Portal:Soviet Union

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UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS Introduction Coat of arms of the Soviet Union 1 The flag of the Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. During its existence, it was the largest country by area, extending across eleven time zones and sharing borders with twelve countries, and the third-most populous country. An overall successor to the Russian Empire, it was nominally organized as a federal union of national republics, the largest and most populous of which was the Russian SFSR. In practice, its government and economy were highly centralized. As a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), it was a flagship communist state. Its capital and largest city was Moscow. The Soviet Union's roots lay in the October Revolution of 1917. The new government, led by Vladimir Lenin, established the Russian SFSR, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The revolution was not accepted by all within the Russian Republic, resulting in the Russian Civil War. The Russian SFSR and its subordinate republics were merged into the Soviet Union in 1922. Following Lenin's death in 1924, Joseph Stalin came to power, inaugurating rapid industrialization and forced collectivization that led to significant economic growth but contributed to a famine between 1930 and 1933 that killed millions. The Soviet forced labour camp system of the Gulag was expanded. During the late 1930s, Stalin's government conducted the Great Purge to remove opponents, resulting in mass death, imprisonment, and deportation. In 1939, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed a nonaggression pact, but in 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in the largest land invasion in history, opening the Eastern Front of World War II. The Soviets played a decisive role in defeating the Axis powers, suffering an estimated 27 million casualties, which accounted for most Allied losses. In the aftermath of the war, the Soviet Union consolidated the territory occupied by the Red Army, forming satellite states, and undertook rapid economic development which cemented its status as a superpower. Geopolitical tensions with the United States led to the Cold War. The American-led Western Bloc coalesced into NATO in 1949, prompting the Soviet Union to form its own military alliance, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955. Neither side engaged in direct military confrontation, and instead fought on an ideological basis and through proxy wars. In 1953, following Stalin's death, the Soviet Union undertook a campaign of de-Stalinization under Nikita Khrushchev, which saw reversals and rejections of Stalinist policies. This campaign caused tensions with Communist China. During the 1950s, the Soviet Union expanded its efforts in space exploration and took a lead in the Space Race with the first artificial satellite, the first human spaceflight, the first space station, and the first probe to land on another planet. In 1985, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform the country through his policies of glasnost and perestroika. In 1989, various countries of the Warsaw Pact overthrew their Soviet-backed regimes, and nationalist and separatist movements erupted across the Soviet Union. In 1991, amid efforts to preserve the country as a renewed federation, an attempted coup against Gorbachev by hardline communists prompted the largest republics—Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus—to secede. On 26 December, Gorbachev officially recognized the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Boris Yeltsin, the leader of the Russian SFSR, oversaw its reconstitution into the Russian Federation, which became the Soviet Union's successor state; all other republics emerged as fully independent post-Soviet states. During its existence, the Soviet Union produced many significant social and technological achievements and innovations. It had the world's second-largest economy and largest standing military. An NPT-designated state, it wielded the largest arsenal of nuclear weapons in the world. As an Allied nation, it was a founding member of the United Nations as well as one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Before its dissolution, the Soviet Union was one of the world's two superpowers through its hegemony in Eastern Europe, global diplomatic and ideological influence (particularly in the Global South), military and economic strengths, and scientific accomplishments. (Full article...) Recognized article - Entries here consist of Good and Featured articles, which meet a core set of high editorial standards. All ministry seals of the Soviet Union used the State Emblem The Ministry of Justice of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Russian: Министерство юстиции СССР, Ministerstvo Yustitsii SSSR), formed on 15 March 1946, was one of the most important government offices in the Soviet Union. It was formerly (until 1946) known as the People's Commissariat for Justice (Russian: Народный комиссариат юстиции, Narodniy Komissariat Yustitsi'i) abbreviated as Наркомюст (Narkomiust or sometimes known in English as "Narkomyust"). The Ministry, at the All-Union (USSR-wide) level, was established in the 1936 Soviet Constitution, and was in turn based upon the People's Commissariat for Justice of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) formed in 1917, with the latter becoming subordinate, along with the other republican Narkomyusts, to the Union-level People's Commissariat of Justice of the USSR. The Ministry was led by the Minister of Justice, prior to 1946 a Commissar, who was nominated by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and confirmed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, and was a member of the Council of Ministers. The Ministry of Justice was responsible for courts, prisons, and probations. Further responsibilities included criminal justice policy, sentencing policy, and prevention of re-offending in the USSR. The Ministry was organised into All-Union and Union departments. The All-Union level ministries were divided into separate organisations in the Republican, Autonomous Oblast, and provincial level. The leadership of the Ministry of Justice came from notable Soviet law organisations from around the country. (Full article...) List of recognized articles Ministry of Finance (Soviet Union) Katyn massacre Mikoyan-Gurevich I-250 Bezhin Meadow Tear down this wall! Battle of Moscow T-34 Tupolev Tu-142 Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev Second Battle of Kharkov Transport in the Soviet Union Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union) Operation Uranus Wage reform in the Soviet Union, 1956–1962 Winter War First Nagorno-Karabakh War 2nd Red Banner Army Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Laika Battle of Radzymin (1920) 68th Mountain Rifle Division 5th Mechanised Corps (Soviet Union) Deportation of the Crimean Tatars History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982) Lavochkin La-7 Revolutionary activity of Vladimir Lenin Katyusha rocket launcher Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev Continuation War Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union) Ministry of Finance (Soviet Union) Lysenkoism Soviet–Albanian split Raid on Constanța Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union History of computing in the Soviet Union Mir Sputnik 1 Punch-up in Piestany Solaris (1972 film) Background of the Winter War Transport in the Soviet Union Welles Declaration Zond 5 Tartu Offensive Swimming at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay Summit Series Selected picture The Moscow Kremlin After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the letters "CCCP" and the Soviet coat of arms on the Moscow Kremlin were replaced by two-headed eagles. Did you know... - ... that the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, first formed in 1920, has since been renamed three times, most recently as the Udmurt Republic in 1991? ... that because Leonid Brezhnev had more than 200 decorations, it was decided to break the Soviet custom of featuring only one decoration on cushions during his funeral? ... that the massacre in Vinnytsia by the Soviet secret police NKVD in the purges of 1937-1938 was investigated in 1943 during the German invasion of Ukraine and used in the propaganda war against the Soviet Union? ... that the 1973 Soviet economic reform initiated by Alexei Kosygin, the Premier of the Soviet Union, tried to reduce the powers of the central Ministries? Selected quote WikiProjects What are WikiProjects? Selected biography - Ivan Khristoforovich Bagramyan, also known as Hovhannes Khachaturi Baghramyan (2 December [O.S. 20 November] 1897 – 21 September 1982), was a Soviet military commander of Armenian origin who held the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union. As commander of the 1st Baltic Front, he orchestrated the offensives which pushed German forces out of the Baltic republics during World War II. During World War II, Bagramyan was the second non-Slavic military officer, after Latvian Max Reyter, to become a commander of a front. He was among several Armenians in the Soviet Army who held the highest proportion of high-ranking officers in the Soviet military during the war. (Full article...) List of selected biographies Nikita Khrushchev Lavrentiy Beria George Koval El Lissitzky Dmitri Shostakovich Alexei Kosygin Mikhail Suslov Alexander Alekhine Pavel Bure Gennady Yanayev Andrei Kirilenko (politician) Lev Chernyi Eduard Streltsov Vyacheslav Molotov Valentin Pavlov Samantha Smith Guy Burgess Sergo Ordzhonikidze Vladimir Lenin General images The following are images from various Soviet Union-related articles on Wikipedia. On 21 December 1991, the leaders of 11 former Soviet republics, including Russia and Ukraine, agreed to the Alma-Ata Protocols, formally establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). (from History of the Soviet Union) Lenin, Trotsky and Kamenev celebrating the second anniversary of the October Revolution (from October Revolution) Residents of Leningrad leave their homes destroyed by German bombing. About 1 million civilians died during the 871-day Siege of Leningrad, mostly from starvation. (from History of the Soviet Union) The New York Times headline from 9 November 1917 (from October Revolution) Bolshevik (1920) by Boris Kustodiev (from October Revolution) Lenin, Trotsky, and Kamenev celebrating the second anniversary of the October Revolution (from History of the Soviet Union) Russian troops in trenches awaiting a German attack (from Russian Revolution) Country emblems of the Soviet Republics before and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union (the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (fifth in the second row) no longer exists as a political entity of any kind and the emblem is unofficial.) (from History of the Soviet Union) Nikolai Podgorny visiting Tampere, Finland on 16 October 1969 (from History of the Soviet Union) A scene from the July Days. The army has just opened fire on street protesters. (from October Revolution) The elections to the Constituent Assembly took place in November 1917. The Bolsheviks won 24% of the vote. (from October Revolution) Soviet general secretary Leonid Brezhnev and US President Jimmy Carter sign the SALT II arms limitation treaty in Vienna on 18 June 1979. (from History of the Soviet Union) The 2nd Moscow Women Death Battalion protecting the Winter Palace as the last guards of the stronghold (from Russian Revolution) Revolutionaries protesting in February 1917 (from Russian Revolution) T-80 tank on Red Square during the August Coup (from History of the Soviet Union) Soviet painting Vladimir Lenin, by Isaac Brodsky (from Russian Revolution) Revolutionaries attacking the tsarist police in the early days of the February Revolution (from Russian Revolution) The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly on 6 January 1918. The Tauride Palace is locked and guarded by Trotsky, Sverdlov, Zinoviev, and Lashevich. (from October Revolution) Internally displaced Azerbaijanis from Nagorno-Karabakh, 1993 (from History of the Soviet Union) The Battle of Stalingrad, considered by many historians as a decisive turning point of World War II (from History of the Soviet Union) Murder of the Romanov family, Le Petit Journal (from Russian Revolution) The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly on 6 January 1918. The Tauride Palace is locked and guarded by Trotsky, Sverdlov, Zinoviev and Lashevich. (from Russian Revolution) Anniversary of October Revolution in Riga, Soviet Union in 1988 (from October Revolution) Meeting before the Russian wire entanglements (from Russian Revolution) Russian troops meeting German troops in No Man's Land (from Russian Revolution) The Pan-European Picnic took place in August 1989 on the Hungarian-Austrian border. (from History of the Soviet Union) From left to right, the Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill confer in Tehran, 1943 (from History of the Soviet Union) Soldiers marching in Petrograd, March 1917 (from Russian Revolution) The Russian famine of 1921–22 killed an estimated 5 million people. (from History of the Soviet Union) Petrograd Milrevcom proclamation about the deposing of the Russian Provisional Government (from October Revolution) Russian Civil War in the European part of Russia (from History of the Soviet Union) Cruiser Aurora (from October Revolution) Red Guard unit of the Vulkan factory in Petrograd, October 1917 (from October Revolution) Five Marshals of the Soviet Union in 1935. Only two of them—Budyonny and Voroshilov—survived the Great Purge. Blyukher, Yegorov and Tukhachevsky were executed. (from History of the Soviet Union) Mikhail Gorbachev in one-to-one discussions with US President Ronald Reagan (left), 1985 (from History of the Soviet Union) European theatre of the Russian Civil War in 1918 (from October Revolution) Forward gun of Aurora that fired the signal shot (from October Revolution) Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev (left) with US President John F. Kennedy in Vienna, 3 June 1961 (from History of the Soviet Union) Provisional Government's volunteer soldiers secure Petrograd's Palace Square with the Austin Armoured Car, summer 1917. (from Russian Revolution) Soldiers blocking Narva Gate on Bloody Sunday (from Russian Revolution) American, British, and Japanese Troops parade through Vladivostok in armed support to the White Army. (from Russian Revolution) A revolutionary meeting of Russian soldiers in March 1917 in Dalkarby of Jomala, Åland (from Russian Revolution) Map showing the greatest territorial extent of the Soviet Union and the sovereign states that it dominated politically, economically and militarily in 1960, after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 but before the official Sino-Soviet split of 1961 (total area: c. 35,000,000 km2) (from History of the Soviet Union) "Pogrom in the Winter Palace" by Ivan Vladimirov (from October Revolution) Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War (from History of the Soviet Union) Stalin and Lavrentiy Beria with Stalin's daughter, Svetlana, on his lap. As head of the NKVD, Beria was responsible for many political repressions in the Soviet Union. (from History of the Soviet Union) The Petrograd Soviet Assembly meeting in 1917 (from Russian Revolution) Selected anniversaries for March International Women's Day - 8 March - an official holiday marking women's liberation movement. More anniversaries ... More Did you know (auto generated) ... that the first model of cosmic inflation was formulated by a Soviet physicist but initially remained unknown outside the Soviet Union? ... that the newspaper Qizil Tugh (Red Banner) provided a publishing platform for young Uyghur-language poets and writers in the Soviet Union? ... that Australian train driver Bill Morrow received the Soviet Union's Lenin Peace Prize alongside Fidel Castro? ... that after being arrested for organizing a general strike in 1920, S. Girinis was sent to the Soviet Union following a Soviet-Lithuanian exchange of political prisoners? ... that Dusko Doder reported the 1984 death of Yuri Andropov, the leader of the Soviet Union, before any official announcement? ... that the Soviet Union boycotted the United Nations in 1950? Related portals Recognized content Featured articles 2nd Red Banner Army 1964 European Nations' Cup final Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia Nadezhda Alliluyeva Ivan Bagramyan Bezhin Meadow Guy Burgess History of Poland (1945–1989) Nikita Khrushchev George Koval Laika Nestor Lakoba Vladimir Lenin Leningrad première of Shostakovich's Symphony No. 7 The Motherland Calls Sergo Ordzhonikidze Józef Piłsudski Russian battleship Poltava (1894) Portland spy ring Russian battleship Potemkin Battle of Radzymin (1920) Russian battleship Rostislav Shostakovich v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp. 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surrender terms in Berlin 8 May 1945 - Restoration German instrument of surrender2 Instrument of surrender Japan2 Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Instrument of Surrender, officially ending the Second World War Maxim Gorky LOC Restored edit1 Moscow Elektrozavodskaya metro station asv2018-09 Prokofieff (i.e. Prokofiev) LCCN2014708419 Crop 2 RUS-2016-Murmansk-Icebreaker Lenin 01 Raising a flag over the Reichstag - Restoration Russian Imperial Family 1913 USS Yorktown collision Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&W) Yuri Gagarin (1961) - Restoration Yury Pen - Portrait of Marc Chagall Did you know? articles Yevgeny Yevtushenko (2004-03-18) Hero City (Soviet Union) (2004-03-25) Maia Chiburdanidze (2004-04-06) Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (2004-04-18) Lenin's Mausoleum (2004-04-27) And you are lynching Negroes (2004-05-19) Leonid Nikolaev (2004-05-20) Pavlov's House (2004-05-20) Trial of the Sixteen (2004-09-08) I Am Cuba (2004-10-01) Alla Pugacheva 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(2024-01-08) 1964 European Nations' Cup final (2024-06-19) Main page featured lists List of leaders of the Soviet Union (2011-07-18) Presidium of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (2016-02-22) Premier of the Soviet Union (2016-12-26) List of battlecruisers of Russia (2021-04-02) First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union (2023-08-11) In the News articles Mikhail Gorbachev (1969-12-31) Vladimir Putin (2004-02-24) Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (2008-08-04) Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow (2008-12-07) Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam (2009-08-17) Memorial (society) (2009-10-22) Vitaly Ginzburg (2009-11-09) Yegor Gaidar (2009-12-16) Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (2010-01-01) 2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade (2010-05-09) Andrei Voznesensky (2010-06-02) Gennady Yanayev (2010-09-26) Andre Geim (2010-10-05) Konstantin Novoselov (2010-10-05) Yekaterina Gamova (2010-11-14) Katyn massacre (2010-11-26) International Women's Day (2011-03-08) Nikolai Andrianov (2011-03-21) Sergei Bagapsh (2011-05-29) Alexander Sokurov (2011-09-10) GLONASS (2011-10-05) Bolshoi Theatre (2011-10-28) Baikonur Cosmodrome (2011-12-23) Galina Vishnevskaya (2012-12-16) Mikhail Kalashnikov (2013-12-23) Tatiana Samoilova (2014-05-08) Viktor Tikhonov (born 1930) (2014-11-24) Valentin Rasputin (2015-03-18) Maya Plisetskaya (2015-05-02) Yevgeny Primakov (2015-06-26) Galina Prozumenshchikova (2015-07-21) Robert Conquest (2015-08-05) Svetlana Alexievich (2015-10-08) Leonid Zhabotinsky (2016-01-19) Viktor Korchnoi (2016-06-07) Mark Taimanov (2016-11-29) Yevgeny Yevtushenko (2017-04-07) Daniil Granin (2017-07-08) Stanislav Petrov (2017-09-18) 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade (2018-05-30) Baikonur (2018-10-11) Lyudmila Alexeyeva (2018-12-09) Anatoly Lukyanov (2019-01-11) Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (2019-02-03) Nursultan Nazarbayev (2019-03-20) Valery Bykovsky (2019-04-01) Willi Tokarev (2019-08-06) Sergei Kirpichenko (2019-09-07) Irina Bogacheva (mezzo-soprano) (2019-09-23) Alexei Leonov (2019-10-12) Vladimir Bukovsky (2019-10-28) Ivan Ustinov (2020-01-20) Yuri Viktorovich Kuznetsov (2020-01-26) Yevgeny Yuryev (2020-04-27) Maria Itkina (2020-12-03) George Blake (2020-12-27) David Dushman (2021-06-07) Viktor Pavlovich Potapov (2021-06-26) Vladimir Menshov (2021-07-13) Volodymyr Holubnychy (2021-08-20) Viktor Saneyev (2022-01-09) Leonid Kuravlyov (2022-02-04) Oleksandr Oksanchenko (2022-03-06) Russian cruiser Moskva (2022-04-15) Aleksei Parshin (2022-06-24) Oleksiy Zhuravko (2022-09-27) Nikolai Kirtok (2022-10-01) Andrey Titenko (2022-11-04) Volodymyr Kozhukhar (2022-12-09) Yuri Manin (2023-01-14) Ivan Silayev (2023-02-11) Vyacheslav Zaitsev (2023-05-06) Medea Amiranashvili (2023-12-09) Otar Iosseliani (2023-12-19) Nikolai Ryzhkov (2024-03-03) Sergei Novikov (mathematician) (2024-06-08) Vladimir Bure (2024-09-10) Dusko Doder (2024-09-24) Picture of the day pictures German instrument of surrender2 (2009-05-07) Instrument of surrender Japan2 (2009-09-02) Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&W) (2010-05-08) USS Yorktown collision (2011-02-12) Maxim Gorky LOC Restored edit1 (2013-03-28) Yuri Gagarin (1961) - Restoration (2020-03-09) Alexei Leonov (2020-03-18) Field Marshall Keitel signs German surrender terms in Berlin 8 May 1945 - Restoration (2020-05-08) RUS-2016-Murmansk-Icebreaker Lenin 01 (2020-06-08) Moscow Elektrozavodskaya metro station asv2018-09 (2022-02-26) Russian Imperial Family 1913 (2022-07-17) Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Instrument of Surrender, officially ending the Second World War (2022-09-02) 2020-09-16 165855 Soviet submarine B-515 (2023-04-18) Prokofieff (i.e. Prokofiev) LCCN2014708419 Crop 2 (2023-07-25) Raising a flag over the Reichstag - Restoration (2025-05-02) Main topics Categories Category puzzle Select [►] to view subcategories Soviet Union Soviet Union-related lists Culture of the Soviet Union Dogs in the Soviet Union Economy of the Soviet Union Education in the Soviet Union Events in the Soviet Union Geography of the Soviet Union Health in the Soviet Union History of the Soviet Union Law of the Soviet Union Legacy of the Soviet Union Military of the Soviet Union Organizations based in the Soviet Union Soviet people Politics of the Soviet Union Science and technology in the Soviet Union Society of the Soviet Union Works about the Soviet Union Writers about the Soviet Union Soviet Union stubs Things you can do Привет and welcome! 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