Wikipedia

Police of Poland

(Redirected from Policja (Poland))
For the town in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, see Police, West Pomeranian Voivodeship.
Main article: Law enforcement in Poland

The Police (Polish: Policja, [pɔˈlit͡sja] ⓘ) is the Polish national civilian police force. It is a primary law enforcement agency in the country, tasked with providing public safety and order, investigating and preventing crime.

Police
Policja (Polish)
Wordmark of Policja
Badge of Policja
Badge of Policja
Polish Police vessels flag
Polish Police vessels flag
Agency overview
Formed10 May 1990
Preceding agency
Annual budget12 billion PLN (2022)
Jurisdictional structure
National agencyPL
Operations jurisdictionPL
Jurisdiction of the Policja
Constituting instruments
General nature
Operational structure
HeadquartersWarsaw
Police officers93,637 (June 2024)[2]
Staff members11,770 (June 2024)[2]
Minister responsible
Agency executive
Units
  • National Headquarters
  • 17 regional commands
  • 5 special units
Website
www.policja.pl Edit this at Wikidata

Polish Police is headed by the Commander-in-Chief of Police, subordinate to the Minister of Interior and Administration. The Police is supported by municipal forces of city guards, having less legal authority and with jurisdiction only over prosecuting contraventions.

Terminology

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A pair of uniformed officers of the Policja

The force's name, Policja, translates into the English language as Police.

An individual officer is typically called a policjant (plural policjanci); these are not, however, official titles and are not included in the official rank structure, they are simply terms used to refer to any police officer regardless of the rank they may hold. A police station is known as Komenda Policji or Komisariat Policji both of which translate more or less into English as Police Commissariat. Female officers may be referred to as policjantki, the singular of which is policjantka.

On the whole, officers' individual ranks are not used by the general public and thus when addressing an officer, it is common to hear the term Pan (female - Pani), Polish for mister/miss used to refer to police officers. On occasion, this may or may not be followed by the terms Oficer or Funkcjonariusz.

History

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An officer of the State Police on traffic duty in Warsaw during German occupation, 1939

In 1919, with the re-independence of the Polish nation, the state reorganised itself along non-federalist lines and established a centralised form of government. Under the auspices of the new government and with assistance from a British mission of soldiers and police officers led by Brigadier-General Gordon Macready,[3] a new national police force was formed; this 'Polish State Police' (Policja Państwowa)[4] then existed as the primary law enforcement agency for the entire nation up until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. During the inter-war period, a number of key law enforcement duties were delegated to other formations, such as the Border Guard[5] and Military Gendarmerie.[6]

With the end of World War II and the onset of the communist period, the new Soviet backed government decided to radically change the structure of policing in Poland; the state 'Policja' was renamed as the 'Milicja Obywatelska' (Citizen's Militia), a name which was meant to reflect a change in the role of the police, from an instrument of oppression ensuring the position of the bourgeoisie, to a force composed of, and at the service of 'normal citizens'. Ironically the reality turned out to be largely the opposite and the Milicja instead represented a rather state-controlled force which was used to exert political repression on the citizens. The Milicja was, for the most part, detested by the general populace; events such as the police's conduct during the Gdańsk Shipyard Strike and surrounding the Popiełuszko affair, only worsened the people's view of their law enforcement agencies.

After the fall of the communist government in Poland, the system was reformed once again, this time reviving the pre-war name of 'Policja' and albeit with a few minor changes, the general system of law-enforcement of the Second Republic.

Equipment

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Service vehicles of the Polish police in current (2009 onwards) livery, with a highways duty policeman in the new uniform (2009 onwards)
 
BMW 3 Series used as a patrol car for the Polish police, which entered service in 2019

Today, most common types include various models from Kia (Cee'd model - ca. 4000 in use) Škoda (mainly Octavia), Alfa Romeo, Ford Mondeo, Opel (mainly Opel Astra), Volkswagen, and Toyota, as of 2011 the FSO Polonez (manufactured in Poland) is no longer in use. The Polish police force has, since joining the European Union, been undergoing a thorough restructuring and has in the process acquired a large number of new vehicles; as of 2011 this process is still ongoing and new vehicles are constantly being procured in order to replace ageing old patrol cars as their service lives come to an end. In addition to standard sedan and hatchback model vehicles, the Policja has been investing significant amounts of money in developing their ability to respond to any incident no matter where it may be, this has in turn led to the purchase of a large number of all-terrain 4x4 vehicles and multi-purpose vans and trucks. This expansion in capabilities was a stated requirement of the police force's restructuring program.

Beginning in 2009, the painting scheme is being modified to a silver body design with blue reflective strip, similar to modern German police cars.

Traditionally, vehicles were painted a dark blue color with side doors painted in white, and with white stripes and the word "POLICJA" on both sides. Earlier versions (used at the beginning of the 1990s) had a thinner stripe with the word "POLICJA" written under it. This design was adopted from the paint scheme used by the communist milicja. Some formerly used vehicles even had visible traces of the word "POLICJA" being corrected from "MILICJA", with the first two letters in a different shade of white, on a patch of a different shade of blue.

All uniformed and most non-uniformed officers of the state police are routinely armed. In addition to their firearm, Policja officers carry handcuffs and a number of other pieces of equipment which usually includes a personal radio system for communication with other officers and their police station. Pepper spray is also commonly issued to officers in order to provide them with a non-lethal alternative weapon with which to incapacitate violent suspects.

Riot police, when needs be, are provided with non-ballistic body armour, helmets and shields. Less-lethal weaponry is also used by riot-control units such as shotguns with rubber bullets, tear gas canisters or water cannons. Sometimes they also deploy LRAD units. The strict control of civilian firearms ownership in Poland, only recently liberalized, has significantly aided the police in keeping gun crime to a minimum, and thus the incidence of police firearms use is low.

Firearms

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Name Country of origin Type Notes
Walther P99 AS[7][8][9][10][11]   Germany
  Poland		 Semi-automatic pistol Manufactured in Poland in Łucznik Arms Factory under licence
Glock[7][8][12][13][11]   Austria Semi-automatic pistol 17, 19 and 26 variants in use
CZ-75[7][14]   Czechoslovakia
  Czech Republic		 Semi-automatic pistol 75, 75B and 85 variants in limited use
FB P-64[7][8]   Poland Semi-automatic pistol Continued usage dubious
FB P-83 Wanad[7][8]   Poland Semi-automatic pistol Continued usage dubious
Beretta APX[15][16][17][18]   Italy Semi-automatic pistol
Arex Rex Zero 1CP[19]   Slovenia
  Poland		 Semi-automatic pistol Manufacturing shared between Arex in Šentjernej, Slovenia and Works 11 in Katowice, Poland
Gward   Poland Revolver Virtually phased out
Taurus   Brazil Semi-automatic pistol Virtually phased out
FB Glauberyt[7][20][21]   Poland Submachine gun PM-84 and PM-98 in use
Heckler & Koch MP5[7][20][22][18][23][24]   Germany Submachine gun A3, A5, K-PDW and SD6 variants in limited use
Heckler & Koch UMP[7][25]   Germany Submachine gun 9mm variant, in limited use
IMI Uzi[7][25][26]   Israel Submachine gun In limited use
FN P90[7][27][25]   Belgium Submachine gun In limited use
PM-63 RAK   Poland Submachine gun Virtually phased out
MPT-76   Turkey Battle rifle
Mossberg 500[7][28]   United States Shotgun
Hatsan Escort[7][28]   Turkey Shotgun
Fabarm SDASS Tactical[7][28]   Italy Shotgun Limited use of Short Imperator
Bock IŻ 27[28]   Russia Shotgun Limited use
Remington Model 870[7][27][28]   United States Shotgun MCS variants in limited use
Benelli M1[28]   Italy Shotgun In limited use
Benelli M3[28]   Italy Shotgun In limited use
Mossberg Model 695[28]   United States Shotgun In limited use
Hunt Group Super-XS[29]   Turkey Shotgun
AKM[7][30][31][32][33]   Soviet Union
  Poland		 Assault rifle AK, AKM and AKMS variants in use
Heckler & Koch G36[7]   Germany Assault rifle C and K variants in use, standard issue for counter-terrorism units
Heckler & Koch HK416[7][27][23]   Germany Assault rifle A5 variant in use, limited issue for counter-terrorism units
Haenel MK 556[34]   Germany Assault rifle
Heckler & Koch HK417[7][18][35][23]   Germany Battle rifle A2 variant in use, limited issue for counter-terrorism units
SVD rifle[7]   Soviet Union
  Poland		 Designated marksman rifle
Sako TRG[7]   Finland Sniper rifle TRG-21, TRG-22 and TRG-42 variants in use
PK machine gun[7][36][37]   Soviet Union
  Poland		 Machine gun Used by officers assigned to the EULEX Intervention Group in Kosovo and by the BOA counter-terrorist unit following the 2003 Magdalenka gunfight; PKM, PKMN, PKMS, PKMSN variants in use
RWGŁ-3[38]   Poland Non-lethal rifle grenade launcher
RWGŁ-1[38]   Poland Non-lethal rifle grenade launcher
Brügger & Thomet GL-06[39][40]   Switzerland Grenade launcher
Heckler & Koch HK69A1   Germany Grenade launcher
RGP-40[41]   Poland Grenade launcher
Rheinmetall-NICO Sound and Flash Grenade[42]   Germany Stun grenade
Centanex Distraction Grenade[43]   United Kingdom Stun grenade 1-bang and 6-bang models
Zeveta grenade[44][45]   Czech Republic Stun grenade (Both P1 and P2)
Tear gas grenade (P2 only)

Current patrol fleet

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The below list is not intended to be a full list of all the vehicles used by the Polish Police, instead it lists the most commonly used vehicles.

Patrol cars

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Image Name Country Number Note
Patrol cars
  Alfa Romeo 159   Italy 120 Marked[46]
  BMW 320i   Germany — Marked[47]

As of 1 January 2018;[48]

Vans

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As of 1 January 2018;

Buses

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Motorcycles

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All terrain vehicles

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As of 1 January 2018;

Aircraft

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A PZL W-3 helicopter belonging to the Policja's Capital Command, based in Warsaw
 
Police station, Szczecin
 
Police station in Józefów
 
Kia Cee'd of Greater Poland Voivodeship police, Poznań
 
A Honda patrol bike of the traffic police.
 
Policja patrol boats on the Vistula in Warsaw

The Policja currently has a total of 13 helicopters at its disposal,[49] these are based in:

In addition to the airborne and land-based patrol units of the Policja, many regional commands, and especially those based near the coast or through which major waterways flow, have maritime units. The largest of police maritime units are currently found on the Vistula river in Warsaw (under the command of the Capital Police) and the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship where there is a large network of lakes and rivers. In coastal areas, maritime law enforcement cooperation also exists between the Policja and the Polish Border Guard.

General commander of the Policja

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Main article: Polish Police Headquarters

The Policja's general commander is the senior-most officer of the Polish police. The rank of the general commander (usually General Inspector) is considered to be equivalent to that of a ranking general in the Polish military and both general inspektors and chief inspectors (who are also considered Police 'Generals') are entitled to wear embroidered white eagles, the state symbol, on their uniform lapels.

The commander’s apparatus is the National Police Headquarters based in Warsaw's Puławska Street. It is from here that the day-to-day administration and organisation of the Polish police's activities is coordinated. The headquarters is considered to have jurisdictional supremacy over all its other units, and subordinate commanders are responsible to the general commander in their capacity as his regional 'executives'.

The position has existed in a number of guises throughout the existence of the Polish police, and whilst the current office came into being following Poland's transformation into a liberal democracy in 1990, the same rank was also used for the highest-ranking officer of the State Police of the Second Republic during the inter-war years. Nowadays, holders of this office are considered to be successors to the commanders of the inter-war state police; commanding officers of the communist-era Milicja Obywatelska (Citizens' Militia) however, are not considered successors of the original cadre of Policja generals as they exercised authority over an organisation often utilised by the state as an instrument of political oppression.

Since 1990 there have been twelve general commanders of the Policja who have completed their service. General Inspector Marek Papała, the formet holder of the office, was assassinated by a person or persons unknown on 25 June 1998. He was shot in the head with a silenced weapon whilst exiting his car near his home in Warsaw's southern Mokotów district.[54] The commander's murder remains unsolved and is considered to be one of the most significant outstanding cases under active investigation by the Polish police.

Rank structure

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Officers
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
Generals Senior officers Junior officers
  Policja[55]                
Generalny inspektor Policji Nadinspektor Inspektor Młodszy
inspektor 		Podinspektor Nadkomisarz Komisarz Podkomisarz
Inspector
general of police 		Chief
inspector 		Inspector Junior
inspector 		Deputy
inspector 		Chief
commissioner 		Commissioner Deputy
commissioner
Other
Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
Aspirants Non-commissioned officers Constables
  Policja[55]                  
Aspirant sztabowy Starszy aspirant Aspirant Młodszy aspirant Sierżant sztabowy Starszy sierżant Sierżant Starszy posterunkowy Posterunkowy
Staff
aspirant 		Senior
aspirant 		Aspirant Junior
aspirant 		Staff
sergeant 		Senior
sergeant 		Sergeant Senior constable Constable

Structure and branches of the Policja

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The Policja is currently divided into a number of different services. Each voivodeship/municipal command has subdivisions within its force. This leaves the police service with a large number of specialised branches which can more specifically target certain types of crime and apply more expert knowledge in the investigation of cases relating to their area of policing. In addition to these specific groups, all police forces retain a majority of officers for the purpose of patrol duty and general law enforcement.

 
Commander of the Podlaskie Police in the new dark-blue uniform in tradition of the Policja Państwowa
 
The cap badge of the Policja is common to all ranks and branches.

Typically a constituent force of the Policja will contain the following subdivisions within its structure:

  • Criminal Police (Policja Kryminalna) - investigation and prevention of serious and violent crime
    • The criminal police may include specialised teams such as anti-drugs and financial crime prevention units
    • All forces have crime scene and forensics units
  • Preventative Police (Policja Prewencyjna) - general law enforcement operations and patrol duty (includes riot police divisions)
  • Counter-terrorism Police (Policja Kontrterrorystyczna) - special and high risk operations
  • Traffic Police (Policja Ruchu Drogowego) - road safety, traffic marshalling and highway patrol/pursuit
  • Logistical Support Police (Policja Wspomagająca) - provision of logistical support and technical skills
  • Police Aviation Service (Służba Lotnictwa Policji) - aviation support (not present in every force)
  • Investigative Police (Policja Śledcza) - investigation of complex cases and process of referral to the state prosecutor's office
  • Judicial Police (Policja Sądowa) - protection of court and state prosecutor's office premises, judges, prosecutors, victims and suspects, execution of court orders
  • Maritime Police (Policja Wodna) - maritime patrol and pursuit
Service uniform sleeve insignia for uniformed officers
Branch Criminal Preventative Traffic Logistical Support Special and Riot Branch Judicial
Insignia            

Anti-terrorism units (BOA/SPKP)

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A riot police officer of the Preventative Police

The Policja has highly qualified and well-equipped counter-terrorism formations. The central (national-level) anti-terrorism is BOA KGP [pl] (Central Counter-terrorism Police Subunit, previously Biuro Operacji Antyterrorystycznych, Bureau of Anti-terrorism Operations), which is part of the Komenda Główna Policji (Policja Headquarters). On a regional level, voivodeship commands have control of smaller units called SPAP (Samodzielny Pododdział Kontrterrorystyczny Policji), Independent Counter-terrorism Policja Subunit), these units are responsible for, high-risk arrests, search warrant execution service, hostage rescue operations (only in alarm situations; BOA has priority in this task) and other similar tasks.

Because of their training and skill level, members of the BOA and SPKP units cooperate with similar special police formations from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany and other ATLAS members. They also, train with servicemen from Służba Ochrony Państwa, Straż Graniczna, Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego, Wojska Specjalne, and most recently with the U.S. Army and 10th CAB's premier special missions company, A/3-10 GSAB WarAngels.

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    Anti-terrorism officers of the Policja demonstrate their tactics at a Policja exhibition in Wolin.
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    A Mercedes-Benz Sprinter of the Policja in Kraków
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    SPKP uniform badge

Peacekeeping and international cooperation

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Since the Policja's foundation in its current form in 1990, the service has taken part and continues to participate in a number of international peacekeeping and international police missions around the world.[56] To date the Policja has sent officers to participate in the following international peacekeeping missions:

In addition to participating in international missions, the Policja also send delegates to and cooperate with international law enforcement agencies and organisations such as Europol and Interpol. Currently the Polish officers make up the eighth largest staff contingent of Europol; a figure which is expected to rise as the Polish police force becomes more integrated with, and more active within, the organisation. Europol has also become far more important to Poland's policing community in recent years since Poland, in 2007, became a signatory of the Schengen Agreement, allowing for greater European integration, uninterrupted travel, and cross-border police cooperation. To this end, Polish cooperation with the German, Czech, Slovakian and Lithuanian police services has reached an all-time high. Furthermore, the Policja officers have taken part in a number of foreign police officer training and exchange programs, such as Project Lifesaver, which has seen a number of officers sent to the UK to observe and discuss alternative methods of policing abroad.[57]

As a constituent member of Interpol, the Polish police is expected to adhere to the terms of International arrest warrants and cooperate with the police forces of other nations through formal diplomatic channels. In many cases such cooperation has led to the arrest of high-risk criminals.

Organisation

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The Polish Police is a centralised police force, organised under one central command in Warsaw and with all officers assigned to one of 17 voivodeship/municipal operations' commands, except in the case that they are specialists working independently for the national commandant.

 
The Mostowski Palace in Warsaw, headquarters of the Capital Police Command
 
Police vehicles parked outside the Wawel Castle in Kraków during the state funeral of president Kaczyński and his wife
 
A mounted police officer in Poznań, near the Adam Mickiewicz University

Regional headquarters

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Territorial Force Seat
Voivodeship (or its part) Unit
  Greater Poland   Greater Poland Voivodeship Headquarters   Poznań
  Kuyavian-Pomeranian   Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Headquarters   Bydgoszcz
  Lesser Poland   Lesser Poland Voivodeship Headquarters   Kraków
  Łódź   Łódź Voivodeship Headquarters   Łódź
  Lower Silesian   Lower Silesian Voivodeship Headquarters   Wrocław
  Lublin   Lublin Voivodeship Headquarters   Lublin
  Lubusz   Lubusz Voivodeship Headquarters   Gorzów Wielkopolski
  Masovian (Warsaw metro)   Capital Metropolitan Police Headquarters   Warsaw
  Masovian (peripheral remainder)   Voivodeship Headquarters in Radom   Radom
  Opole   Opole Voivodeship Headquarters   Opole
  Podlaskie   Podlaskie Voivodeship Headquarters   Białystok
  Pomeranian   Pomeranian Voivodeship Headquarters   Gdańsk
  Silesian   Silesian Voivodeship Headquarters   Katowice
  Subcarpathian   Subcarpathian Voivodeship Headquarters   Rzeszów
  Świętokrzyskie   Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship Headquarters   Kielce
  Warmian-Masurian   Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship Headquarters   Olsztyn
  West Pomeranian   West Pomeranian Voivodeship Headquarters   Szczecin

Police training establishments

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Officer candidates arrive at the Polish Police Academy in Szczytno

The Policja has five training establishments sited within Poland. Four of these training establishments are police schools for enlisted personnel, whilst the fifth is a higher educational institution tasked with the education of officers and senior officials in a range of disciplines and expertises. The four junior colleges are located in:

The final police training establishment in Poland is the Akademia Policji or Police Academy in Szczytno (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship). This school was founded in 1954 as the officer academy of the Milicja Obywatelska, renamed in 1972 to the Higher Militia School, the college finally became the Higher Police School upon Poland's return to liberal democracy in 1990.[58] Since then it has remained the only establishment in the country certified to run courses for commissioned officers of the Polish police, and the officer's commissioning course. All students who attend the Higher Police School are expected to study criminal, constitutional and economic law. In addition to academic studies, officer candidates are trained in modern policing techniques, weapons' handling, and informatics. The college has numerous links with senior police academies in Europe and throughout the wider world.

Ceremonial units

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Representative Honor Guard Company of the Policja

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The company on 3 May Constitution Day.

The Representative Honor Guard Company (Polish: Kompania reprezentacyjna Policja) is the ceremonial drill unit of the police. Affiliated with the Representative Honor Guard Regiment of the Polish Armed Forces, it performs public duties and drill and ceremony on behalf of the police force and the President of Poland. In regards to national events, it mainly performs during the annual National Independence Day ceremony in November alongside other honor units on Piłsudski Square.

Representative Band of the Policja

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Main article: Representative Band of the Policja
 
A group of musicians from the official Representative Band of the Policja

The Policja's representative band was first founded in 1968. Its core was composed of a group of several musicians, which gradually expanded. From the beginning, the band improved rapidly, reaching a high artistic level, as reflected in the discretion of the judges at musical contests nationwide. In the years 1984, 1986, 1988, the band won its most prestigious trophy, the Cup of the Minister of Internal Affairs. From the outset, the musicians performed at various national, departmental, religious and state events. The band's musicians have on numerous occasions represented the Polish police outside the country, including concerts in Denmark, Belgium, Czech Republic, Belarus and Russia, yet they still value their well-kept tradition of playing performances for the ordinary residents of Warsaw. The band's musical repertoire includes marches, concert pieces, transcriptions of orchestral music and religious songs, as well as a great deal of other developmental music. Being the official representative band of the Policja, the group's musicians are often invited to play parade music for important events on national holidays such as the 3rd May Constitution Day.

Criticism of the Policja

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Overall the level of trust in the Policja and its work has increased steadily over the years since 2001. In 2001 only 46% of respondents to a national survey carried out on behalf of the police categorised their work and achievements as 'good', however, by the end of 2009 this figure had grown significantly, and despite small undulations, an average of 72% rated the Policja's work as 'good' or better.[59] This brings the level of trust in the police to around the same level of 64-75% seen in other member states of the European Union.[60]

Much in the same way as other national police forces, the Policja is sometimes criticised for the methods it employs in maintaining law and order, such criticism is typically voiced by Polish youth. This is most commonly expressed with the acronyms (C)HWDP and JP.

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    Old, out of use, patrol car (FSO Polonez) in previous markings
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    A new all-terrain vehicle, Suzuki Vitara, in new colour scheme
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    Two policemen (old patrol uniform) patrol Kraków's Old Market Square
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    BMW 3 Series squad car of the Policja
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    An anti-terrorism Policja officer from SPAP (Special Branch) during training
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    Policja officers marching in parade uniform on 3 May Constitution Day

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Journal of Laws of the Komenda Główna Policji (General Headquarters of Policja), 2006, January 23
  2. ^ a b "ZESTAWIENIE ZBIORCZE - UJĘCIE KADROWE" (CSV). Otwarte Dane (in Polish). Ministry of Digital Affairs. 11 June 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  3. ^ 'Inspector Fisher - Given Charge of Deptford Police Station', Norwood News, 29 May 1923, page 9
  4. ^ History of State Police 1919-1939 (Polish)
  5. ^ "Straż Graniczna". Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  6. ^ History of Polish Gendarmerie
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Uzbrojenie". info.policja.pl (in Polish). Policja. Archived from the original on 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2018-07-12.
  8. ^ a b c d Przemysław Rybicki; Piotr Salamonik (June 2017). "Podstawowe wiadomości o pistoletach będących w uzbrojeniu polskiej Policji". slupsk.szkolapolicji.gov.pl (in Polish). Szkoła Policji w Słupsku. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  9. ^ Kolejne P99 dla Policji (More P99 for Police). altair.com.pl, 17 June 2013.
  10. ^ Kolejne P99 dla Policji. altair.com.pl, 18 May 2015
  11. ^ a b Pacholski, Łukasz (23 April 2020). "Policja kupuje pistolety". radar.rp.pl (in Polish). Rzeczpospolita. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
  12. ^ "Kolejny przetarg na pistolety dla Policji i SG - Altair Agencja Lotnicza". Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  13. ^ "Policjanci będą strzelać z glocków". Policja. 24 August 2007. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
  14. ^ JSK Internet. "Z czego strzela Policja? (nr 51 06.2009)". Policja 997. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
  15. ^ "Włoskie pistolety dla Policji - Numer 179 / Luty 2020 - Gazeta Policyjna".
  16. ^ Eger, Chris (11 October 2019). "Beretta APX Wins Major European Police Contract". Guns.com. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  17. ^ Luke C. (18 October 2019). "Rearming the Polish Policja (Police) with the Beretta APX". The Firearm Blog. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  18. ^ a b c Pacholski, Łukasz (21 January 2020). "Oddziały kontrterrorystów zamawiają nową broń". radar.rp.pl (in Polish). Rzeczpospolita. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  19. ^ "Rex Zero 1CP - New Gun for the Polish Police". defence24.com. Defence24. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  20. ^ a b podkom. Tomasz Głuchowski; asp. Tomasz Czechowicz (2016). "Materiały dydaktyczne 35, Pistolety maszynowe na wyposażeniu polskiej Policji – część I" (PDF). katowice.szkolapolicji.gov.pl (in Polish). Szkoła Policji w Katowicach. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  21. ^ Gander, Terry (2002). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2002–2003. Jane's Information Group. p. 217. ISBN 0-7106-2434-4.
  22. ^ "Policja kupuje pistolety maszynowe MP-5". defence24.pl (in Polish). Defence24. 11 July 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  23. ^ a b c "Policja się zbroi".
  24. ^ "Więcej MP5 dla Policji".
  25. ^ a b c podkom. Tomasz Głuchowski; asp. Tomasz Czechowicz (2017). "Materiały dydaktyczne 43, Pistolety maszynowe na wyposażeniu polskiej Policji – część II" (PDF). katowice.szkolapolicji.gov.pl (in Polish). Szkoła Policji w Katowicach. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  26. ^ "Kolimatory i UZI". slupsk.szkolapolicji.gov.pl (in Polish). Szkoła Policji w Słupsku. 2 January 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  27. ^ a b c "Dziennik Urzędowy Komendy Głównej Policji nr 5" (pdf). bip.kgp.policja.gov.pl (in Polish). Komenda Główna Policji. 18 March 2008. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h mł. asp. Tomasz Czechowicz; sierż. szt. Tomasz Głuchowski (2013). "Materiały dydaktyczne 7, Strzelby gładkolufowe na wyposażeniu policji od 1994 roku" (PDF). isp.policja.pl (in Polish). Szkoła Policji w Katowicach. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  29. ^ "Nowe strzelby gładkolufowe trafiły do Policji" (in Polish). InfoSecurity24. 11 January 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
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