Torpex
Torpex ("Torpedo explosive") is a secondary explosive, 50% more powerful than TNT by mass.[1] Torpex comprises 42% RDX, 40% TNT and 18% powdered aluminium.[2] It was used in the Second World War from late 1942, at which time some used the names Torpex and RDX interchangeably, much to the confusion of today's historical researchers. Torpex proved to be particularly useful in underwater munitions because the aluminium component made the explosive pulse last longer, which increased the destructive power. Besides torpedoes, naval mines, and depth charges, Torpex was only used in the Upkeep, Tallboy and Grand Slam bombs as well as the drones employed in Operation Aphrodite.[3][4] Torpex has long been superseded by H6 and Polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) compositions.[5][6] It is regarded as obsolete and Torpex is unlikely to be encountered except in old munitions or unexploded ordnance, although a notable exception to this is the Sting Ray lightweight torpedo, which as of October 2020 remains in service with the Royal Navy and several foreign militaries. The German equivalent of Torpex was Trialen.[7]
Development
[edit]Torpex was developed at the Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey, in the United Kingdom as a more powerful military alternative to TNT. RDX was developed in 1899. Though very stable and serving as the reference point by which the sensitivity of other explosives are judged, it was too expensive for most military applications and reserved for use in the most important products, such as torpedoes.[8] Aluminium powder was also added to the mix to further enhance the effect. Although both RDX and TNT have a negative oxygen balance, the superheated aluminium component tends to contribute primarily by extending the expansion time of the explosive product gases.[9] Beeswax was also added as a phlegmatizing agent, to reduce sensitivity to shock and impact.[8] Later, beeswax was replaced with paraffin wax, and calcium chloride was added as a moisture absorber to reduce the production of hydrogen gas under high humidity.[8]
The production of RDX in the USA skyrocketed following the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese. In April 1942, 100 tons of Composition C (88% RDX and oil desensitizer), also known as C4, was ordered by the Office of Strategic Services.[10] By 8 May 1945 (Victory in Europe Day) the Holston Ordnance Works had been in full production of RDX with no end in sight. In July of that year government officials informed the plant to not exceed production quotas (as had been the practice to that point) since they knew that the atomic bomb was near completion.[11]
See also
[edit]Sources
[edit]- Gannon, Robert (1996). Hellions of the Deep: The Development of American Torpedoes in World War II. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-01508-X. OCLC 32349009.
- Baxter, Colin F. (2018). The Secret History of RDX. The University Press of Kentucky. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2111h03.
References
[edit]- ^ Gannon 1996, p. 184.
- ^ Türker, Lemi; Variş, Serhat (2017). "Structurally modified RDX - A DFT study". Defence Technology. 13 (6). Elsevier BV: 385–391. doi:10.1016/j.dt.2017.02.002. hdl:11511/51361. ISSN 2214-9147. S2CID 99529511.
- ^ "Munitions Design". Barnes Wallis Foundation. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ Webb, Mason B. (18 January 2019). "Operation Aphrodite". Warfare History Network. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ Graf, M.B.K. (2017). Avro Lancaster. REI. p. 30. ISBN 978-2-37297-333-5.
- ^ Persson, P.A.; Holmberg, R.; Lee, J. (2018). Rock Blasting and Explosives Engineering. CRC Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-351-41822-5.
- ^ Fedoroff, B.T.; Kaye, S.M. (1960). Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items. Picatinny Arsenal. p. 2-PA55.
- ^ a b c Gannon 1996, p. 183.
- ^ Edri, I.; Feldgun, V.R.; Karinski, Y.S.; Yankelevsky, D.Z. (2013). "Afterburning Aspects in an Internal TNT Explosion". International Journal of Protective Structures. 4 (1). SAGE Publications: 97–116. doi:10.1260/2041-4196.4.1.97. ISSN 2041-4196. S2CID 109491342.
- ^ Baxter 2018, pp. 25–32.
- ^ Baxter 2018, pp. 135–138.
Further reading
[edit]- Rowland, Buford; Boyd, William B. (1947). U.S. Navy Bureau of Ordnance in World War II (Report). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.