In the Book of Genesis, Tamar (/ˈteɪmər/; Hebrew: תָּמָר, Modern: Tamar pronounced [taˈmaʁ], Tiberian: Tāmār pronounced [tʰɔːˈmɔːr], date palm) was the daughter-in-law of Judah (twice), as well as the mother of two of his children: the twins Perez and Zerah.[1]
Genesis narrative
editIn Genesis chapter 38, Tamar is first described as marrying Judah's eldest son, Er. Because of his wickedness, Er was killed by God.[2] By way of a levirate union,[3] Judah asked his second son, Onan, to provide offspring for Tamar so that the family line might continue. This could have substantial economic repercussions, with any son born deemed the heir of the deceased Er, and able to claim the firstborn's double share of inheritance. However, if Er was childless, Onan would inherit as the oldest surviving son.[4]
Onan performed coitus interruptus. His action displeased God and so, like his older brother, God killed him. At this point, Judah is portrayed as viewing Tamar to be cursed and therefore as being reluctant to give her his remaining and youngest son Shelah. Rather, he tells Tamar to wait for Shelah. However, even after Shelah has grown up, Judah still does not give Tamar to him in marriage.[5]
Judah and Tamar
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After Shelah had grown up, Judah became a widower. After Judah mourned the death of his wife, he planned on going to Timnath to shear his sheep. Upon hearing this news, Tamar disguised herself as a prostitute and immediately went to Timnath which was en route to Judah's destination. Upon arriving at a place near Timnath, where two roads met,[6] Judah saw the woman but did not recognize her as Tamar because of the veil she wore over her face. Thinking she was a prostitute, he requested her services. Tamar's plan was to become pregnant by this ruse so that she might bear a child in Judah's line, since Judah had not given her to his son Shelah. So she played the part of a prostitute and struck a bargain with Judah for a goat, secured by his staff, seal, and cord. When Judah was able to have a goat sent to Timnath, in order to collect his staff, seal, and cord, the woman was nowhere to be found and no one knew of any prostitute in Timnath.[7]
Three months later, Tamar was reported to Judah by family members to be pregnant. Upon hearing this news, Judah ordered that she be burned to death. Tamar sent the staff, seal, and cord to Judah with a message declaring that the owner of these items was the man who had made her pregnant. Upon recognizing these items as his security, Judah released Tamar from her sentence. Tamar gave birth to twins, Perez and Zerah. Their birth is reminiscent of the birth of Rebekah's twin sons. The midwife marks Zerah's hand with a scarlet cord when he emerges first from the womb, though Perez is born first.[4] Perez is identified in the Book of Ruth as the ancestor of King David.[8] The Genesis narrative also makes a note that Judah praised Tamar's righteousness and did not have further sexual relations with her. [9]
According to Ethiopic tradition, Perez became the king of Persia.[10]
Narrative criticism
editLiterary critics have focused on the relationship between the Judah story in chapter 38 and the Joseph story in chapters 37 and 39. Victor P. Hamilton notes some "intentional literary parallels" between the chapters, such as the exhortation to "identify" (38:25–26 and 37:32–33).[11] John Emerton regards the connections as evidence for including chapter 38 in the J corpus, and suggests that the J writer dovetailed the Joseph and Judah traditions.[12] Derek Kidner points out that the insertion of chapter 38 "creates suspense for the reader",[13] but Robert Alter goes further and suggests it is a result of the "brilliant splicing of sources by a literary artist." He notes that the same verb "identify” will play "a crucial thematic role in the dénouement of the Joseph story when he confronts his brothers in Egypt, he recognizing them, they failing to recognize him."[14]
J. A. Emerton also suggests that the Judah and Tamar narrative contains "aetiological motifs concerned with the eponymous ancestors of the clans of Judah.'[15] Emerton notes that Dillman and Noth considered the account of the deaths of Er and Onan to "reflect the dying out of two clans of Judah bearing their names, or at least of their failure to maintain a separate existence." However, this view was "trenchantly criticized" by Thomas L. Thompson.[15]
Along with the account of Lot and his daughters[16] Tamar and Judah is one of two instances of sperm stealing in the Bible, in which a woman seduces a male relative under false pretenses in order to become pregnant. Each case involves a direct ancestor of King David.[17]
Jewish views
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According to the Talmud, Judah's confession of guilt itself atoned for some of his prior faults, and resulted in his being divinely rewarded by a share in the future world.[18] The Talmud also suggests that Tamar's actions were for the purpose of avoiding Judah's humiliation,[19][20] although the Genesis Rabbah portrays her as boastful and unashamed in regard to the pregnancy itself.[21]
Both the Genesis Rabbah and Talmud state that Tamar was an Israelite,[22][23] and that Judah ended up marrying her and had further sexual liaisons with her as a result.[24]
However, some argue that Tamar was Canaanite, since her father's residence was not implied to be outside of Canaan.[25] She is also theorized to be the daughter of Melchizedek. One reason includes Judah prescribing a penalty similar to the one in Leviticus 21:9 against Tamar. In addition, Melchizedek was the only Canaanite priest who worshiped the "one true God".[26]
Frymer-Kensky finds Tamar's traits of assertiveness in action, willingness to be unconventional, and deep loyalty to family to be qualities that distinguish her descendant, King David.[4]
According to Legends of the Jews, Tamar was endowed with a prophetic gift which allowed her to know the future of her descendants. From this gift, she knew that she would be the ancestress of royal line of David and mighty prophets. While she was standing in gate of Timnah and wearing a veil; Judah, who was intoxicated from wine that twisted his understanding away,[27] came to her. After that, he left her with three symbolical pledges; his staff, the stay of Tribe of Judah; his mantle, representation of his strength; and his signet-diadem, the glory of kingdom of Judah.[28] When her state became known, Tamar was dragged before the court, in which Isaac, Jacob, and Judah as the judges.
As a judge, Judah gave a decision that Tamar was liable to the death penalty by burning according to the law, for she was the daughter of the high priest (Shem) who was accused of leading an unchaste demeanor. After Tamar showed the three pledges from the man who came to her, Judah's countenance grew pale to green color when he publicly confessed his relationship with her.[29][30]
Christian views
editAccording to the Gospel of Matthew, Judah and Tamar are ancestors of Jesus through their son Perez.[31]
Chronological issues
editTogether with the brief preceding narrative of the birth of Er, Onan, and Shelah, and the subsequent narrative of the birth of Perez's children, the passage is often regarded as presenting a significant chronological issue, since it is surrounded by a narrative concerning Joseph; before the passage occurs, Joseph is described as being 17 years old,[32] and after the passage, Joseph is described as meeting up with Judah 9 years after[33][34] Joseph reached 30 years of age.[35]
The gap, a maximum of 22 years, is somewhat small to contain within it Judah's first marriage, the birth of Er and Onan, Er's marriage to Tamar, Tamar's subsequent pregnancy by Judah, and the birth of Judah's children (Judah was the father and his daughter-in-law, Tamar, was the mother); the passage is also widely regarded as an abrupt change to the surrounding narrative Joseph story. According to some textual scholars, the reason for these features is that the passage derives from the Jahwist source, while the immediately surrounding narrative is from the Elohist, the two being spliced together at a later date.[36][37][38]
The Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary proposes that Judah was about 20 years old when he settled in Adullam and that his sons, Er and Onan, were 17 years old when they married. The sons of Hezron and Hamul were considered to be part of Jacob's family that moved to Egypt since they were born there. [39]
Family tree
edit| Judah | daughter of Shuah | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Er | Tamar | Onan | Shelah | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Perez and Zerah | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also
editNotes and citations
edit- ^ Genesis 38:29–30
- ^ Dancy, J. The Divine Drama: the Old Testament as Literature, ISBN 978-0-7188-2987-2, 2002, p. 92
- ^ Deut 25:5–10
- ^ a b c Frymer-Kensky, Tikva (20 March 2009). "Tamar: Bible". Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved August 6, 2014 – via jwa.org.
- ^ Genesis 38:6–14
- ^ In the Hebrew text, Tamar is said to have sat down "at the entrance of Enaim", explained by various commentators to either mean a juncture of two roads (Aramaic Targum), or else a place by that name (Commentator), or else in an open-place where all eyes could gaze upon her (Midrash).
- ^ Genesis 38:12–23
- ^ Ruth 4:18–22
- ^ Genesis 38:24–30
- ^ Negast, Kebra. "Chapter 77". Ethiopian Book of the Kings' Glory.
- ^ Hamilton, Victor P. (1995). "Chapters 18–50". The Book of Genesis. NICOT; Eerdmans. pp. 431–432.
- ^ J. A. Emerton, "Some problems,” 349. Emerton also suggests (p. 360) that in J, this story “never stood anywhere but between the accounts of the selling of Joseph into slavery and the doings of Joseph in Egypt.”
- ^ Kidner, Derek (2008). Genesis: An Introduction and Commentary. IVP. p. 187.
- ^ Alter, Robert (1981). The Art of Biblical Narrative. Basic Books. p. 10.
- ^ a b J. A. Emerton, "Judah and Tamar", Vetus Testamentum 29 [1979], 405.
- ^ Genesis 19:30–38
- ^ Yaron, Shlomith (February 2001). "Sperm stealing: a moral crime by three of David's ancestresses". Bible Review. 17 (1). Archived from the original on 2021-09-18.
- ^ Sotah 7b
- ^ Berakot 43a
- ^ Sotah 12b
- ^ Genesis Rabbah 85:11
- ^ Genesis Rabbah 85:9
- ^ Sotah 10a
- ^ Sotah 10b
- ^ Genesis 38:11
- ^ Bauckham, Richard (1995). "Tamar's Ancestry and Rahab's Marriage: Two Problems in the Matthean Genealogy". Novum Testamentum. 37 (4): 313–329. doi:10.1163/1568536952663168. JSTOR 1561365 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Ginzberg, Louis (1909). The Legends of the Jews Volume II: Judah Warns against Greed and Unchastity (Translated by Henrietta Szold) Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.
- ^ Ginzberg, Louis (1909). The Legends of the Jews Volume II: Judah and His Sons (Translated by Henrietta Szold) Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.
- ^ Ginzberg, Louis (1909). The Legends of the Jews Volume III: The Stones in the Breastplate (Translated by Henrietta Szold) Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.
- ^ Genesis Rabbah 85.10.
- ^ Matthew 1:1–3
- ^ Genesis 37:2
- ^ Genesis 41:53
- ^ Genesis 45:6
- ^ Genesis 41:46
- ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
- ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
- ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, Who wrote the Bible?
- ^ "Genesis 38 Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary". Biblehub.com. 2024. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). "Tamar". Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.
External links
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Media related to Tamar (Genesis) at Wikimedia Commons