Wikipedia

Michael McDowell (politician)

Michael McDowell (born 1 May 1951)[2] is an Irish independent politician and barrister. Active in Irish politics since the 1980s, he currently serves in Seanad Éireann as a senator for the National University constituency.

Senator
Michael McDowell
McDowell in 2024
Senator
Incumbent
Assumed office
8 June 2016
ConstituencyNational University
Tánaiste
In office
13 September 2006 – 14 June 2007
TaoiseachBertie Ahern
Preceded byMary Harney
Succeeded byBrian Cowen
Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform
In office
6 June 2002 – 14 June 2007
TaoiseachBertie Ahern
Preceded byJohn O'Donoghue
Succeeded byBrian Lenihan
Leader of the Progressive Democrats
In office
11 September 2006 – 25 May 2007
Preceded byMary Harney
Succeeded byMary Harney
27th Attorney General of Ireland
In office
17 July 1999 – 6 June 2002
TaoiseachBertie Ahern
Preceded byDavid Byrne
Succeeded byRory Brady
Teachta Dála
In office
May 2002 – May 2007
In office
November 1992 – June 1997
In office
February 1987 – June 1989
ConstituencyDublin South-East
Personal details
Born (1951-05-01) 1 May 1951 (age 73)
Dublin, Ireland
Political partyIndependent (2009–present)
Other political
affiliations
Spouse
​
(m. 1979)​
Children3[1]
EducationGonzaga College
Alma materUniversity College Dublin
Military service
Branch/service Army Reserve
Years of service1970–1981

A grandson of Irish revolutionary Eoin MacNeill, McDowell was educated at Gonzaga College and studied law at University College Dublin and King's Inns. He began practicing as a barrister in 1974, becoming a senior counsel in 1987. Initially a member of Fine Gael, he co-founded the Progressive Democrats in the mid-1980s and was elected three times as a TD for the Dublin South-East constituency, serving in the 25th Dáil (1987–1989), the 27th Dáil (1992–1997), and the 29th Dáil (2002–2007). He served as Attorney General of Ireland from 1999 to 2002 and as Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform from 2002 to 2007.

After Mary Harney resigned as leader of the Progressive Democrats in September 2006, McDowell became party leader and Tánaiste. He led the party into the 2007 general election, where it lost six of its eight seats in Dáil Éireann, including his own. McDowell resigned immediately as party leader—his brief tenure having made him the shortest-serving party leader in the history of the state—and left public life to resume his private legal career. The Progressive Democrats were formally dissolved in 2009. McDowell returned to politics as an independent in 2016 and was elected to Seanad Éireann, to which he was re-elected in 2020. He was regarded as instrumental in opposing the March 2024 constitutional referendums on Family and Care, both of which were comprehensively defeated.

Early life

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Born in Dublin, he was educated at the Jesuit school Gonzaga College, then at University College Dublin where he became auditor of the UCD Law Society. He later attended the King's Inns in Dublin where he achieved the Barrister-at-Law degree in 1974. McDowell was a junior counsel on the legal team that defended the murderer Malcolm MacArthur in the notorious GUBU case. In 2002, McDowell excused himself from considering MacArthur's parole report, to avoid any possible conflict of interest arising from this representation.[3] He was appointed a senior counsel in 1987. He is the husband of UCD accountancy Professor Niamh Brennan and brother of UCD economics lecturer Moore McDowell.

Political career

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He became involved in politics, initially as a member of Fine Gael. He contested the 1979 Dublin Corporation election, coming 5th in the 4-seat Area 10 (Mansion House/Pembroke).[4]

When Desmond O'Malley was expelled from Fianna Fáil in 1985, McDowell immediately wrote to him in support, becoming a founding member of the Progressive Democrats (the PDs). McDowell was one of 14 PDs elected as TDs to the 25th Dáil at the 1987 general election, the first election after the party was founded.[5] He was elected for the Dublin South-East constituency. He lost his seat at the 1989 general election but was made chairman of the party. McDowell regained his seat at the 1992 general election but lost it again at the 1997 general election. At various times, he served as a member of the Progressive Democrats front bench in roles as spokesman for foreign affairs, Northern Ireland and finance. In July 1999, while the PDs were in a coalition government with Fianna Fáil, McDowell was appointed Attorney General of Ireland, a position he held until 2002. In 2000, he proposed changing the name of the party to the Radical Party.[6]

Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform

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Following the 2002 general election, McDowell regained his Dáil seat. This was the first time McDowell combined winning a Dáil seat with his party's entry into government. He was appointed to the cabinet as Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform. He was a strong opponent of the policies of Sinn Féin and the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and often took a harder line than his coalition partners, Fianna Fáil. He was named as Politician of the Year for 2004 in the Magill magazine annual awards.[7]

In 2005, he announced plans to introduce Anti-Social Behaviour Orders, although not in the same form as those in Britain.[8] McDowell's Intoxicating Liquor Act 2003[9] prohibited cut-price drinks promotions and placed restrictions on alcohol advertising, as well as making it mandatory for under-21s to have proof of age when drinking in pubs.[10] This law also banned under-18s from pubs after 9 p.m., a regulation that was highly unpopular and was later relaxed to 10pm during the summer months.[11] In 2005, McDowell proposed to grant licences for café-bars which would have a limited capacity and serve meals as well as alcohol. It was hoped that this would combat binge drinking by introducing a more European "café culture". This initiative was dropped owing to objections from publicans and members of his coalition partners, Fianna Fáil.[12]

In 2004, he proposed a citizenship referendum to end the automatic right to Irish citizenship for those born on the island of Ireland. The referendum was passed with an 80% majority.[13] The referendum was criticised by the some in the opposition, who accused McDowell of pandering to racist elements.[14] He reformed the private security industry, regulating it for the first time under the Private Security Services Act 2004 and establishing the Private Security Authority.[15]

McDowell launched far-reaching reforms of the Garda Síochána and introduced severe penalties (up to five years in jail) for Gardaí who leaked information under the Garda Síochána Act 2005,[16] after the force was extensively criticised by the Morris and Barr Tribunals and he was embarrassed by high-profile leaks of his plans for the force to newspapers from high-level Gardaí. He also introduced a voluntary ancillary branch of the police force despite huge resistance from paid employees.[17] McDowell's Criminal Justice (Terrorist Offences) Act, 2005[18] on telecommunications data retention compels service providers to store all telephone, SMS and internet records for three years and provide them to Gardaí on request. The Digital Rights Ireland campaign group has filed a suit against the government in the High Court claiming that this law is a breach of the constitutional right to privacy.[19]

His Defamation Bill of 2006 proposed a radical reform of Irish defamation law, replacing the torts of libel and slander with one single offence of "defamation" and allowing the press to plead "fair and reasonable publication" as a defence in defamation cases.[20] Related to the defamation reforms, McDowell also proposed a new privacy law which was heavily criticised by the newspaper industry.[21][22] In 2006, he established the Balance in Criminal Law Review Group, and in 2007 oversaw the enactment of their recommendation to roll back the right to silence.[23]

Controversies

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As Justice Minister, McDowell attracted a good deal of controversy:

  • McDowell authorised the purchase of a farm in north Fingal, at Thornton Hall, on behalf of the state, to build a proposed prison. However this was more expensive compared to the value of similar land close by, and several state organisations already had land closer to the city which might have been used for the same purpose.[24]
  • He sped up the deportation of failed asylum seekers, including one case in 2005 where a student, Kunle Eluhanla, was deported back to Nigeria while preparing for his Leaving Certificate examinations. After a public outcry led by Eluhanla's classmates, McDowell allowed his return, but not that of others.[25][26]
  • In February 2005, he accused the Sinn Féin leaders Gerry Adams, Martin McGuinness and Martin Ferris of being members of the Provisional IRA Army Council.[27] The allegations were denied by Adams, McGuinness and Ferris.[28]
  • In 2004, McDowell called killings by gangs the "sting of a dying wasp", intimating that gangland killings were coming to an end. However, there were a record number of gun killings in Ireland in 2006 (25 in total),[29] including five murders in six days in December.[30] McDowell has stated that "soft" judges are partly to blame for these killings for granting bail to gang suspects despite Garda objections. These statements have caused anger in the legal profession. One unnamed legal professional described McDowell's statements as "outrageous" and "bordering on impeachable".[31] In an unprecedented protest, dozens of senior judges boycotted a 2006 Christmas reception given by McDowell.[32] He has been openly criticised by[33] retired judge Fergus Flood over McDowell's remarks about the failure of judges to implement the law on bail and mandatory sentences for drug dealing. Flood said the judiciary must have the right to consider each individual case as appropriate and that McDowell should consider the context of his remarks before making statements.
  • In May 2005, when addressing the Oireachtas Justice Committee, he made a number of comments insinuating that most asylum seekers were not legally entitled to stay in Ireland and regretting his inability to deport them forthwith because of due process.[34]
  • On 13 December 2005, using Dáil privilege,[35] he claimed that Frank Connolly, an investigative journalist and a brother of one of the 'Colombia Three', had travelled to Colombia under a false passport.[36] McDowell subsequently leaked the alleged faked passport application to a friend, the journalist Sam Smyth of the Irish Independent. McDowell was widely accused of abusing his power as Minister for Justice for political purposes,[37] and prejudicing any potential police investigation. Although Connolly denied McDowell's accusations, the controversy led to Irish American private donor Chuck Feeney withdrawing funding from the Centre for Public Inquiry, an investigative organisation which had published two reports embarrassing the government, of which Frank Connolly was the director,[36] after McDowell met with him.
  • On 20 March 2006, he apologised for calling the Opposition spokesperson on Finance, Richard Bruton, TD, "the Joseph Goebbels of Irish political life". He had made these remarks after Bruton had highlighted to the Dáil that despite McDowell's claims of increases in Garda personnel in 2005, only 6 extra gardaí had been added to the Dublin police force in that year. McDowell maintained that Bruton specifically chose to compare dates that did not accurately reflect a general increase in Garda numbers. He apologised for the remarks on the "Morning Ireland" radio programme on RTÉ the next day.[38]
  • In March 2006, he falsely claimed that Green Party 'people' were responsible for vandalising Progressive Democrats headquarters. He later withdrew the comment, but then appeared to repeat it again.[39]
  • In May 2006, the Supreme Court of Ireland struck down the law on statutory rape as unconstitutional as it did not allow an individual accused to enter the defence of reasonable belief that the victim was of age. The Supreme Court's decision surprised the whole country, and in the aftermath, McDowell was widely criticised for failing to anticipate the decision.[40]
  • On 27 September 2006, he criticised the Taoiseach Bertie Ahern for accepting money from businessmen in 1993 and 1994, calling it unethical and an "error of judgement" and said that the money must be repaid with interest. The statement was greeted with derision by the Opposition, with Fine Gael claiming it was motivated by the Progressive Democrats determination to keep Fianna Fáil in power. Labour Party leader Pat Rabbitte said the Progressive Democrats were now handcuffed to Fianna Fáil for the duration of this Dáil, and that there might as well be single-party Government.[41]
  • On 6 March 2007, McDowell apologised to the Dáil for omissions from an Act[42] that he had enacted in 2006 on the protection of children from sex abusers in the Second Stage debate on the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) (Amendment) Bill 2007 in the Dáil, saying: "The primary purpose of this short Bill is to remedy an error in the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 2006. The particular point with which we are dealing was brought to my attention last week by Deputy Rabbitte, for which I thank him. It was a drafting error for which I am politically accountable and regretful."[43]

Party leadership

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In June 2006, McDowell was involved in a leadership dispute with party leader Mary Harney, over an alleged promise by Harney to step down in favour of him. The dispute appeared to have been resolved with Harney remaining as leader.[44] On 7 September 2006, Mary Harney unexpectedly resigned as party leader and McDowell became the favourite to succeed her in the consequent leadership election. Irish media reported on 10 September 2006 that Michael McDowell would be the sole nominee for party leadership, Liz O'Donnell would become Deputy Leader and that Tom Parlon would become Party President.[45] On 11 September 2006 McDowell was confirmed as party leader[46] and on 13 September 2006, he was appointed Tánaiste.

2007 general election and resignation as party leader

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McDowell (right) announces his retirement.

During the 2007 general election campaign, the Progressive Democrats erected posters bearing the slogan, "Left wing government? No thanks". This was an echo of their 2002 election campaign when they issued posters bearing the slogan; "One party government? No thanks" which then targeted Fianna Fáil. In 2007 their target was the Green Party. While McDowell was unveiling the poster during a press briefing in Ranelagh which was the site of his telegraph pole climb in the 2002 election; constituency opponent John Gormley of the Green party turned up to confront McDowell on the issue of an accompanying pamphlet which made misleading claims about the Green party. The ensuing exchange between them was dubbed the Rumble in Ranelagh by the media.[47] During the 2007 RTÉ Television election debate, McDowell remarked on the state of the opposition parties: "I'm surrounded by the left, the hard-left and the left-overs."[48]

Although he had a high-profile as party leader, Tánaiste and Minister for Justice, McDowell's vote dropped from 6,093 (18.8%) in the 2002 general election to 4,450 (13.2%) in the 2007 general election. He was beaten for the last seat in the Dublin South-East constituency by John Gormley by a margin of 304 votes. He was the first sitting Tánaiste to lose his seat, and his subsequent departure from politics makes him the "shortest-serving political-party leader in the history of the State".[49] He stated that his time as a public representative was over.[50] On 25 May 2007, McDowell resigned as leader of the Progressive Democrats and announced that he was quitting politics, immediately and without consultation with his party colleagues, after losing his seat in the Dublin South-East constituency in the general election, while the party fell from eight seats to two.

The reaction of the press was divided:

That McDowell's career in government as Tánaiste is over is partly of his own making as he courted controversy to such a fevered extent that he became the most unpopular political leader in the country.[51]
McDowell's reforms of the prison service, the Gardaí and immigration policy are a monument to his five years as Minister for Justice. [52]

The then Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment Micheál Martin, said he was sad to learn of his cabinet colleague's decision to resign. He said "he will be a significant loss" and called him a very formidable parliamentarian.[53]

Election to Seanad Éireann

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In 2016, McDowell stood for election to Seanad Éireann for the National University constituency. He was elected on the 26th count.[54] He was re-elected to the Seanad in 2020.

2024 constitutional referendums on Family and Care

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McDowell opposed two proposed amendments to the Constitution of Ireland, the Thirty-ninth Amendment on the Family, which proposed to expand the constitutional definition of family to include durable relationships outside marriage, and the Fortieth Amendment on Care, which proposed to replace references to women's "life within the home" and the constitutional obligation to "endeavour to ensure that mothers shall not be obliged by economic necessity to engage in labour to the neglect of their duties in the home” with a new article on supporting care within the family.[55]

Prior to the 2024 Irish constitutional referendums, McDowell formed an ad hoc group of barristers, Lawyers for No, to voice concern about the potential legal consequences—in areas including family law, tax law, and succession rights—of the proposed amendments.[56] The group also included Michael McNamara, Brenda Power, and Maria Steen.[56] Despite having the political support of all major political parties, both proposed amendments were comprehensively rejected, respectively by 67.7 and 73.9 percent of voters.[57] McDowell was regarded as having played an instrumental role in the outcome.[58]

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After losing his Dáil seat, McDowell returned to work as a senior counsel. In addition, he receives annual pension payments of €60,388,[59] which he donates to charity.[60] He represented the Irish Recorded Music Association in their case to force Eircom and UPC to filter their customers' Internet access and in some cases cut off their access completely.[61]

Views

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On 21 July 2010 McDowell suggested at the McGill Summer School that The Twelfth - 12 July, celebrated by Northern Ireland Protestants in commemoration of the Battle of Aughrim (1691) and Battle of the Boyne (1690) should be a public holiday in Ireland.[62] He writes a weekly column for The Irish Times.

References

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  1. ^ "About Michael McDowell". Michael McDowell. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  2. ^ "Michael McDowell". Houses of the Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
  3. ^ "McArthur recommended for prison transfer". RTÉ News. 30 August 2002. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012.
  4. ^ "Dublin City Council (Area No. 10 - Mansion House/Pembroke) 1979 Local Election". Irish Elections. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  5. ^ "Michael McDowell". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
  6. ^ "PDs reject radical name change". RTÉ News. 23 October 2000. Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 4 December 2006.
  7. ^ "McDowell named Politician of Year by Magill". Ireland On-Line. 20 April 2005. Archived from the original on 14 November 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
  8. ^ "Govt to go ahead with ASBOs – Harney". RTÉ News. 7 April 2006. Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2006.
  9. ^ "No. 31/2003 – Intoxicating Liquor Act 2003". Office of the Attorney General of Ireland. Archived from the original on 14 March 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
  10. ^ "McDowell outlines alcohol proposals". RTÉ News. 27 May 2003. Archived from the original on 24 June 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2006.
  11. ^ "Children's summer pub curfew is relaxed". RTÉ News. 7 October 2004. Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2006.
  12. ^ "Liquor Bill proposes historic reform of licensing laws". The Irish Times. 16 April 2005. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  13. ^ "Ireland votes to end birth right". BBC News. 13 June 2004. Archived from the original on 20 November 2005. Retrieved 20 December 2006.
  14. ^ "Opposition calls over timing of referendum". RTÉ News. 11 March 2004. Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2006.
  15. ^ "McDowell launches Private Security Authority". Progressive Democrats press release. 28 October 2004. Archived from the original on 7 May 2007.
  16. ^ "No. 20/2005 – Garda Síochána Act 2005". Office of the Attorney General of Ireland. Archived from the original on 12 May 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
  17. ^ He also introduced a voluntary ancillary branch of the Irish Garda police force despite huge resistance from paid employees. "McDowell commences Garda Act provisions". Department of Justice press release. 10 March 2006. Archived from the original on 19 November 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
  18. ^ "No. 2/2005 – Criminal Justice (Terrorist Offences) Act 2005". Office of the Attorney General of Ireland. Archived from the original on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
  19. ^ "State may face legal challenge over its access to phone data". The Irish Times. 29 July 2006. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  20. ^ "Defamation bill goes before Seanad". The Irish Times. 6 December 2006. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  21. ^ "Privacy Bill to accompany new defamation law". The Irish Times. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  22. ^ "Shameful privacy bill degrades McDowell". Sunday Independent. 9 July 2006. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016.
  23. ^ Lally, Conor. "Review group wants changes to suspects' right to silence". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  24. ^ "Thornton Hall prison site too expensive, says Government watchdog". BreakingNews.ie. 27 September 2006. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
  25. ^ "Just this once: McDowell in climbdown on boy's return". Irish Independent. 25 March 2005. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
  26. ^ Lavery, Brian (25 March 2005). "Ireland: Deported Nigerian Student Can Return". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  27. ^ "These men run IRA, says Dublin". The Scotsman. 21 February 2005. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2008.
  28. ^ "SF trio denies being on IRA Army Council". RTÉ News. 21 February 2005. Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2006.
  29. ^ Battles, Jan (10 December 2006). "McDowell under attack for telling Gardaí to 'get lucky'". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  30. ^ "Murder toll in six days rises to five after Dublin shooting". The Irish Times. 14 December 2006. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  31. ^ Tighe, Mark; Obrien, Stephen (17 December 2006). "Gangland bail 'agreed by Gardaí'". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  32. ^ "Judges boycott McDowell reception over bail comments". The Irish Times. 22 December 2006. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  33. ^ "Flood criticises McDowell on sentence remarks". RTÉ News. 22 December 2006. Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 22 December 2006.
  34. ^ "McDowell blasts 'bogus' asylum-seeking". RTÉ News. 18 May 2005. Archived from the original on 16 December 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2007.
  35. ^ This means one cannot be sued for defamation due to any speech made in either house of the Oireachtas.
  36. ^ a b "US backer withdraws funding for CPI". RTÉ News. 7 December 2005. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2006.
  37. ^ "McDowell says he gave papers to Independent". RTÉ News. 12 December 2005. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2006.
  38. ^ "McDowell forced into making two public apologies". The Irish Times. 22 March 2006. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  39. ^ "McDowell shakes hands with Bruton". RTÉ News. 21 March 2006. Archived from the original on 1 May 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2007.
  40. ^ "'Minister must go'" (Fee required). The Irish Times. 2 June 2006. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  41. ^ "McDowell says Ahern made 'error of judgement'". RTÉ News. 27 September 2006. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2006.
  42. ^ "No. 26/2006 – Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 2006". Office of the Attorney General of Ireland. Archived from the original on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
  43. ^ "McDowell defends new legislative fiasco". The Village. 7 March 2007. Archived from the original on 6 May 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2007.
  44. ^ "Harney and McDowell in dispute over leadership pact". The Irish Times. 22 June 2006.
  45. ^ "McDowell to take over PD leadership". RTÉ News. 10 September 2006. Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2006.
  46. ^ "McDowell confirmed as new PD leader". RTÉ News. 11 September 2006. Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2006.
  47. ^ "Election 2007: Rumble in Ranelagh". RTÉ News. 16 May 2007. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 27 May 2008.
  48. ^ "Irish Election Campaign – Week Three". Sky News. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008.
  49. ^ "McDowell quits politics after losing Dáil seat to Gormley". The Irish Times. 26 May 2007. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  50. ^ "McDowell loses his seat, says days in politics are over". BreakingNews.ie. Archived from the original on 27 May 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2007.
  51. ^ Cooney, John (26 May 2007). "The fateful day when the Tánaiste signed his own death warrant". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 28 May 2007. Retrieved 27 May 2007.
  52. ^ "Politics has lost a man of guts and fierce integrity". Irish Independent. 28 May 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2007.
  53. ^ "McDowell to leave politics". RTÉ News. 25 May 2007. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2007.
  54. ^ O'Halloran, Marie; Collins, Stephen (27 April 2016). "Former justice minister Michael McDowell wins Seanad seat". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  55. ^ McDowell, Michael (10 January 2024). "If it's not broke, don't fix it: voting No is wisest option in upcoming blindman's buff referendums". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  56. ^ a b Carolan, Mary (29 February 2024). "Lawyers group urges No vote in family and care referendums". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  57. ^ Bray, Jennifer (9 March 2024). "Family and care referendums comprehensively defeated". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  58. ^ Bray, Jennifer (9 March 2024). "Five reasons why the Yes side failed and the No campaign won the day". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  59. ^ Kelly, Fiach (10 November 2011). "Thanks big fellas: Ahern and Cowen get massive pensions". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  60. ^ "Former Tanaiste McDowell gives his pensions to charity". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  61. ^ Kilfeather, Vivion (19 June 2010). "Record companies take internet provider to court". Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  62. ^ "Twelfth 'should be a national holiday' in the South". BBC News. 22 July 2010. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
Legal offices
Preceded by Attorney General of Ireland
1999–2002 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform
2002–2007 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Tánaiste
2006–2007 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Leader of the Progressive Democrats
2006–2007 		Succeeded by
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