The pulp and paper industry comprises companies that use wood, specifically pulpwood, as raw material and produce pulp, paper, paperboard, and other cellulose-based products.
Manufacturing process
editIn the manufacturing process, pulp is introduced into a paper machine where it is shaped into a paper web and water is extracted through pressing and drying stages.
Pressing involves removing water from the sheet by applying force. This process employs a specialized type of felt, distinct from traditional felt, to absorb the water. In contrast, hand-made paper uses a blotter sheet for this purpose. Drying involves eliminating water from the paper sheets through air or heat. Historically, this was achieved by hanging the sheets to dry, similar to laundry. In modern papermaking, various heated drying mechanisms are employed, with the steam-heated can dryer being the most prevalent on paper machines.[1][2][3]
History
editPapermaking as a craft is ancient, and for centuries it used various fibers, mainly grasses (cereal straws and others), or rags from old clothing made from them, in various preindustrial times and places. The commercial planting of domesticated mulberry trees to make pulp for papermaking is attested as early as the 6th century.[4] Due to advances in printing technology, the Chinese paper industry continued to grow under the Song dynasty to meet the rising demand for printed books. Demand for paper was also stimulated by the Song government, which needed a large supply of paper for printing paper money and exchange certificates.[5]
An example of an enterprising paper mill during the late phase of the preindustrial era is the mill by William Rittenhouse and sons at what is now preserved as Historic RittenhouseTown in Pennsylvania.
The first mechanised paper machine was installed at Frogmore Paper Mill, Apsley, Hertfordshire in 1803, followed by another in 1804.[6] The site operates currently as a museum.[7]
During the 19th and 20th centuries, the paper chemical technologies for making the pulp from wood rather than grasses underwent some major industrial-era upgrades, as first the soda pulping process and then the Kraft process helped reduce the unit cost of paper manufacture. This made paper newly abundant, and along with continual advancements in printing press technologies, as well as in transport technologies (for distribution), during these same centuries, led to greatly increased sales and circulation of newspapers, other periodicals, and books of every kind.
Environmental effects
editThe pulp and paper industry has been criticized by environmental groups like the Natural Resources Defense Council for unsustainable deforestation and clearcutting of old-growth forest.[8] The industry trend is to expand globally to countries like Russia, China and Indonesia with low wages and low environmental oversight.[9] According to Greenpeace, farmers in Central America illegally rip up vast tracts of native forest for cattle and soybean production without any consequences,[10] and companies who buy timber from private land owners contribute to massive deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest.[11] On the other hand, the situation is quite different where forest growth has been on the increase for a number of years. It is estimated for instance that since 1990 forests have grown in Europe by 17 million hectares,[12] which has been supported through the practice of sustainable forest management by the industry. In Sweden, for every tree that is felled, two are planted.[13]
The pulp and paper industry consumes a significant amount of water and energy and produces wastewater with a high concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD), among other contaminants.[14] Recent studies underline coagulation as an appropriate pre-treatment of pulp and paper industrial wastewater and as a cost-effective solution for the removal of COD and the reduction of pressures on the aquatic environment.[15]
Current production volumes and sales
editThe industry is dominated by North American (United States and Canada), northern European (Finland, Sweden, and North-West Russia) and East Asian countries (such as East Siberian Russia, China, Japan, and South Korea). Australasia and Brazil also have significant pulp and paper enterprises. The industry also has a significant presence in a number of European countries including Germany, Portugal, Italy, the Netherlands and Poland. The United States had been the world's leading producer of paper until it was overtaken by China in 2009.[16]
List of main countries by production quantity
editAccording to data from Statista, China produced 110 million metric tons in 2018 followed by the US with 72 million.[17]
According to statistic data by RISI, main producing countries of paper and paperboard, not including pulp, in the world are as follows:[18]
| Rank 2011 |
Country | Production in 2011 (1,000 ton) |
Share (2011) |
Rank (2010) |
Production in 2010 (1,000 ton) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  China |
99,300 | 24.9% | 1 | 92,599 |
| 2 |  United States |
75,083 | 18.8% | 2 | 75,849 |
| 3 |  Japan |
26,627 | 6.7% | 3 | 27,288 |
| 4 |  Germany |
22,698 | 5.7% | 4 | 23,122 |
| 5 |  Canada |
12,112 | 3.0% | 5 | 12,787 |
| 6 |  South Korea |
11,492 | 2.9% | 8 | 11,120 |
| 7 |  Finland |
11,329 | 2.8% | 6 | 11,789 |
| 8 |  Sweden |
11,298 | 2.8% | 7 | 11,410 |
| 9 |  Brazil |
10,159 | 2.5% | 10 | 9,796 |
| 10 |  Indonesia |
10,035 | 2.5% | 9 | 9,951 |
| World Total | 398,975 | 100.0% | 394,244 |
List of main company groups by production quantity
editThe world's main paper and paperboard company groups are as follows. (Some figures are estimates.):[19]
| Rank | Company group | Country | Production in 2015 (1,000 ton) |
Rank by sales |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | International Paper | United States |
23,315 | 1 |
| 2 | Nine Dragon Paper Holdings | China |
12,630 | 2 |
| 3 | WestRock | United States |
12,487 | 4 |
| 4 | UPM | Finland |
9,771 | 5 |
| 5 | Stora Enso | Finland |
9,188 | 8 |
| 6 | Oji Paper Company | Japan |
9,115 | 3 |
| 7 | Sappi |  South Africa |
7,306 | 15 |
| 8 | Smurfit Kappa |  Ireland |
7,000 | 9 |
| 9 | DS Smith |  United Kingdom |
6,802 | 13 |
| 10 | Nippon Paper | Japan |
6,542 | 11 |
List by net sales
editIn 2008, the top 10 forest, paper and packaging products companies were, according to a report by PricewaterhouseCoopers:[20]
| Rank | Company | Country | 2008 net sales (US$M) |
2008 net income (loss) (US$M) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | International Paper |  United States |
24,829 | (1,282) |
| 2 | Kimberly-Clark | United States |
19,415 | 1,690 |
| 3 | SCA | Sweden |
16,965 (SEK) | 857 |
| 4 | Stora Enso | Finland |
16,227 | (991) |
| 5 | UPM | Finland |
13,920 | (263) |
| 6 | Oji Paper | Japan |
12,788 | 114 |
| 7 | Nippon Unipac | Japan |
11,753 | 55 |
| 8 | Smurfit Kappa | Ireland |
10,390 | (73) |
| 9 | Metsä Group | Finland |
9,335 | (313) |
| 10 | Mondi Group | UK/ South Africa |
9,466 | (310) |
Manufacturers and suppliers for the industry
edit
Leading manufacturers of capital equipment with over $1 billion in annual revenue for the pulp and paper industry include:
See also
edit- American Forest & Paper Association
- List of paper mills
- Converters (industry)
- Pulp and paper industry in Canada
- Pulp and paper industry in Europe
- Confederation of European Paper Industries
- Pulp and paper industry in Japan
- Pulp and paper industry in the United States
- Roll hardness tester
- Wood industry
- Forestry industry
- Environmental impact of paper
References
edit- ^ Bajpai, Pratima (2018). "Paper Manufacture—Wet End Operation". Biermann's Handbook of Pulp and Paper. pp. 95–135. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-814238-7.00005-2. ISBN 978-0-12-814238-7.
- ^ Clapperton, R. H. (1967). The Paper-Making Machine. doi:10.1016/C2013-0-10000-1. ISBN 978-0-08-001975-8.[page needed]
- ^ Sindall, Robert Walter (1906). Paper Technology: An Elementary Manual on the Manufacture, Physical Qualities and Chemical Constituents of Paper and of Paper-making Fibres. C. Griffin, limited.[page needed]
- ^ Needham & Tsuen-Hsuin 1985, p. 58.
- ^ Needham & Tsuen-Hsuin 1985, p. 48.
- ^ Hills, Richard Leslie (1988). Papermaking in Britain, 1488-1988: A Short History. Athlone Press. ISBN 978-0-485-11346-4.[page needed]
- ^ "The Paper Trail at Frogmore Mill". Apsley Paper Trail charity. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
- ^ "NRDC: Paper Industry Laying Waste to North American Forests". www.nrdc.org. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ^ "A crumpling paper industry". Oregon Local News. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ^ "Amazon draught speeds up destruction The WE News Archives". www.thewe.cc. Archived from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ^ Phillips, Tom (20 May 2011). "Brazil forms 'crisis cabinet' following unexpected deforestation surge". The Guardian.
- ^ "Forests — European Environment Agency". www.eea.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
- ^ "Will the EU turn the tide on forest growth and torpedo its bioeconomy agenda?". euractiv.com. 15 June 2017.
- ^ Auer, Matthew R. (2018-12-18). "Toxic releases from an industry in decline: Environmental trends in Maine's pulp and paper sector". Environmental Quality Management. 28 (2): 31–38. Bibcode:2018EnvQM..28...31A. doi:10.1002/tqem.21594. S2CID 116422861.
- ^ Boguniewicz-Zablocka, Joanna; Klosok-Bazan, Iwona; Naddeo, Vincenzo; Mozejko, Clara A. (April 2020). "Cost-effective removal of COD in the pre-treatment of wastewater from the paper industry". Water Science and Technology. 81 (7): 1345–1353. doi:10.2166/wst.2019.328. hdl:11336/127959. PMID 32616687.
- ^ De Sisti, Mike (12 December 2012). "China's Paper Operation". Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
- ^ "Paper and cardboard production worldwide".
- ^ "Japan in the World (according to the figure in Annual Review of Global Pulp and Paper Statistics by RISI)" (in Japanese). Japan Paper Association. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
- ^ "The PPI Top 100". RISI. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
- ^ "Global Forest, Paper & Packaging Industry Survey: 2009 Edition - Survey of 2008 Results" (PDF). PricewaterhouseCoopers. p. 12. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
Sources
edit- Needham, Joseph; Tsuen-Hsuin, Tsien (1985). Paper and Printing. Science and Civilisation in China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08690-5.