GAB2
GRB2-associated-binding protein 2 also known as GAB2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GAB2 gene.[5][6][7][8]
GAB2 is a docking protein with a conserved, folded PH domain attached to the membrane and a large disordered region, which hosts interactions with signaling molecules. It is a member of the GAB/DOS family localized on the internal membrane of the cell. It mediates the interaction between receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and non-RTK receptors serving as the gateway into the cell for activation of SHP2, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Grb2, ERK, and AKT and acting as one of the first steps in these signaling pathways. GAB2 has been shown to be important in physiological functions such as growth in bone marrow and cardiac function. GAB2 has also been associated with many diseases including leukemia and Alzheimer's disease.
Discovery
[edit]GAB proteins were one of the first docking proteins identified in the mammalian signal transduction pathway.[9] GAB2 along with many other adaptor, scaffold, and docking proteins, was discovered in the mid-1990s during the isolation and cloning of protein tyrosine kinase substrates and association partners.[9] GAB2 was initially discovered as a binding protein and substrate of protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2/PTPN11.[5] Two other groups later cloned GAB2 by searching DNA database for protein with sequence homology to GAB1.[6][7]
Structure
[edit]GAB2 is a large multi-site docking protein (LMD) of about 100kD that has a folded N-terminal domain attached to an extended, disordered C-terminal tail rich in short linear motifs. LMDs are docking proteins that function as platforms mediating interaction between different signaling pathways and assisting with signal integration.[10] The N-terminal is characterized by a Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain that is the most highly conserved region between all members of the GAB family of proteins. (GAB1, GAB2, GAB3 and GAB4) GAB2 is an Intrinsically disordered protein, meaning that beyond the folded N-terminal region, the C-terminal region extends out into the cytoplasm with little or no secondary structure.[10] The disordered region of the protein however may not be as disordered as was initially expected, as sequencing has revealed significant similarity between the "disordered" regions of GAB orthologs in different species.
The PH domain of GAB2 recognizes phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate(PIP3) in the membrane and is responsible for localizing the GAB protein on the intracellular surface of the membrane and in regions where the cell contacts another cell. Some evidence also suggests that the PH domain plays a role in some signal regulation as well.[11]
Adjacent to the PH domain is a central, proline-rich domain that contains many PXXP motifs for binding to the SH3 domains of signaling molecules such as Grb2 (from which the name "Grb2-associated binding" protein, GAB, comes). It is hypothesized that binding sites in this region may be used in indirect mechanisms pairing the GAB2 protein to receptor tyrosine kinases.[11] It is on the C-terminal tail that the various conserved protein binding motifs and phosphorylation sites of GAB2 are found. GAB2 binds to the SH2 domains of such signaling molecules as SHP2 and PI3K. By binding to the p85 subunit of PI3K, and continuing this signaling pathway GAB provides positive feedback for the creation of PIP3, produced as a result of the PI3K pathway, which binds to GAB2 in the membrane and promotes activation of more PI3Ks. Discovery of multiple binding sites in GAB proteins has led to the N-terminal folding nucleation (NFN) hypothesis for the structure of the disordered region. This theory suggests that the disordered domain is looped back to connect to the N-terminal, structured region several times to make the protein more compact. This would assist in promoting interactions between molecules bound to GAB and resisting degradation.[10]
Function
[edit]GAB2 mediates the interactions between receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) or non-RTK receptors, such as G protein coupled receptors, cytokine receptors, multichain immune recognition receptors and integrins, and the molecules of the intracellular signaling pathways.[10] By providing a platform to host a wide array of interactions from extracellular inputs to intracellular pathways, GAB proteins can act as a gatekeeper to the cell, modulating and integrating signals as they pass them along, to control the functional state within the cell.[10]
Mutagenesis and Binding assays have helped to identify which molecules and what pathways are downstream of GAB2. The two main pathways of GAB proteins are SHP2 and PI3K. GAB protein binding to SHP2 molecules acts as an activator whose main effect is the activation of the ERK/MAPK pathway. There are also, however, other pathways that are activated by this interaction such as the pathways c-Kit-induced Rac activation and β1-integrin. PI3K activation by GAB2 promotes cell growth. [9] The effects of all the pathways activated by GAB proteins are not known, but it is easy to see that amplification of signal can progress quickly and these proteins can have large effects on the state of the cell. While not lethal, GAB2 deficient knockout mice do exhibit phenotypic side-effects. These include weak allergic reactions, reduced mast cell growth in bone marrow and osteopetrosis.[10] Knockout mice have also been used to show the importance of GAB2 in maintenance of cardiac function. A paracrine factor, NRG1 β, utilizes GAB2 to activate the ERK and AKT pathways in the heart to produce angiopoietin 1.[9]
Interactions
[edit]The C-terminal tail of GAB2 acts as a site for multiple phosphorylation of tyrosine kinases. It acts as a docking station for the Src homology 2(SH2) domain that is contained in the adaptor protein families Crk, Grb2, and Nck. These adaptor proteins then couple to enzymes to amplify different cellular signals. GAB2 may also bind directly to SH2-containing enzymes, such as PI3K, to produce such signals.[10]
GAB2 has been shown to interact with:
AKT1
[edit]Through the PI3K signaling pathway, PI3K activates the serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT), which in turn through phosphorylation inactivates GSK3. This in turn causes the phosphorylation of tau and amyloid production.[12][13]
CRKL
[edit]CT10 regulator of kinase (Crk) is also known as the breast cancer anti-oestrogen resistance protein.[10] It plays a role in both fibroblast formation and breast cancer. The YXXP binding motif is required for the association of CRKL and GAB2. This leads to the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK) as part of the JNK signaling pathway.[13][14]
Grb2
[edit]Upon stimulation by growth hormone, insulin, epidermal growth factor (EFG), etc., the GAB2 protein can be recruited from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane, where it forms a complex with Grb2 and SHC. The interaction between GAB2 and Grb2 requires a PX3RX2KP motif in order to produce a regulatory signal. The activated GAB2 can now recruit SH2 domain-containing molecules, such as SHP2 or PI3K to activate signaling pathways.[6][12][13][15]
PI3K
[edit]The p85 subunit of PI3K (or PIK3) possessed the SH2 domain required to be activated by GAB2. The activation of the PI3K signaling pathway produces increased amyloid production and microglia-mediated inflammation.[13] The immunoglobulin receptor FceRI requires GAB2 as a necessity for mast cells to activate PI3K receptor to create an allergic response. In a study of knockout mice lacking the GAB2 gene, subjects experienced impaired allergic reactions, including passive cutaneous and systemic anaphylaxis.[16] PI3K is found to be mutated in most breast cancer subtypes. Sufficient GAB2 expression by these cancerous subtypes proves necessary in order to sustain a cancerous phenotype.[10][12][14]
PLCG2
[edit]The erythropoietin hormone (Epo) is responsible for the regulation and proliferation of erythrocytes. Epo is able to self phosphorylate, which causes recruitment of SH2 proteins. An activated complex of GAB2, SHC, and SHP2 is required for binding of Phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCG2) through its SH2 domain, which activates PIP3.[17]
PTPN11
[edit]Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 11 (PTPN11) interaction with GAB2 is part of the Ras pathway. Mutations found in PTPN11 cause disruption in the binding to GAB2, which in turn impairs correct cellular growth. Thirty-five percent of patients diagnosed with JMML show activating mutations in PTPN11.[6][12][14][17][18]
RICS
[edit]GC-GAP is part of the Rho GTP-ase activating protein family (RICS). It contains a highly proline-rich motifs that allow favorable interactions with GAB2. GC-GAP is responsible for the proliferation of astroglioma cells.[19]
SHC1
[edit]The interaction between GAB2 and Grb2 at the cell membrane recruits another adaptor protein, the Src homology domain-containing transforming protein 1 (SHC1), before being able to recruit SH2 domain-containing molecules.[12][17][19]
Clinical Implications
[edit]Alzheimer's disease
[edit]Ten SNPs of GAB2 have been associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD).[20] However, this association is found only in APOE ε4 carriers.[21] In LOAD brains, GAB2 is overexpressed in neurons, tangle-bearing neurons, and dystrophic neuritis.[13][21]
GAB2 has been indicated in playing a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease via its interaction with tau and amyloid precursor proteins.[13] GAB2 may prevent neuronal tangle formation characteristic of LOAD by reducing phosphorylation of tau protein via the activation of the PI3K signaling pathway, which activates Akt. Akt inactivates Gsk3, which is responsible for tau phosphorylation.[13] Mutations in GAB2 could affect Gsk3-dependent phosphorylation of tau and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles.[13][21][22] Interactions between GAB2-Grb2 and APP are enhanced in AD brains, suggesting an involvement of this coupling in the neuropathogenesis of AD.[13]
Cancer
[edit]GAB2 has been linked to the oncogenesis of many cancers including colon, gastric, breast, and ovarian cancer.[10][18] Studies suggest that GAB2 is used to amplify the signal of many RTKs implicated in breast cancer development and progression.[9]
GAB2 has been particularly characterized for its role in leukemia. In chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), GAB2 interacts with the Bcr-Abl complex and is instrumental in maintaining the oncogenic properties of the complex.[10][18][23] The Grb2/GAB2 complex is recruited to phosphorylated Y177 of the Bcr-Abl complex leading to Bcr-Abl-mediated transformation and leukemogenesis.[9] GAB2 also plays a role in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). Studies have shown the protein's involvement in the disease via the Ras pathway.[18] In addition, GAB2 appears to play an important role in PTPN11 mutations associated with JMML.[18]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000033327 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000004508 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b Gu H, Pratt JC, Burakoff SJ, Neel BG (December 1998). "Cloning of p97/Gab2, the major SHP2-binding protein in hematopoietic cells, reveals a novel pathway for cytokine-induced gene activation". Molecular Cell. 2 (6): 729–40. doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80288-9. PMID 9885561.
- ^ a b c d Zhao C, Yu DH, Shen R, Feng GS (July 1999). "Gab2, a new pleckstrin homology domain-containing adapter protein, acts to uncouple signaling from ERK kinase to Elk-1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (28): 19649–54. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.28.19649. PMID 10391903.
- ^ a b Nishida K, Yoshida Y, Itoh M, Fukada T, Ohtani T, Shirogane T, Atsumi T, Takahashi-Tezuka M, Ishihara K, Hibi M, Hirano T (March 1999). "Gab-family adapter proteins act downstream of cytokine and growth factor receptors and T- and B-cell antigen receptors". Blood. 93 (6): 1809–16. doi:10.1182/blood.V93.6.1809.406k35_1809_1816. PMID 10068651.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: GAB2 GRB2-associated binding protein 2".
- ^ a b c d e f Wöhrle FU, Daly RJ, Brummer T (September 2009). "Function, regulation and pathological roles of the Gab/DOS docking proteins". Cell Communication and Signaling. 7 (22): 22. doi:10.1186/1478-811X-7-22. PMC 2747914. PMID 19737390.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Simister PC, Feller SM (January 2012). "Order and disorder in large multi-site docking proteins of the Gab family--implications for signalling complex formation and inhibitor design strategies". Molecular BioSystems. 8 (1): 33–46. doi:10.1039/c1mb05272a. PMID 21935523.
- ^ a b Liu Y, Rohrschneider L (March 2002). "The Gift of Gab". FEBS Letters. 515 (1–3): 1–7. Bibcode:2002FEBSL.515....1L. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02425-0. PMID 11943184. S2CID 19076927.
- ^ a b c d e Lynch DK, Daly RJ (January 2002). "PKB-mediated negative feedback tightly regulates mitogenic signalling via Gab2". The EMBO Journal. 21 (1–2): 72–82. doi:10.1093/emboj/21.1.72. PMC 125816. PMID 11782427.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Pan XL, Ren RJ, Wang G, Tang HD, Chen SD (June 2010). "The Gab2 in signal transduction and its potential role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease". Neuroscience Bulletin. 26 (3): 241–6. doi:10.1007/s12264-010-1109-7. PMC 5560293. PMID 20502503.
- ^ a b c Crouin C, Arnaud M, Gesbert F, Camonis J, Bertoglio J (April 2001). "A yeast two-hybrid study of human p97/Gab2 interactions with its SH2 domain-containing binding partners". FEBS Letters. 495 (3): 148–53. Bibcode:2001FEBSL.495..148C. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02373-0. PMID 11334882. S2CID 24499468.
- ^ Million RP, Harakawa N, Roumiantsev S, Varticovski L, Van Etten RA (June 2004). "A direct binding site for Grb2 contributes to transformation and leukemogenesis by the Tel-Abl (ETV6-Abl) tyrosine kinase". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 24 (11): 4685–95. doi:10.1128/MCB.24.11.4685-4695.2004. PMC 416425. PMID 15143164.
- ^ Gu H, Saito K, Klaman LD, Shen J, Fleming T, Wang Y, Pratt JC, Lin G, Lim B, Kinet JP, Neel BG (July 2001). "Essential role for Gab2 in the allergic response". Nature. 412 (6843): 186–90. Bibcode:2001Natur.412..186G. doi:10.1038/35084076. PMID 11449275. S2CID 1569052.
- ^ a b c Boudot C, Kadri Z, Petitfrère E, Lambert E, Chrétien S, Mayeux P, Haye B, Billat C (October 2002). "Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulates glycosylphosphatidylinositol hydrolysis through PLC-gamma(2) activation in erythropoietin-stimulated cells". Cellular Signalling. 14 (10): 869–78. doi:10.1016/S0898-6568(02)00036-0. PMID 12135708.
- ^ a b c d e Vaughan TY, Verma S, Bunting KD (2011). "Grb2-associated binding (Gab) proteins in hematopoietic and immune cell biology". American Journal of Blood Research. 1 (2): 130–134. PMC 3232456. PMID 22163099.
- ^ a b Zhao C, Ma H, Bossy-Wetzel E, Lipton SA, Zhang Z, Feng GS (September 2003). "GC-GAP, a Rho family GTPase-activating protein that interacts with signaling adapters Gab1 and Gab2". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (36): 34641–53. doi:10.1074/jbc.M304594200. PMID 12819203.
- ^ Reiman EM, Webster JA, Myers AJ, Hardy J, Dunckley T, Zismann VL, et al. (June 2007). "GAB2 alleles modify Alzheimer's risk in APOE epsilon4 carriers". Neuron. 54 (5): 713–20. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.05.022. PMC 2587162. PMID 17553421. Free full text Free PDF[permanent dead link] Genetic data in the public domain Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Williamson J, Goldman J, Marder KS (March 2009). "Genetic aspects of Alzheimer disease". The Neurologist. 15 (2): 80–6. doi:10.1097/NRL.0b013e318187e76b. PMC 3052768. PMID 19276785.
- ^ Bertram L, Tanzi RE (October 2009). "Genome-wide association studies in Alzheimer's disease". Human Molecular Genetics. 18 (R2): R137–45. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp406. PMC 2758713. PMID 19808789.
- ^ Nishida K, Hirano T (December 2003). "The role of Gab family scaffolding adapter proteins in the signal transduction of cytokine and growth factor receptors". Cancer Science. 94 (12): 1029–33. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01396.x. PMC 11160109. PMID 14662016. S2CID 23256930.
Further reading
[edit]- Gu H, Pratt JC, Burakoff SJ, Neel BG (December 1998). "Cloning of p97/Gab2, the major SHP2-binding protein in hematopoietic cells, reveals a novel pathway for cytokine-induced gene activation". Molecular Cell. 2 (6): 729–40. doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80288-9. PMID 9885561.
- Hibi M, Hirano T (April 2000). "Gab-family adapter molecules in signal transduction of cytokine and growth factor receptors, and T and B cell antigen receptors". Leukemia & Lymphoma. 37 (3–4): 299–307. doi:10.3109/10428190009089430. PMID 10752981. S2CID 22156105.
- Gold MR, Ingham RJ, McLeod SJ, Christian SL, Scheid MP, Duronio V, Santos L, Matsuuchi L (August 2000). "Targets of B-cell antigen receptor signaling: the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling pathway and the Rap1 GTPase". Immunological Reviews. 176: 47–68. doi:10.1034/j.1600-065X.2000.00601.x. PMID 11043767. S2CID 35234230.
- Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Miyajima N, Tanaka A, Kotani H, Nomura N, Ohara O (February 1998). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. IX. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which can code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Research. 5 (1): 31–9. doi:10.1093/dnares/5.1.31. PMID 9628581.
- Wickrema A, Uddin S, Sharma A, Chen F, Alsayed Y, Ahmad S, Sawyer ST, Krystal G, Yi T, Nishada K, Hibi M, Hirano T, Platanias LC (August 1999). "Engagement of Gab1 and Gab2 in erythropoietin signaling". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (35): 24469–74. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.35.24469. PMID 10455108.
- Bone H, Welham MJ (March 2000). "Shc associates with the IL-3 receptor beta subunit, SHIP and Gab2 following IL-3 stimulation. Contribution of Shc PTB and SH2 domains". Cellular Signalling. 12 (3): 183–94. doi:10.1016/S0898-6568(99)00088-1. PMID 10704825.
- Bouscary D, Lecoq-Lafon C, Chrétien S, Zompi S, Fichelson S, Muller O, Porteu F, Dusanter-Fourt I, Gisselbrecht S, Mayeux P, Lacombe C (April 2001). "Role of Gab proteins in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation by thrombopoietin (Tpo)". Oncogene. 20 (18): 2197–204. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204317. PMID 11402314.
- Wu C, Lai CF, Mobley WC (August 2001). "Nerve growth factor activates persistent Rap1 signaling in endosomes". The Journal of Neuroscience. 21 (15): 5406–16. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-15-05406.2001. PMC 6762651. PMID 11466412.
- Yamasaki S, Nishida K, Hibi M, Sakuma M, Shiina R, Takeuchi A, Ohnishi H, Hirano T, Saito T (November 2001). "Docking protein Gab2 is phosphorylated by ZAP-70 and negatively regulates T cell receptor signaling by recruitment of inhibitory molecules". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (48): 45175–83. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105384200. PMID 11572860.
- Yamada K, Nishida K, Hibi M, Hirano T, Matsuda Y (2001). "Comparative FISH mapping of Gab1 and Gab2 genes in human, mouse and rat". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 94 (1–2): 39–42. doi:10.1159/000048780. PMID 11701952. S2CID 44790928.
- Wheadon H, Paling NR, Welham MJ (March 2002). "Molecular interactions of SHP1 and SHP2 in IL-3-signalling". Cellular Signalling. 14 (3): 219–29. doi:10.1016/S0898-6568(01)00241-8. PMID 11812650.
- Dorsey JF, Cunnick JM, Mane SM, Wu J (February 2002). "Regulation of the Erk2-Elk1 signaling pathway and megakaryocytic differentiation of Bcr-Abl(+) K562 leukemic cells by Gab2". Blood. 99 (4): 1388–97. doi:10.1182/blood.V99.4.1388. PMID 11830491. S2CID 9319038.
- Hill RJ, Zozulya S, Lu YL, Ward K, Gishizky M, Jallal B (March 2002). "The lymphoid protein tyrosine phosphatase Lyp interacts with the adaptor molecule Grb2 and functions as a negative regulator of T-cell activation". Experimental Hematology. 30 (3): 237–44. doi:10.1016/S0301-472X(01)00794-9. PMID 11882361.
- Yu WM, Hawley TS, Hawley RG, Qu CK (April 2002). "Role of the docking protein Gab2 in beta(1)-integrin signaling pathway-mediated hematopoietic cell adhesion and migration". Blood. 99 (7): 2351–9. doi:10.1182/blood.V99.7.2351. PMID 11895767.
- Mao Y, Lee AW (July 2005). "A novel role for Gab2 in bFGF-mediated cell survival during retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation". The Journal of Cell Biology. 170 (2): 305–16. doi:10.1083/jcb.200505061. PMC 2171408. PMID 16009726.
External links
[edit]- Scientists find new dementia gene – BBC News, 9 June 2007.