Wikipedia

Star Alliance

Star Alliance is an airline alliance headquartered in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.[6] Founded on 14 May 1997, it was the world's first global airline alliance.[2] As of April 2024, it is also the world's largest airline alliance by market share, holding 17.4%, compared to 13.7% for SkyTeam and 11.9% for Oneworld.[7]

Star Alliance
Launch date14 May 1997; 27 years ago (1997-05-14)
Full members25
Non-voting members40 affiliates
Destination airports1,294[1]
Destination countries195[2]
Annual passengers (M)762[2]
Annual RPK (G)1,739[1]
Fleet size5,033[1]
HeadquartersFrankfurt am Main, Germany[3]
Management
Alliance sloganTogether. Better. Connected.
Websitestaralliance.com

Star Alliance has 25 member airlines that operate a combined fleet of over 5,000 aircraft, serving more than 1,290 airports in 195 countries on more than 19,000 daily departures. The alliance has a two-tier rewards program, Silver and Gold, with incentives including priority boarding and upgrades. Like other airline alliances, Star Alliance airlines share airport terminals (known as co-locations), and many member planes are painted in the alliance's livery.

History

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"The Star Alliance is Born" – airliners of the five founding members (United Airlines, Scandinavian Airlines, Thai Airways International, Air Canada and Lufthansa) of the alliance gathered together, May 1997

1997–1999: Founding and early years

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On May 14, 1997, an agreement forming the Star Alliance was announced with five airlines across three continents: United Airlines, Scandinavian Airlines, Thai Airways International, Air Canada, and Lufthansa.[8][9] The alliance chose Young & Rubicam for advertising, with a budget of $25 million (€18 million).[10] The airlines shared the star logo from the beginning, with its five points representing the founding airlines. The alliance adopted its first slogan, "The Airline Network for Earth",[8] with its goal being "an alliance that will take passengers to every major city on Earth".[9]

The now defunct Brazilian airline VARIG joined Star Alliance[8][11] on 22 October 1997, extending the alliance into South America. Also joining were Ansett Australia and Air New Zealand, expanding Star Alliance to Australia and the Pacific.[12] With the addition of the latter two carriers, the alliance served 720 destinations in 110 countries with a combined fleet of 1,650 aircraft. The next airline to join the alliance is Japan's All Nippon Airways on 15 October 1999, making it the second Asian airline in the alliance.[13][14]

2000s: Expansion and first decade

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During the early 2000s, a number of airlines joined Star Alliance; the Austrian Airlines Group (Austrian Airlines, Tyrolean Airways and Lauda Air) joined on 26 March 2000[15][16] and Singapore Airlines on 1 April.[17] BMI (British Midland) and Mexicana joined on 1 July, bringing the alliance's membership to 13.[18] With Singapore Airlines' entry into the alliance, Thai Airways considered moving to OneWorld, but eventually decided to remain.[19] The addition of BMI made London Heathrow the only European hub with two alliances. During the year, Emirates considered joining Star Alliance, but decided against it.[20] That year the now-defunct BWIA West Indies Airways, which had entered an alliance with United Airlines, considered becoming a member but did not.[21] In 2000, the alliance also opened its first three business centers (in Los Angeles, Frankfurt, and Bangkok) and announced the formation of an Alliance Management Team (AMT), the partnership's executive body.[22] In September 2001, Ansett Australia (the alliance's only Australian member) left Star Alliance due to bankruptcy, giving most of the Australian market to Qantas (a Oneworld member). That year, Star Alliance announced the appointment of a new CEO, Jaan Albrecht.[22]

Partner airlines promoted the Star Alliance brand with a ‘Round the World’ ticket (RWT) that offered choices of 19,000, 21,000, and 23,000 miles with stopovers of 15 cities valid for one year.[23]

Asiana Airlines joined the alliance on March 1, 2003,[24] Spanair on May 1, 2003,[25] followed by LOT Polish Airlines (Poland's flag carrier) joining in October.[26] Around this time, Mexicana Airlines left the alliance after deciding not to renew a codeshare agreement with United Airlines, later joining Oneworld.[22] US Airways joined the alliance in May 2004,[27] becoming its second US-based airline. In November Adria Airways, Blue1 and Croatia Airlines joined the alliance as its first three regional members.[28]

Although Star Alliance invited Lineas Aereas Azteca in 2005 to join in mid-2007, the airline filed for bankruptcy. TAP Air Portugal joined on 14 March 2005, adding African destinations to the network.[29][30] In April 2006, Swiss International Air Lines, the alliance's sixth European airline, and South African Airways (its first African carrier) became the 17th and 18th members.[31]

By May 2007, Star Alliance's 10th anniversary, its members had a combined 16,000 daily departures to 855 destinations in 155 countries and served 406 million passengers annually. The alliance introduced Biosphere Connections, a partnership with UNESCO, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands to promote environmental sustainability.[32][33]

Today, nearly 30% of global air travellers use the services of our member carriers or, looking at it from an overall industry perspective, two-thirds of worldwide air travellers use one of the three airline alliances.

— Jaan Albrecht, former Star Alliance CEO[34]

VARIG left the alliance on 31 January 2007,[35] and the two Chinese airlines, Air China and Shanghai Airlines, joined on 12 December.[36]

On 1 April 2008, Turkish Airlines joined the alliance after a 15-month integration process beginning in December 2006, becoming its 20th member.[37] EgyptAir, Egypt's national airline and Star Alliance's second African carrier, joined on 11 July 2008.[38]

On 27 October 2009, Continental Airlines became the 25th member of Star Alliance after leaving SkyTeam three days earlier. According to alliance CEO Jaan Albrecht, "Bringing Continental Airlines into Star Alliance has been a truly unique experience. This is the first time an airline has moved directly from one alliance to another, and I would like to thank all those involved in ensuring a smooth switch". At the time, it was rumored that the switch was Continental's first move in a planned merger with United Airlines.[39] Two months later, Brussels Airlines joined the alliance.[40]

2010s: Further expansion and second decade of operations

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Four members of Star Alliance at Tokyo Narita Airport: Thai, United, Swiss and SAS

Brazilian carrier TAM Airlines joined Star Alliance on 13 May 2010,[41] increasing its foothold in South America.[42] Aegean Airlines, Greece's largest airline by number of passengers, joined on 30 June.[43]

Shanghai Airlines left the alliance on 31 October 2010 when it merged with China Eastern Airlines, a SkyTeam member.[44] On 29 September, the chief executive board approved Ethiopian Airlines as Star Alliance's 30th member, though Ethiopian did not officially join the alliance until December of the following year.[45][46] In 2010 the alliance flew to 1,172 airports in 181 countries, with about 21,200 daily departures.[45]

Since 2011, the alliance has gained several large members, but it has lost others due to collapse or mergers. On 13 December 2011, Ethiopian Airlines joined, adding five countries and 24 destinations to the alliance's map.[47]

2012 and 2013 were tumultuous years for Star Alliance, starting with two key departures but ending with a major move into Latin America. In Europe, Spanair ceased operations, and BMI left after being acquired by International Airlines Group (IAG), the parent company of Oneworld members Iberia and British Airways. BMI was integrated into British Airways.[48][49] In North America, Continental merged with United Airlines, reducing Star Alliance's membership further, even if it effectively remained in the alliance after the merger.[50] On 21 June, though, Avianca, TACA Airlines and Copa Airlines joined, massively increasing the alliance's Latin American presence.[51] In November, Blue1 left after becoming an affiliate of parent Scandinavian Airlines.[52] and Shenzhen Airlines joined, augmenting Air China's Chinese network.[53] Taiwanese carrier EVA Air then joined on 18 June 2013, and after TACA's integration into Avianca, the alliance grew to 28 members, making it the largest of the three major airline alliances.[54][55] On 13 December, Air India was again invited to begin an integration process with Star Alliance and joined the alliance on 11 July 2014.[56]

Following this string of expansions, 2014 opened with two major departures through mergers. First, Brazilian carrier TAM Airlines merged with LAN Airlines to become LATAM Airlines Group, leaving the alliance without a presence in the world's fifth-largest country.[57] Next, US Airways completed its merger with American Airlines and also left the alliance.[58] Both parent companies stayed with Oneworld. On 24 June, though, the alliance finally approved Air India, which joined on 11 July, leaving the alliance at 27 members.[59][60][61][62]

Future expansion centers around the addition of Connecting Partners, subsidiaries or partners of alliance members which will add connectivity to the alliance without becoming full members. Avianca Brasil joined in this way on 22 July 2015, bringing the alliance back into the Brazilian market and partially filling the void left by TAM.[63] South African Airways' low-cost subsidiary, Mango, was initially announced to join as a Connecting Partner in Q3 2016,[64] but has since been delayed. Juneyao Airlines, which codeshares with Shenzhen Airlines, joined as a Connecting Partner on 23 May 2017.[65][66][67] On 20 August 2019, Star Alliance announced affiliate member Avianca Brasil's exit from the alliance from 1 September 2019. The departure, however, won't affect Avianca's membership.[68][69] On 30 September 2019, Adria Airways ceased operations, and the airline exited the alliance on 2 October 2019.[70]

2020s: 25th anniversary and restructuring of several member airlines

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The now-defunct regional subsidiary of Thai Airways, Thai Smile joined as a Connecting Partner in February 2020.[71] In January 2024, the Thai Smile brand was discontinued and folded into the parent airline as a result of the reorganization of Thai Airways International following bankruptcy.[72]

On 16 November 2020, Asiana Airlines announced their plans to exit the alliance.[73] Asiana will merge with Korean Air, the South Korean Government confirmed, in a $1.6 billion acquisition by the SkyTeam member.[74]

In 2022, Lufthansa Group announced plans to buy a 41% stake in ITA Airways, a SkyTeam member.[75] The European Commission approved the group's purchase of ITA's 41% stake in July 2024.[76] ITA would join Star Alliance in 2026 or 2027.[77]

On October 2023, as a part of the restructuring of Scandinavian Airlines' parent company SAS Group, Air France-KLM, along with the Government of Denmark and two financial firms announced plans to invest in Scandinavian Airlines. In March 2024, US Bankruptcy Court approved the investment along with Stockholm District Court in 12 June 2024 and European Commission on 28 June 2024. As a result of the investment, Scandinavian Airlines left Star Alliance on 31 August 2024 and joined SkyTeam in 1 September 2024.[78][79][80]

Member airlines and affiliates

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Air Canada, Lufthansa, Scandinavian Airlines, Thai Airways International, and United Airlines are the 5 founding members of the alliance.

Members and affiliates

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Member[81] Joined Member Affiliates
  Aegean Airlines 30 June 2010   Olympic Air
  Air Canada[A] 14 May 1997   Air Canada Express[C]
  Air Canada Rouge
  Air China 12 December 2007   Air China Inner Mongolia
  Beijing Airlines
  Dalian Airlines
  Air India 11 July 2014   Air India Express
  Air New Zealand 3 May 1999 —
  All Nippon Airways 15 October 1999   Air Japan
  ANA Wings
  Asiana Airlines 28 March 2003   Air Busan
  Air Seoul
  Austrian Airlines 26 March 2000 —
  Avianca 21 June 2012   Avianca Costa Rica
  Avianca Ecuador
  Avianca El Salvador
  Avianca Express
  Avianca Guatemala
  Brussels Airlines 9 December 2009 —
  Copa Airlines 21 June 2012   Copa Airlines Colombia
  Croatia Airlines 18 November 2004 —
  Egyptair 11 July 2008
  Ethiopian Airlines 13 December 2011
  EVA Air 18 June 2013   UNI Air
  LOT Polish Airlines 26 October 2003 —
  Lufthansa[A] 14 May 1997   Air Dolomiti
  Lufthansa CityLine
  Lufthansa City Airlines
  Shenzhen Airlines 29 November 2012 —
  Singapore Airlines 1 April 2000
   Scoot
  South African Airways 10 April 2006 —
  Swiss International Air Lines 1 April 2006   Edelweiss Air
  TAP Air Portugal 14 March 2005   TAP Express[E]
  Thai Airways International[A] 14 May 1997 —
  Turkish Airlines 1 April 2008
  United Airlines[A] 14 May 1997   United Express[F]

AFounding member.
BAffiliate is a wholly owned subsidiary that operates flights for its parent company (the member) under a different name.
CAffiliate is a majority owned subsidiary of its parent company (the member) under a different name.
DAir Canada Express flights are operated by Jazz Aviation and PAL Airlines.
ETAP Express flights are operated by Portugália Airlines.
FUnited Express flights are operated by CommuteAir, GoJet Airlines, Mesa Airlines, Republic Airways and SkyWest Airlines.

 
 
ATH
 
YUL
 
YYZ
 
YVR
 
PEK
 
PKX
 
CTU
 
DEL
 
AKL
 
HND
 
NRT
 
ICN
 
VIE
 
BOG
 
BRU
 
PTY
 
ZAG
 
CAI
 
ADD
 
TPE
 
WAW
 
FRA
 
MUC
 
SZX
 
SIN
 
JNB
 
ZRH
 
LIS
 
BKK
 
IST
 
DEN
 
GUM
 
ORD
 
IAH
 
LAX
 
EWR
 
SFO
 
IAD
 
BOM
class=notpageimage|
Star Alliance members hubs

Connecting Partners

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Connecting Partner Joined Affiliates
  Juneyao Air[65] 23 May 2017 —

Intermodal partners

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Since August 2022, the German railway provider Deutsche Bahn has been the first intermodal partner of the Star Alliance, whose airlines have been able to assign their own flight numbers for trains.[82][83]

Former members

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Former member Joined Exited Affiliates Notes
  Adria Airways 18 November 2004 30 September 2019   Darwin Airline Ceased operations on 30 September 2019.
  Ansett Australia 3 May 1999 12 September 2001   Aeropelican Air Services
  Hazelton Airlines
  Kendell Airlines
  Skywest Airlines
  Ansett New Zealand 		Suffered financial collapse on 12 September 2001.[84] Ansett resumed operations on 1 October 2001, but would permanently cease operations on 4 March 2002. In 2002, Hazelton and Kendell merged to become Rex Airlines.
  Blue1 3 November 2004 1 November 2012 — Left the alliance on 1 November 2012 after SAS took over mainline operations, was a member affiliate of Scandinavian Airlines, and is now a part of CityJet.[52][85]
  British Midland International 1 July 2000 20 April 2012   BMI Regional
  Bmibaby 		Merged into British Airways, an International Airlines Group division and a Oneworld member, on 20 April 2012.[48]
  Continental Airlines 27 October 2009 3 March 2012   Continental Connection
  Continental Express
  Continental Micronesia 		Merged with United Airlines on 3 March 2012.[86]
  Mexicana 1 July 2000 31 March 2004   Aerocaribe Left the alliance in 2004 after deciding not to renew a codeshare alliance with United Airlines, opting instead to codeshare with American Airlines and then joined Oneworld in 2009. Ceased operations on 28 August 2010.[87]
  Shanghai Airlines 12 December 2007 31 October 2010   China United Airlines Acquired by China Eastern Airlines, a SkyTeam member, on 31 October 2010.[88]
  Spanair 1 May 2003 27 January 2012   AeBal Ceased operations on 27 January 2012.[89]
 
  Scandinavian Airlines
  		14 May 1997 31 August 2024   SAS Connect Founding member; acquired by Air France–KLM, two SkyTeam members.[90]
  TACA Airlines 21 June 2012 27 May 2013   TACA Regional Merged with Avianca on 27 May 2013; renamed Avianca El Salvador.
  TAM Airlines 13 May 2010 30 March 2014   TAM Paraguay Merged with LAN Airlines, a Oneworld member, on 30 March 2014.
  US Airways 4 May 2004 30 March 2014   US Airways Express
  US Airways Shuttle
  MetroJet 		Merged with American Airlines, a Oneworld member, on 30 March 2014.[91]
  VARIG 22 October 1997 31 January 2007   Nordeste
  Rio Sul
  PLUNA 		Ceased operations on 20 July 2006.[35]

Former affiliates of current members

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Member Former affiliate Joined Exited Notes
  Air Canada   Air Alliance
1997
1999
 Folded into Air Canada Express[92]
  Air BC
1997
2001
 Folded into Air Canada Express[92]
  Air Canada Tango
2001
2004
 Folded into Air Canada.[93]
  Air Nova
1997
2001
 Folded into Air Canada Express[92]
  Air Ontario
1997
2001
  Zip
2002
2004
 Folded into Air Canada.[94]
  Air India   AIX Connect
2022
2024
 Folded into Air India Express.
  Alliance Air
2014
2022
 Formerly Air India Regional. From 15 April 2022, no longer part of Air India after its divestment and an independent Business unit under the Government of India. Thus no longer a member of Star Alliance.
  Air New Zealand   Air Nelson
1999
2019
 Folded into Air New Zealand.
  Mount Cook Airlines
1999
2019
  All Nippon Airways   Air Next
2004
2010
 Merged with ANA Wings[95]
  Air Nippon
1999
2012
  Avianca   Avianca Brasil
2015
2019
 Ceased operations after filing for bankruptcy protection.
  Avianca Perú
2012
2020
 Ceased operations when Avianca filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy amid the COVID-19 pandemic.[96]
  Austrian Airlines   Lauda Air
2000
2013
 Replaced by Austrian Airlines operations, now known as Austrian myHoliday.[97]
  Tyrolean Airways
2000
2015
 Folded into Austrian Airlines[98]
  Brussels Airlines Korongo Airlines
2009
2015
 Folded into Brussels Airlines[99]
  EgyptAir   EgyptAir Express
2006
2019
 Merged with EgyptAir
  LOT Polish Airlines   Centralwings
2004
2009
 Folded into LOT Polish Airlines[100]
  Lufthansa   Lufthansa Italia
2009
2011
 Folded into Lufthansa[101]
    Scandinavian Airlines   Blue1
2012
2015
 Folded into Cityjet[52][85]
  Singapore Airlines   Silkair
1989
2021
 Folded into Singapore Airlines. Some routes transferred to Scoot.[102]
  Tigerair
2003
2017
 Merged into Scoot.[103]
  South African Airways   South African Express
2006
2020
 Folded into South African Airways.
  Swiss International Air Lines   Swiss Global Air Lines
2007
2018
 Folded into Swiss International Air Lines after being dissolved.
  Swiss Private Aviation
2007
2011
 Absorbed into Swiss International Air Lines.[104]
  Thai Airways International   Thai Smile
2011
2024
 Folded into Thai Airways[105]
  Turkish Airlines   AnadoluJet
2008
2024
 Re-established as AJet.
  Cyprus Turkish Airlines
2008
2010
 Folded into Turkish Airlines[106]
  United Airlines   United Shuttle
1997
2001
 Became part of United Airlines.[107]
  TED
2004
2009
 Folded into United Airlines.[108]

Customer services

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Frequent flyer programs, Star Alliance Silver and Gold status

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Status miles can be earned across all Star Alliance member airlines’ frequent flyer programs using a single frequent flyer card, allowing members to attain Star Alliance Silver status or progress to Gold status. Membership in any Star Alliance airline program grants full access to the entire Star Alliance network without the need to register with any additional program.

The more a customer flies on the Star Alliance network, the faster miles or points can be earned, which can be used redeem for a reward ticket or upgrade, along with several other rewards in specific airlines. Customers will have to provide their frequent flyer number when booking flights or when checking in whenever they fly with any Star Alliance member airline in eligible booking classes, for miles or points to be credited to their account.

The higher-tier status levels of each member airline’s frequent flyer programs are aligned with the two uniformly recognized Star Alliance status levels: Star Alliance Silver and Star Alliance Gold. These two status levels entitle special Star Alliance premium customer benefits and privileges. Several programs have premium statuses beyond Gold, but these statuses are still considered under Gold status within the overall Star Alliance network.

Star Alliance Silver grants customers within the frequent-flyer program access to priority reservations waitlist and priority airport stand-by.[109][110] Star Alliance Gold is given to customers who have reached a higher level of a member airline's frequent-flyer program. Benefits are priority reservations waitlist, airport stand-by, check-in and baggage handling; an additional checked luggage allowance of 20 kilograms (44 lb) (or one extra piece, where the piece rule applies), and access to designated Star Alliance Gold lounges the day and place of departure with the presentation of a Star Alliance boarding pass. Some airlines also offer preferred seating (an exit seat or a special section of the plane); guaranteed seating on fully booked flights, subject to the booking class code and notice period, and free upgrades in the form of a voucher, certificate or automatic upgrade at check-in. United restricts US lounge access for their Gold Members to long-haul international passengers; Gold members from other carriers are welcome in US lounges run by United on all itineraries.[110]

It is possible to join multiple member airline frequent flyer programmes. However, as they are each managed separately, miles or points can neither be transferred between programs nor be consolidated into a single program. Therefore, using a single frequent flyer programme provides a faster path towards attaining Star Alliance Silver or Star Alliance Gold.[111][112]

Frequent flyer program list by airline and Star Alliance status equivalents
Airline Frequent flyer program Star Alliance Silver
equivalent status(es) 		Star Alliance Gold
equivalent status(es)
  Austrian Airlines Miles & More Frequent Traveller Senator
HON Circle
  Brussels Airlines
  Croatia Airlines
  LOT Polish Airlines
  Lufthansa
  Swiss International Air Lines
  Aegean Airlines Miles+Bonus Miles+Bonus Silver Miles+Bonus Gold
  Air Canada Aeroplan[113] 25K
35K 		50K
75K
Super Elite 100K
  Air China PhoenixMiles Silver Gold
Platinum
  Shenzhen Airlines
  Air India Flying Returns Silver Gold
Platinum[114]
  Air New Zealand Airpoints Silver Gold
Elite
  All Nippon Airways ANA Mileage Club Bronze Super Flyers
Diamond
Platinum
  Asiana Airlines Asiana Club Gold Diamond
Diamond Plus
Platinum
  Avianca LifeMiles Silver Gold
Diamond
Cenit
  Copa Airlines ConnectMiles ConnectMilesSilver Gold
Platinum
Presidential Platinum
  Egyptair EgyptAir Plus Silver Gold
Elite
Platinum
  Ethiopian Airlines ShebaMiles Silver Gold
Platinum
  EVA Air Infinity MileageLands Silver Gold
Diamond
    Scandinavian Airlines EuroBonus Silver Gold
Diamond
Pandion
  Singapore Airlines KrisFlyer Elite Silver Elite Gold
PPS Club
Solitaire PPS Club
  South African Airways Voyager Silver Gold
Platinum
  TAP Air Portugal Miles&Go Silver Gold
Navigator
  Thai Airways International Royal Orchid Plus Silver Gold
Platinum
  Turkish Airlines Miles & Smiles Classic Plus Elite
Elite Plus
  United Airlines MileagePlus Premier Silver Premier Gold
Premier Platinum
Premier 1K
Global Services

Codeshares

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The common use of codeshare agreements led to suspicions of anti-competitive behavior. The European Union suspected the alliance of operating as a virtual merger of its members, with speculation that, if regulations were relaxed, the members might merge into one corporation.[115]

In 2004, Star Alliance introduced a "regional" concept to expand its reach through smaller regional carriers. To join, these regional members needed sponsorship from an existing alliance member. The alliance no longer labels airlines as "regional" members, instead referring to all 27 airlines simply as "members."[116]

By 2007, alliance members were operating 18,521 daily flights to 1,321 airports in 193 countries, with a fleet of 4,025 aircraft. The members collectively transported 627.52 million passengers and generated revenue of US$156.8 billion (€145 billion), holding 28 percent of the global market based on revenue passenger kilometers (RPK). Together, the alliance's carriers employed over 405,000 pilots, flight attendants, and other staff.

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Some Star Alliance members paint some of their aircraft with the alliance livery, usually a white fuselage with "Star Alliance" across it and a black tail fin with the alliance logo; the color or design of the engine cowlings or winglets remains, depending on the member's livery. Singapore Airlines and Air New Zealand were two exceptions: Singapore Airlines formerly kept its logo on the tails of its aircraft, but now uses the Star Alliance logo on white tails, while Air New Zealand now uses full black livery with reversed colored original Star Alliance livery elements. Asiana Airlines was the first Star Alliance member to paint its aircraft in the current Star Alliance livery.[117] Aircraft painted in an airline's regular livery have the Star Alliance logo between the cockpit and the first set of cabin doors, except double deck airliner like Boeing 747 and Airbus A380, which printed Star Alliance logo behind cockpit, and airliner with narrow space between the cockpit and the cabin door like the McDonnell Douglas DC-9\MD-80 and Comac ARJ21, which printed the Star Alliance logo under the cockpit or on the first cabin door.

References

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