Srikakulam district is one of the twenty-six districts of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, located in the Uttarandhra region of the state, with its headquarters located at Srikakulam.[5][6] It is one of the six districts, located in the extreme northeastern direction of the state. It was formerly known as Chicacole, and was under Ganjam district till 1 April 1936, then merged under Vizagapatam district. Srikakulam district forms the core area of Kalinga where most of its historical capitals like Kalinganagari, pithunda, Dantapuram are located.
Srikakulam district | |
|---|---|
     Category: Srimukhalingam Temple at Mukhalingam, Ruined Stupa near Salihundam, Kurmanathaswamy temple, Srikurmam, Dolmens near Dannanapeta, Buddhist site at Kalingapatnam | |
 Srikakulam district in Andhra Pradesh | |
 Interactive map outlining district | |
| Country |  India |
| State |  Andhra Pradesh |
| Region | Uttarandhra |
| Headquarters | Srikakulam |
| Administrative Divisions |
|
| Government | |
| • Lok Sabha constituencies | Srikakulam, Vizianagaram |
| • Assembly constituencies | 08 |
| Area | |
| • Total | 4,591 km2 (1,773 sq mi) |
| Population (2011)[2] | |
| • Total | 2,191,437 |
| • Density | 463/km2 (1,200/sq mi) |
| • Rank | 6th |
| • Urban [3]: 14 | 373,746 |
| • Households | 681,330 |
| • Sex ratio | 1,015 (females per 1,000 males) |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Telugu |
| Literacy | |
| • Literates | 1495381 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Postal Index Number | 532xxx |
| Area codes | +91–8942 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-AP |
| Vehicle registration | AP–39 (from 30 January 2019)[4] |
| Website | srikakulam |
History
edit Prehistory
editEvidence of early historic man and his activities during the Stone Age and Iron Age have been discovered at Sangamayya Konda and Dannanapeta. The speciality of Dannanapeta Iron Age megalithic site is a large single capstone as a dolmen with 36 ft in length and 14 ft in width and 2 ft thickness. Sailada Hills consists of 36 upright rocks and natural caves used for habitation by Iron Age man in Amudalavalasa mandal of the district.[7]
Jainism and Buddhism
edit
Evidences of Jain monuments and Buddhist remnants were discovered near Sangamayya Konda. Jain rock beds were discovered at Dannanapeta near Amudalavalasa in the district. Salihundam is a famous Buddhist remnants site on the south bank of River Vamsadhara 5 kilometres west of Kalingapatnam and 18 kilometres from Srikakulam town.[8]
Post Independence
editSrikakulam District was carved out in 1950 by bifurcating it from Visakhapatnam District. It remained unaffected in its territorial jurisdiction for some time. But in November 1969 the district lost 63 villages from Saluru Taluk and 44 villages from Bobbili Taluk on account of their transfer to the then newly constituted Gajapathinagaram Taluk of Visakhapatnam District.
In May 1979, the district underwent major territorial changes with the formation of a new district with headquarters at Vizianagaram which involved transfer of Salur, Bobbili, Parvathipuram and Cheepurupalli Taluks to the new district. Srikakulam's culture is a blend of traditional festivals, food, music and theatres.[9]
Geography
editSrikakulam district occupies an area of 4,591 square kilometres (1,773 sq mi),[10] comparatively equivalent to Trinidad and Tobago.[11] It is within the geographic coordinates of 18°-20’ and 19°-10’ N and 83°-50’ and 84°-50’ E. The district is skirted to a distance by Kandivalasagedda, Vamsadhara and Bahuda at certain stretches of their courses while a line of heights of the great Eastern Ghats run from the northeast. Vizianagaram district and Parvathipuram Manyam district flanks in the south and west while Odisha bounds it on the north and Bay of Bengal on the East. Srikakulam district can be divided into two main distinct natural divisions. A portion of Srikakulam district is plain terrain with intense agriculture and the other is rocky and hilly terrain covered with forests. Some of the Mahendragiri Hills covers Srikakulam district. Most of the forest area of the plain terrain has been damaged by intense agriculture. Kotthuru, Hiramandalam, Pathapatnam, Kalingadal reservoir and some other areas are still covered with dense forests. Srikakulam is 100 km (62 mi) north of Visakhapatnam. It has a population of 2,703,114 of which 10.98% is urban as of 2001. Srikakulam district has the longest coastline (about 193 km (120 mi)) in the state of Andhra Pradesh.
Major rivers flowing through the district are River Nagavali, River Vamsadhara, Mahendratanaya, Champavati, Bahuda, Kumbhikota Gedda, Suvarnamukhi, Vegavati, Gomukhi. The Nagavali and Vamsadhara are the major rivers in Srikakulam district. These two river basins together constitute about 5% of the area. The Mahendratanaya and Bahuda rivers are two minor river basins in the district. Others are Benjigedda, Peddagedda, Kandivalasa gedda. Major irrigation projects on these rivers — Vamsadhara Project, Narayanapuram Anicut, Thotapalli Regulator — and some medium projects at Pydigam Project, Onigadda provide a total ayacut of 69,373 acres (280.74 km2).
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1901 | 1,060,467 | — |
| 1911 | 1,101,199 | +0.38% |
| 1921 | 1,123,461 | +0.20% |
| 1931 | 1,222,767 | +0.85% |
| 1941 | 1,333,341 | +0.87% |
| 1951 | 1,405,792 | +0.53% |
| 1961 | 1,555,369 | +1.02% |
| 1971 | 1,769,968 | +1.30% |
| 1981 | 1,959,352 | +1.02% |
| 1991 | 2,321,126 | +1.71% |
| 2001 | 2,537,593 | +0.90% |
| 2011 | 2,703,114 | +0.63% |
| source:[12] | ||
According to the 2011 census Srikakulam district has a population of 2,703,114, roughly equal to the nation of Kuwait[13] or the US state of Nevada. This gives it a ranking of 147th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 462 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,200/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 6.38%.[14] Srikakulam has a sex ratio of 1014 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 62.3%.[15]
After reorganization the district had a population of 21,91,437, with a sex ratio of 1014 females to every 1000 males. 373,746 (17.05%) lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 1,85,890 (8.48%) and 94,371 (4.31%) of the population respectively.[15]: 86–89
At the time of the 2011 census, 92.34% of the population spoke Telugu, 6.18% Odia and 0.92% Sora as their first language.[17]
Household indicators
editAccording to 2007–08, International Institute for Population Sciences,[18] 86.9% had access to electricity, 70.4% had drinking water, 18.5% toilet facilities, and 47.2% lived in a pucca (permanent) home.[18] 31.5% of girls wed before the legal age of 18 and 90.1% of interviewees carried a BPL card.[18]
Politics
editSrikakulam (Lok Sabha constituency), Vizianagaram (Lok Sabha constituency)
The seven Assembly segments of Srikakulam Lok Sabha and One Assembly segment of Vijayanagaram Lok Sabha constituency are:
| Constituency number | Name | Reserved for (SC/ST/None) |
Lok Sabha constituency |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ichchapuram | None | Srikakulam |
| 2 | Palasa | None | |
| 3 | Tekkali | None | |
| 4 | Pathapatnam | None | |
| 5 | Srikakulam | None | |
| 6 | Amadalavalasa | None | |
| 7 | Narasannapeta | None | |
| 8 | Etcherla | None | Vizianagaram |
Cities and towns
editThere are one municipal corporation, three municipalities, two nagar panchayats and seven census towns. The municipal corporation in the district is Srikakulam and three municipalities in the district are Amadalavalasa, Ichchapuram, Palasa-Kasibugga. The six census towns are Balaga, Hiramandalam, Narasannapeta, Ponduru, Sompeta, Tekkali.
| Rank | Division | Pop. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Srikakulam | Srikakulam Division | 125,953 | ||||||
| 2 | Palasa | Palasa Division | 57,507 | ||||||
| 3 | Amudalavalasa | Srikakulam Division | 39,799 | ||||||
| 4 | Ichchapuram | Palasa Division | 36,478 | ||||||
| 5 | Tekkali | Tekkali Division | 28,637 | ||||||
| 6 | Narasannapeta | Srikakulam Division | 26,280 | ||||||
| 7 | Sompeta | Palasa Division | 18,778 | ||||||
| 8 | Pathapatnam | Tekkali Division | 15,954 | ||||||
| 9 | [[{{{city_9}}}]] | [[{{{div_9}}}]] | {{{pop_9}}} | ||||||
| 10 | [[{{{city_10}}}]] | [[{{{div_10}}}]] | {{{pop_10}}} | ||||||
Administrative divisions
edit
The district is divided into 3 revenue divisions: Palasa, Srikakulam and Tekkali, which are further subdivided into a total of 30 mandals, each headed by a sub-collector.[19]
Mandals
editThe list of 30 mandals in Srikakulam district, divided into 3 revenue divisions, is given below.[20][21]
Erstwhile Talukas
editBefore Formation of Mandals, Administration was done through Taluka system. Erstwhile Talukas in district is given below.
In 1978, the number of talukas in Srikakulam district was increased from 14 to 19. Later in 1985, 19 Talukas were divided into 60 mandals, out of which 14 talukas were in Srikakulam further bifurcated into 38 Mandals.
| S.No. | Erstwhile Talukas
in 1971 |
Newly Formed Talukas
in 1978 |
Newly Formed Mandals
in 1985 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Srikakulam | Srikakulam | Srikakulam, Gara, |
| Amadalavalasa | Amadalavalasa, Burja [part], Sarubujjili, | ||
| 2 | Palakonda | Palakonda | Palakonda, Vanagara, Burja [part], Seethampeta, |
| Rajam | Veeraghattam, Regidi, Rajam, Santhakaviti, | ||
| 3 | Pathapatnam | Pathapatnam | Pathapatnam, Kothuru [part], Hiramandalam[part], Saravakota, Meliaputti, Tekkali [part], |
| Hiramandalam | Hiramandalam[part], Bhamini, Kothuru [part], Lakshminarsupeta | ||
| 4 | Narasannapet | Narasannapet | Narasannapet, Polaki [part], |
| Kotabommali | Kotabommali [part], Polaki [part], Jalumuru, Santhabommali [part], | ||
| 5 | Tekkali | Tekkali | Tekkali [part], Kotabommali [part], Santhabommali [part], Nandigam [part], Varjapukothuru [part] |
| Palasa | Palasa, Nandigam [part], Varjapukothuru [part], | ||
| 6 | Sompeta | Sompeta | Sompeta, mandasa, |
| 7 | Ichchapuram | Ichchapuram | Ichchapuram, Kaviti, |
| 8 | Cheepurupalle | Ranasthalam | Ranasthalam, Laveru, |
| Ponduru | Ganguvari sigadam, Pondhuru, Etcherla, | ||
| ***Cheepurupalle [New Vizianagaram] | Vizianagaram District | ||
| 9 | Bobbili | ***Bobbili [New Vizianagaram] | |
| 10 | Salur | ***Salur [New Vizianagaram] | |
| 11 | Parvathipuram | ***Parvathipuram [New Vizianagaram] |
Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies
editThere are three Parliamentary Constituencies and 10 assembly constituencies in Srikakulam district. Parliamentary constituencies include Srikakulam, Araku, and Vizianagaram.[22]
The 10 Assembly Constituencies are Amadalavalasa, Rajam, Tekkali, Ichchapuram, Palasa, Narasannapeta, Palakonda, Pathapatnam, Srikakulam and Etcherla.
Municipalities in district
edit| S.No. | City / Town | Civic Status of Town | No.of
Wards |
Municipality
Formation year |
2011 Census Population | 2001 Census Population | 1991 Census Population | 1981 Census Population | 1971 Census Population | 1961 Census Population | 1951 Census Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Srikakulam | Municipal Corporation | 50 | 1856 | 1,37,944 | 1,17,320 | 88,883 | 68,145 | 45,179 | 35,071 | 24,212 |
| 2 | Palasa-Kasibugga | Municipality Grade - 2 | 31 | 2000 | 57,507 | 49,899 | 33,057 | 23,737 | 17,439 | -- | -- |
| 3 | Amadalavalasa | Municipality Grade - 2 | 27 | 1987 | 39,799 | 37,931 | 34,395 | 18,005 | 13,842 | -- | -- |
| 4 | Ichapuram | Municipality Grade - 3 | 23 | 1986 | 36,493 | 32,662 | 29,564 | 19,152 | 15,850 | 12,961 | 11,390 |
Villages
editEconomy
edit
The gross district domestic product (GDDP) of the district is ₹19,942 crore (US$2.4 billion) and it contributes 3.8% to the gross state domestic product (GSDP). While the per capita income at current prices was ₹92,090 (US$1,100). The primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the district contribute ₹4,855 crore (US$580 million), ₹4,114 crore (US$490 million) and ₹10,973 crore (US$1.3 billion) respectively.[24]
Tribal communities such as the Saora and Jatapus still practise the traditional podu system of cultivation.[25]
Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, a major pharmaceutical company, is at Pydibhimavaram.
Transport
edit
The total road length of state highways in the district is 959 km (596 mi).[26] Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation runs bus services to all the major cities and towns of the state from the district. Major railway stations in the district include Amudalavalasa, Srikakulam Road railway station, Palasa railway station ( major station) Naupada, Ichchapuram and Sompeta etc.
Culture
editThe district is renowned for the brassware products namely, Budithi Bell and Brass Craft, which are made at Budithi village. These are registered as geographic indication from Andhra Pradesh.[27]
The district has many people from fields like film industry, music, art and architecture etc. Among the notable people are Vaddadi Papaiah, J. V. Somayajulu, Gidugu Venkata Ramamoorty, Sarat babu, LV Revanth(Indian idol), Rao Ramesh, Rao gopala Rao, Sai kumar, Pingali Nagendrarao, and Kalipatnam Ramarao.[citation needed]
Sports
editKodi Rammurthy Naidu (body builder), Karnam Malleswari (Olympic medalist), Pujari Sailaja in weight lifting are famous people from the district.
Education
editThe primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state.[28][29] As per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, there are 3,875 schools. They include, 55 government, 2,833 mandal and zilla parishads, 1 residential, 573 private, 14 model, 32 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), 85 municipal and 282 other types of schools.[30] The number of students enrolled in primary, upper primary and high schools of the district is 371,472.[31]
The only university in the district is Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam[32] and medical colleges are Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences in Srikakulam town, GEMS—Great Eastern Medical Speciality and Hospital in Ragolu village.
Temples
editThere are seven temples under the management of Endowments Department.[33]
| S.no | Temple | Mandal | Village |
| 1 | Sri Kodanda Rama Swamy Temple | SRIKAKULAM | BALAGA (RURAL) |
| 2 | Sri Maninageswara Swamy Temple | SRIKAKULAM | KALLEPALLE |
| 3 | Sri Kothamma Ammavari Temple | KOTABOMMILI | KOTABOMMILI |
| 4 | Sri Neelamani Durga Ammavari Temple | PATHAPATNAM | PATHAPATNAM |
| 5 | Sri Yendala Mallikarjuna Swamy Temple | TEKKALI | RAAVI VALASA |
| 6 | Sri Hatakeswara Swamy Temple | SRIKAKULAM | Singupuram |
| 7 | Sri kurmam Temple | GARA | SRI KURMAM |
| 8 | Sri Suryanarayana Swamy Temple | ARASAVELLI | ARASAVELLI |
Important commodities produced / manufactured in the district
editFollowing are the towns & villages with respective commodities produced across the district.[34]
| S# | Town | Commodities |
| 1 | Srikakulam | Jute, Bricks, Iron Articles |
| 2 | Palasa | Cashew Nuts, Coir Ropes, Sugar |
| 3 | Ichchapuram | Coir Ropes, Bricks, Stone Carving |
| 4 | Sompeta | Cashew Nuts, Baskets |
| 5 | Hiramandalam | Groundnut Oil |
| 6 | Tekkali | Aluminium Moulding |
| 7 | Amadalavalasa | Sugar |
| 8 | Narasannapeta | Jaggery |
| 9 | Balaga | Jute, Bricks |
| 10 | Ponduru | Textiles, Ground Nut |
Notable people
edit- Sarath Babu, actor
- Gouthu Latchanna, freedom fighter and politician
- Karnam Malleswari, Indian weightlifter
- Kinjarapu Yerran Naidu, Member of Parliament and Central Minister
- Kodi Rammurthy Naidu, Indian bodybuilder
- Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao, industrialist
- T. Trivikrama Rao, producer
References
edit- ^ correspondent, dc (26 January 2022). "Government at doorstep: Andhra Pradesh to have 26 new districts". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ "District Census Hand Book – Srikakulam" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
- ^ "District Census Hand Book – Srikakulam" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
- ^ "New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched". The New Indian Express. Vijayawada. 31 January 2019. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
- ^ "Srikakulam | Andhra Pradesh | DISTRICTS OF INDIA". districts.nic.in. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- ^ "Population of AP districts(2011)" (PDF). ap.gov.in. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
- ^ "Iron Age habitation found in Srikakulam". The Hindu. 16 October 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
- ^ "Remnants of Jain monuments found". 21 August 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
- ^ Law, Gwillim (25 September 2011). "Districts of India". Statoids. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
- ^ Srivastava, Dayawanti; et al., eds. (2010). "States and Union Territories: Andhra Pradesh: Government". India 2010: A Reference Annual (54th ed.). New Delhi, India: Additional Director General, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India), Government of India. pp. 1111–1112. ISBN 978-81-230-1617-7.
- ^ "Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area". United Nations Environment Program. 18 February 1998. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
Melville Island 5,765km2
- ^ Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901
- ^ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
Kuwait 2,595,62
- ^ "District Census 2011". Census2011.co.in. 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
- ^ a b "District Census Hand Book – Srikakulam" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
- ^ "Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
- ^ a b "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh". Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
- ^ a b c "District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-3), 2007-08: India. Andhra Pradesh" (PDF). International Institute for Population Sciences and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
- ^ "ULB Lists". Commissioner and Directorate of Municipal Administration. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
- ^ "Mandals | District Srikakulam, Government of Andhra Pradesh | India". Retrieved 21 April 2022.
- ^ "New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh". Sakshi Post. 3 April 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ^ "District-wise Assembly-Constituencies". ceoandhra.nic.in.
- ^ "Komarthi Population (2020/2021), Village in Narasannapeta Mandal, Pincode". www.indiagrowing.com. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
- ^ "Economy of Srikakulam District". Andhra Pradesh Economic Development Board. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ^ von Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph (1982). Tribes of India: The Struggle for Survival. University of California Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-0-520-04315-2.
- ^ "Existing State Highways" (PDF). Andhra Pradesh Road Development Corporation. Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- ^ "State Wise Registration Details of G.I Applications" (PDF). Geographical Indication Registry. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
- ^ "School Education Department" (PDF). School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^ "The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal". www.ap.gov.in. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^ "School Information Report". Commissionerate of School Education. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
- ^ "Student Information Report". Commissionerate of School Education. Child info 2015–16, District School Education – Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
- ^ "Welcome :: Dr.B.R.Ambedkar University, Srikakulam, AP. INDIA". brau.in. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011.
- ^ "Trust Boards Abstract". AP Temples Portal, Government of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
- ^ "Census of India 2011 Andhra Pradesh District Census Handbook Srikakulam Village and Town Directory" (PDF). Government of India Census. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2016.
