ Sullivan, Alice; Todd, Selina (10 July 2023), "Introduction", Sex and Gender (1 ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 1–15, doi:10.4324/9781003286608-1, ISBN 978-1-003-28660-8, retrieved 20 October 2023
  12. ^ "Our Feminism is Trans Inclusive. | Action Canada for Sexual Health and Rights". Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  13. ^ "Les signataires - Toutes des Femmes". 25 February 2020. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  14. ^ "Resolution 2417 (2022): Combating rising hate against LGBTI people in Europe". Council of Europe. 25 January 2022. Archived from the original on 19 November 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  15. ^ "LGBTIQ+ communities and the anti-rights pushback: 5 things to know". UN Women. 28 May 2024. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  16. ^ Beal, James (13 June 2024). "UN Women says gender-critical activists are 'anti-rights movement'". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 16 June 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  17. ^ Butler, Judith (23 October 2021). "Why is the idea of 'gender' provoking backlash the world over?". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  18. ^ "'Rights aren't a competition': Anti-trans hate is on the rise in Canada, activists and advocates say". CTV News. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
  19. ^ Alm, Erika; Engebretsen, Elisabeth L. (15 June 2020). "Gender Self-identification". Lambda Nordica. 25 (1): 48–56. doi:10.34041/ln.v25.613. hdl:11250/3048285. S2CID 225712334.
  20. ^ Studnik, Joane (24 January 2023). "Was bedeutet TERF? Wie linke Transfeindlichkeit Rechtsextreme stärkt" [What does TERF mean? How left-wing transphobia strengthens the far right]. Der Freitag.
  21. ^ Women and Equalities Committee (8 January 2016). Transgender Equality (Report). House of Commons. Archived from the original on 28 August 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2021. Within the current Parliament, the Government must bring forward proposals to update the Gender Recognition Act, in line with the principles of gender self-declaration that have been developed in other jurisdictions. In place of the present medicalised, quasi-judicial application process, an administrative process must be developed, centred on the wishes of the individual applicant, rather than on intensive analysis by doctors and lawyers.
  22. ^ a b King, Daniel; Carrie Paechter; Maranda Ridgway (22 September 2020). "Reform of the Gender Recognition Act — Analysis of consultation responses". Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 8–9. CP 294. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  23. ^ a b Gani, Aisha (16 February 2015). "Stonewall to start campaigning for trans equality". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  24. ^ a b c "Analysis: Anti-trans rhetoric is rife in the British media. Little is being done to extinguish the flames". CNN. 9 October 2021. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  25. ^ a b John, Tara (4 April 2020). "The quest for trans rights has exposed a deep divide in the UK. Scotland may show a way forward". CNN. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  26. ^ Burns, Christine (9 May 2019). "Witness Statement re Edinburgh Employment Tribunal involving Katherine O'Donnell". Just Plain Sense. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  27. ^ Tobitt, Charlotte (10 December 2020). "Report charts UK press coverage of trans issues becoming more respectful yet 'heated'". Press Gazette. London. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  28. ^ Lavietes, Matt (15 February 2023). "Transgender community mourns death of British teen found stabbed to death". NBC News. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  29. ^ "BBC 'scandal' after interviewee goes on to call for trans women to be 'executed'". The National. Glasgow. 3 November 2021. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  30. ^ Craggs, Charlie. "Charlie Craggs: "I'm A Trans BBC Presenter. The Organisation's Transphobia Hurts"". www.refinery29.com. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  31. ^ "Lesbians stand by trans women in open letter after 'dangerous' BBC article". NBC News. 28 October 2021. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  32. ^ Hellen, Nicholas (22 September 2019). "'Anti-women' trans policy may split Stonewall". The Sunday Times. London. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  33. ^ Parsons, Vic (27 January 2021). "MPs urged by anti-trans 'women's rights' group to eliminate 'transgenderism' and scrap Gender Recognition Act". Pink News. London. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  34. ^ "Declaration on Women's Sex-Based Rights: Full Text". Suffolk UK: Women's Declaration International. n.d. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  35. ^ "Genspect, SEGM designated anti-LGBTQ hate groups by SPLC". Los Angeles Blade. 5 June 2024. Archived from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  36. ^ Dixon, Hayley (26 June 2021). "CBBC's trans messaging is damaging children, says mother". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  37. ^ "La Comisión Europea investigará los cambios de sexo sin control como los que promueve la 'ley trans'". okdiario.com (in Spanish). 26 December 2022. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  38. ^ Baitinger, Brooke (3 August 2022). "Showdown: LGBTQ+ rights vs. state ban on transition-related medical care for trans kids • Florida Phoenix". Florida Phoenix. Archived from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  39. ^ "Louise Usher: Forstater v CGD Europe – are gender critical beliefs protected under the Equality Act?". Scottish Legal News. 24 June 2021. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  40. ^ a b "Maya Forstater: Woman wins tribunal appeal over transgender tweets". BBC News. 10 June 2021. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  41. ^ Parsons, Vic (29 April 2021). "UK equality watchdog thinks it should be legal to misgender trans people". Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  42. ^ "Britain's Equalities Watchdog Met Privately With Anti-Trans Groups". www.vice.com. 2 February 2022. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  43. ^ "Call for rethink of Scottish gender recognition reforms". BBC News. 26 January 2022. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  44. ^ "Leaked EHRC Guidance Reveals Plans to Exclude Most Trans People From Bathrooms". www.vice.com. 10 February 2022. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  45. ^ Syal, Rajeev (4 April 2022). "Trans people can be excluded from single-sex services if 'justifiable', says EHRC". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  46. ^ Moss, Rob (16 July 2024). "EHRC updates guidance on discriminatory adverts". Personnel Today. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  47. ^ "Guidance on discriminatory adverts". Manchester: Equality and Human Rights Commission. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  48. ^ Wright, Talen; Candy, Bridget; King, Michael (1 December 2018). "Conversion therapies and access to transition-related healthcare in transgender people: a narrative systematic review". BMJ Open. 8 (12): e022425. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022425. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 6318517. PMID 30580262. Archived from the original on 4 October 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  49. ^ Parry, Josh; Moss, Lauren (6 April 2022). "Mental health groups call for trans conversion therapy ban". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 September 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  50. ^ Horton, Cal (14 March 2024). "The Cass Review: Cis-supremacy in the UK's approach to healthcare for trans children". International Journal of Transgender Health: 1–25. doi:10.1080/26895269.2024.2328249. ISSN 2689-5269. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  51. ^ a b Adu, Aletha; Gentleman, Amelia (11 April 2024). "Hilary Cass warns Kemi Badenoch over risks of conversion practices ban". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  52. ^ a b "WPATH, ASIAPATH, EPATH, PATHA, and USPATH Response to NHS England in the United Kingdom (UK)" (PDF). WPATH. 25 November 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  53. ^ Bharat, Bharat; Dopp, Alex; Last, Briana; Howell, Gary; Nadeem, Erum; Johnson, Clara; Stirman, Shannon Wiltsey (October 2023). "OSF". The Behavior Therapist. 46 (7). Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. doi:10.31234/osf.io/gz5mk. Archived from the original on 24 September 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  54. ^ "Cass Review out of step with high-quality care provided in Aotearoa". PATHA – Professional Association for Transgender Health Aotearoa (Press release). 11 April 2024. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
  55. ^ a b c Broughton, Ellie (9 April 2024). "The group trying to quietly rebrand conversion "therapy"". Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  56. ^ "UKCP guidance regarding gender critical views". www.psychotherapy.org.uk. Archived from the original on 6 October 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  57. ^ Davison, Kate; Hubbard, Katherine; Marks, Sarah; Spandler, Hel; Wynter, Rebecca (7 October 2024). "An Inclusive History of LGBTQ+ Aversion Therapy: Past Harms and Future Address in a UK Context". Review of General Psychology. doi:10.1177/10892680241289904. ISSN 1089-2680.
  58. ^ a b Bodkin, Henry (1 May 2024). "Psychotherapy body rows with trans activists over conversion therapy memo". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  59. ^ "Members vote for the Board to remain in post". www.psychotherapy.org.uk. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  60. ^ Andersson, Jasmine (8 December 2020). "Families of trans children 'broken' after sudden puberty blockers rule changes". inews.co.uk. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  61. ^ Andersson, Jasmine (21 December 2020). "Treatment plans at gender clinics have 'effectively stopped' for young trans people, warns clinician". inews.co.uk. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  62. ^ Siddique, Haroon (17 September 2021). "Appeal court overturns UK puberty blockers ruling for under-16s". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  63. ^ "Puberty blockers ban is lawful, says High Court". BBC News. 29 July 2024. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  64. ^ Carnell, Henry. "The UK's new study on gender affirming care misses the mark in so many ways". Mother Jones. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  65. ^ Ashley, Florence (2023). "Interrogating Gender-Exploratory Therapy". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 18 (2): 472–481. doi:10.1177/17456916221102325. ISSN 1745-6916. PMC 10018052. PMID 36068009.
  66. ^ Caraballo, Alejandra (2022). "The Anti-Transgender Medical Expert Industry". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 50 (4): 687–692. doi:10.1017/jme.2023.9. ISSN 1073-1105. PMID 36883410. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  67. ^ Stewart, John; Palmer, James (10 April 2024). "BPS responds to final Cass Review report". The British Psychological Society (Press release). Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  68. ^ Smith, Lade (22 April 2024). "Detailed response to The Cass Review's Final Report" (Press release). Royal College of Psychiatrists. Archived from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
  69. ^ "RCPCH responds to publication of the final report from the Cass Review" (Press release). Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. 10 April 2024. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
  70. ^ "The role of the GP in transgender care" (Position statement). Royal College of General Practitioners. Archived from the original on 29 July 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  71. ^ "Academy statement: Implementation of the Cass Review". Academy of Medical Royal Colleges (Statement). Archived from the original on 1 August 2024.
  72. ^ "WPATH, ASIAPATH, EPATH, PATHA, and USPATH Response to NHS England in the United Kingdom (UK): Statement regarding the Interim Service Specification for the Specialist Service for Children and Young People with Gender Dysphoria (Phase 1 Providers) by NHS England" (PDF) (Press release). 25 November 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  73. ^ WPATH; EPATH (10 October 2023). "30.10.23 EPATH - WPATH Joint NHS Statement Final" (PDF). WPATH (Press release). Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  74. ^ "Cass Review' author: More 'caution' advised for gender-affirming care for youth". WBUR-FM. 8 May 2024. Archived from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  75. ^ Johnson, Lisa (15 April 2024). "What Canadian doctors say about new U.K. review questioning puberty blockers for transgender youth". CBC. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  76. ^ "Een reactie van Amsterdam UMC op de Cass review over transgenderzorg" (in Dutch). Amsterdam UMC. 18 April 2024. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  77. ^ Moore, Elizabeth (29 May 2024). "A letter from members regarding the Cass Review and the College's response". The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (Letter and reply). Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  78. ^ "性別不合に関する診断と治療のガイドライン (第 5 版)" (PDF). The Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology (in Japanese). August 2024. pp. 16–18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  79. ^ Hunter, Ross (2 July 2024). "Cass Review contains 'serious flaws', according to Yale Law School". The National. Archived from the original on 2 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  80. ^ "Leading group of private schools introduces 'unwise' ban on trans girls". PinkNews. 3 January 2022. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  81. ^ Wakefield, Lily (12 August 2022). "Suella Braverman 'misinterpreted' equality law in 'ideological' attack on trans kids, barrister says". Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  82. ^ Powys Maurice, Emma (October 2021). "Glaring holes emerge in new UK trans sports guidance as athletes fear for their future". Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  83. ^ "RFL and RFU ban transgender women from competing in female-only forms of their games". 29 July 2022. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  84. ^ Billson, Chantelle (29 November 2023). "Trans women banned from England Ladies team angling". PinkNews | Latest lesbian, gay, bi and trans news | LGBTQ+ news. Archived from the original on 30 September 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  85. ^ "British cycling federation bars transgender women from competing in female category". Reuters.
  86. ^ Walters, Mark Austin (2024). "Legalizing transphobia: from courtroom to legislature, how gender-critical activism is hurting us all". Journal of Law and Society. 51 (3): 343–366. doi:10.1111/jols.12491. ISSN 0263-323X.
  87. ^ "Combating rising hate against LGBTI people in Europe" (PDF). Council of Europe Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination. 27 September 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  88. ^ "UK: Keep calm and respect diversity, says UN expert" (Press release). United Nations. 11 May 2023.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=1258732420"