The voiceless alveolar nasal is a type of consonant in some languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent the sound are ⟨n̥⟩ and ⟨n̊⟩, combinations of the letter for the voiced alveolar nasal and a diacritic indicating voicelessness above or below the letter. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is n_0.
| Voiceless alveolar nasal | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| n̥ | |||
| IPA Number | 116+402A | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| X-SAMPA | n_0 | ||
| |||
Features
edit
Features of the voiceless alveolar nasal:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- There are four specific variants of [n̥]:
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aleut | uhngix | [un̥ɣix] | 'older sister (of a male)' | Voiced approximants and nasals may be partly devoiced in contact with a voiceless consonant and at the end of a word. | |
| Alutiiq | pat'shnarluni | [pat.sn̥aχluni] | '(weather) is cold' | Contrasts with voiced /m/. | |
| Burmese[1] | နှစ်/hnac | [n̥ɪʔ] | 'two' | ||
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik[2] | ceńa | [t͡səˈn̥a] | 'edge' | ||
| English | RP | chutney | [t̠ʃˈʌt͡n̥ːɪ] | chutney | [3] |
| cotton | [kˈɒtn̥ˈ] | cotton | |||
| Some dialects | knee | [n̥iː] | knee | Occurs in several dialects. Maybe same as /n/ instead. | |
| Estonian[4] | lasn | [ˈlɑsn̥] | 'wooden peel' | Word-final allophone of /n/ after /t, s, h/.[4] See Estonian phonology | |
| Hmong | White Hmong | hnub | [n̥u˥] | 'day' | Contrasts with voiced /n/. In Green Mong, it has merged with /n/.[5] |
| Icelandic[6] | hnífur | [ˈn̥iːvʏr̥] | 'knife' | See Icelandic phonology | |
| Jalapa Mazatec[7] | hne | [n̥ɛ] | 'falls' | Contrasts with a voiced and a laryngealized alveolar nasal. | |
| Kildin Sami[8] | чоӊтэ/čohnte | [t͡ʃɔn̥te] | 'to turn' | ||
| Welsh[9] | fy nhad | [və n̥aːd] | 'my father' | Occurs as the nasal mutation of /t/. See Welsh phonology | |
| Xumi | Lower[10] | [n̥ɑ̃˦] | 'fur, animal hair' | Contrasts with the voiced /n/.[10][11] | |
| Upper[11] | [n̥ɔ̃˦] | ||||
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 111.
- ^ Jacobson (1995), p. 3.
- ^ Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 282. ISBN 0-521-24224-X.
- ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
- ^ Ratliff (2003), p. 24.
- ^ Árnason (2011), p. 115.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 107.
- ^ Kuruch (1985), p. 529.
- ^ Jones (1984), p. 51.
- ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367.
- ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
References
edit- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199229314
- Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157[permanent dead link]
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169[permanent dead link]
- Jacobson, Steven (1995), A Practical Grammar of the Central Alaskan Yup'ik Eskimo Language, Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, ISBN 978-1-55500-050-9
- Jones, Glyn E. (1984), "The distinctive vowels and consonants of Welsh", in Martin J. Ball and Glyn E. Jones (ed.), Welsh Phonology: Selected Readings, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 40–64, ISBN 0-7083-0861-9
- Kuruch, Rimma (1985), Краткий грамматический очерк саамского языка (PDF) (in Russian), Moscow
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Ratliff, Martha (2003). "Hmong secret languages: themes and variations". In Bradley, David; LaPolla, Randy; Michialovsky, Boyd; Thurgood, Graham (eds.). Language variation: Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff. Australian National University. pp. 21–34. doi:10.15144/PL-555.21. hdl:1885/146727. ISBN 0-85883-540-1.